Movimiento Humano y Salud

11

Authors: Luis Blanco Romero; Pedro Ureña Bonilla; Jorge Salas Cabrera; Braulio Sánchez Ureña

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar y contrastar el perfil de rendimiento técnico del equipo tetracampeón de la Liga Superior de Baloncesto de Costa Rica. Se registró 142 juegos a lo largo de las temporadas 2007, 2008 y 2009. Los indicadores de rendimiento escogido fueron: lanzamientos de dos y tres puntos (convertidos, fallados, porcentaje de efectividad), lanzamientos de tiro libre (convertidos, fallados, porcentaje de efectividad), puntos, rebotes defensivos y ofensivos, faltas, pérdidas de balón, asistencias y robos de balón. La descripción de la información se basó en valores de frecuencia absoluta y relativa. El contraste de datos por temporada y periodo de juego se hizo con base en las técnicas no paramétricas U-test, test de Friedman y el Chi 2. En todos los casos se utilizó el SPSS versión 15.0 con un nivel de significancia de p ≤ 0,05. Los resultados mostraron un mejor perfil de rendimiento técnico en la temporada 2008, caracterizándose por mejores porcentajes en tiros de 2, tiros libres, menor número de pérdidas de balón y mayor cantidad de robos del balón y asistencias. En relación con el periodo de juego, el equipo mostró un mejor perfil de rendimiento técnico durante los segundos tiempos del partido. En general, el porcentaje de efectividad de tiros de 2 y tiros libres estuvo arriba del 60 % en ambos periodos de juego, mientras que el porcentaje de tiros de 3 osciló entre el 26.4 % y el 29.2 %. En conclusión, el equipo mostró un perfil de rendimiento técnico similar al reportado en la literatura y deja clara evidencia de la importancia que tiene el registro y seguimiento de los indicadores de rendimiento técnico en el baloncesto.

11

Authors: Juan José Manzano; Christian Clemente; Asunción Grager; Guillermo Olcina

Objective: Describe and analyze changes in body composition of middle-aged women after participating in a water aerobics physical activity program and a subsequent detraining period. Materials and Methods: The group analyzed consisted of 17 women from Arroyo de San Serván (Badajoz), who were physically active (had participated in fitness gymnastics programs one to three sessions per week for the past three months), with an average age of 53.6 ± 9.1 years. The program was comprised of sixty minute-sessions five days a week, for 6 weeks, with a 4-week detraining period. Three anthropometric evaluations were conducted: at the beginning and at the end of the program and after the detraining period. Size and weight were recorded during each measurement, including six skinfolds, four body circumferences and three bone diameters. Fat percentage was obtained from four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and abdominal) using the Yuhasz formula modified by Faulkner (1968). The muscle percentage was calculated from total mass percentage less bone percentage (Rocha, 1975), body fat percentage (Faulkner, 1968) and the residual percentage using the Wurch´s equation (Esparza, 1993) of subjects measured, based on Matiegka´s basic proposal (four components model). Results: after the program a significant increase was observed in muscle percentage: 32.69 ± 2.69% vs. 33.44 ± 2.89% (p <0.05), in muscle weight: 23.45 ± 3.53 kg vs. 24.02 ± 3.33 kg (p <0.05), as well as a significant decrease in the fat component reflected in the sum of skinfolds: 193.66 ± 25.54 mm vs. 188.38 ± 25.67 mm (p <0.05) and more specifically in the suprailiac skinfold, 30.47 ± 8.49 mm. vs 28.00 ± 8.78 mm (p <0.05). These trends were maintained during the detraining period, specifically in muscle percentage: 33.44 ± 2.89% vs. 34.25 ± 3.04% (p <0.01 compared to initial measurement), muscle weight: 24.02 ± 3.33 kg vs 24.74 ± 3.64 kg (p <0.01 compared to initial measurement), the sum of skinfolds: 188.38 ± 25.67 mm vs 183.41 ± 26.65 mm (p <0.05 compared to initial measurement). Conclusions: Participating in water aerobics programs for a short period of time under the conditions of this study decreases the fat component and significantly increases the muscle component in active middle-aged women.

12

Authors: Óscar Hernández Quesada

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a health promotion program called " Dance to Health" under the Transtheoretical Model as a basis for intervention, Latin dance (as a form of physical exercise) and talks regarding food and physical activity on the time spent watching television, frequency of food consumption, and stages of change. A total of 66 female adolescents participated in the study; 33 were in the experimental group and 33 in the control group. Participants were high school students aged between 15 and 17. The program lasted 12 weeks, with one 80-minute session per week. An initial pretest was administered, which yielded the amount of time devoted to performing physical activity (TPA), time spent watching television (TWT), food consumption rate (FCR), both healthy and unhealthy (ENCA 1997-98)and where the group was located within the stages of change (SC). At the end, a post-test was performed to verify the changes perceived after treatment. Statistical analysis: in order to determine the effect of the intervention on TPA, TWT, FCR, and SC, a two-way ANOVA was used and data was analyzed using the SPSS statistical package version 10. Results: regarding the TPA variable, the experimental group increased significantly in minutes, while the control group decreased the time used to perform physical activity (p <0.01). On the other hand, in the TWT variable, the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the control group, which increased the TWT (p <0.01). In the case of SC, the results were generally favorable for the experimental group, unlike the control group whose behavior showed negative trends. Finally, in the FCR variable no significant changes were observed in the average consumption of food groups analyzed. Conclusions: The program was able to create behavioral changes in the TPA, TWT, FCR and SC variables.

14

Authors: Oswaldo Ceballos Gurrola, Javier Álvarez Bermúdez, Rosa Elena Medina Rodríguez

The purpose of this study is to compare medium energy expenditure and levels of physical activity between adolescents from Monterrey, Mexico and Zaragoza, Spain taking into consideration variables such as gender, type of school, and time of the week. Methods: adolescent students of 12 to 17 years of age from public and private schools in Monterrey (N= 396) and Zaragoza (N= 394). The Four-by-One-Day Physical Activity Questionnaire was used and a .89 reliability with a test-retest because the test was adapted to this study. Results: In Zaragoza as well as in Monterrey there is a significant number of students with low levels of physical activity. Almost half of the students have been classified as inactive and very inactive. The energy expenditure was very similar for both cities: Monterrey 37.52 ± 2.12 kcal/kg/day and Zaragoza 37.66 ± 2.95 kcal/kg/day. Conclusions: Regarding gender, men show greater levels of physical activity than women. This data coincides with the majority of the studies. Students perform a higher level of physical activity during school days than during weekends.