Health Risk Analysis

13-18

Authors: Fedorenko E.V.

Health risk analysis methodology is an internationally recognized tool for ensuring food safety. Three main elements of risk analysis are risk assessment, risk management and risk communication to inform the interested parties on the risk, are legislated and implemented in the Eurasian Economic Union and the Republic of Belarus. There is a corresponding organizational and functional framework for the application of risk analysis methodology as in the justification of production safety indicators and the implementation of public health surveillance. Common methodological approaches and criteria for evaluating public health risk are determined, which are used in the development and application of food safety requirements. Risk assessment can be used in justifying the indicators of safety (contaminants, food additives), and evaluating the effectiveness of programs on enrichment of food with micronutrients.

27-32

Authors: Buzinov R.V. , Averina E.A., Unguryanu T.N.

The descriptive epidemiological study on the prevalence of “school” pathology in the child population and the influence of the conditions of educational environment in kindergartens and schools in the Arkhangelsk Region was performed. It was found that the main health problems detected during preventive medical examinations of the children and adolescents of school age are the violation of posture, scoliosis and impaired visual acuity. The highest frequency of posture disorders found in children in the transition to subject teaching, the intensity of scoliosis and impaired visual acuity are the most pronounced in the age group of 15 years. The association between measuring light levels, not meeting hygienic standards and the frequency of scoliosis in children before entering school is revealed (rs=0,472; p=0,048); between measurements of furniture, not meeting sanitary requirements in school computer classes and the violation of visual acuity in children of 10–11 years (rs=0,529; p=0,024); and between measurements of furniture, not meeting sanitary requirements in kindergartens and the violation of posture in children one year before admission and just before entering school (rs=0,601; p=0,008 and rs=0,90; p=0,037, respectively).

33-49

Authors: Korochkina Yu.V. , Perekusikhin M.V. , Vasilyev V.V. , Panteleev G.V.

Assessment of the carcinogenic risk from air pollution, the chemical composition of the drinking water and the content of contaminants in food showed that the total cancer risk for both inhalation and oral routes of administering priority pollutants and contaminants into the body of Penza children and adolescents complies with the maximum permissible level. The greatest risk of non-carcinogenic impact associated with air pollution is generated in respect of the respiratory system, eyes and immune system. The maximum hazard indices associated with the consumption of drinking water, are set for blood, hormone system and kidneys. The risk of negative impacts associated with the receipt of food contaminants is observed in respect of the hematopoietic and cardiovascular systems. Application of risk assessment methodology to study the effects of chemicals polluting the environment on health has allowed to justify preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk to the health of children and adolescents, as well as increased monitoring researches of environmental objects to isolate areas of high risk to children's health.

47-54

Authors: Bezrukova G.A., Novikova T.A., Shalashova M.L. , Raikin S.S.

Based on the results of the hygienic assessment of working conditions in the domestic agricultural machinery of old and new models when performing the main types of seasonal agricultural work during the annual production cycle and analysis of accumulated occupational diseases’ nosology structure in agricultural workers of the Saratov region over the period from 2004 to 2014, the estimation of professional risk diseases of the peripheral nervous system in tractor drivers – machine operators of agricultural production is given. Professional risk assessment carried out under the procedure set forth in P2.2.1766-03 has shown that the category of a priori risk to their health during an annual production cycle ranged from high to very high (unbearable). It was revealed that the most important factors shaping the harmful working conditions when working on agricultural machinery that can act as a trigger in the formation of vertebral diseases of the peripheral nervous system, are general and local vibration, adverse micro-climatic conditions, long uncomfortable static working posture and physical stress. The risk of diseases in the peripheral uneven system in machine operators of agriculture was attributed to the high risk category with an index of professional diseases (IPD) equal to 0,5 %.

61-67

Authors: Dolgikh О.V. , Krivtsov А.V., Starkova К.G., Luchnikova V.А., Bubnova О.А., Dianova D.G., Bezruchenko N.V., Vdovina N.A.

The evaluation of immunological markers in schoolchildren exposed to strontium is performed. It is shown that under the conditions of increased administration of strontium with drinking water the indication of spontaneous and induced levels of neurotransmitters in vitro allows to detect early functional disorders of the immune system. It was found that the following markers of specific hypersensitivity and mediators of intercellular immune regulation (IgG specific to strontium, cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, α-TNF, GM-CSF, spontaneous and specifically stimulated, RANKL, OPG( may be proposed for the identification of health risk as early markers of immune disorders in school children living in areas of strontium geochemical provinces.

73-82

Authors: Efimochkina N.R., Bykova I.B., Korotkevich Yu.V., Markova Yu.M., Minaeva L.P. , Sheveleva S.A.

The species-specific composition of microbial contaminants of vegetable raw materials and equipment used in the production of biotechnological products and beverages fermentation are studied. 85 enterobacteria strains was isolated and investigated, 46 strains of the genera Enterobacter, Pantoea, Citrobacter, Serratia, Escherichia, Cronobacter was identified to the species level; the most frequently detected bacteria of the genera Enterobacter and Pantoea (about 50 %). For the first time developed and tested chromogenic in vitro model based that allows to quantify the degree of inhibition of gram-negative microflora under the influence of antimicrobial agents depending on the concentrations of biocides and density of bacterial populations. A comparative analysis of the tolerance of Enterobacteriaceae strains from different biotopes was conducted. Sensitivity to the treatment of chlorine-containing biocides in 26 strains of enterobacteria from plant material and 9 strains of Escherichia coli from the intestine of male rats of Wistar line was tested. Enterobacteria from vegetable raw materials and swabs were more resistant to antimicrobial action of chlorine, than the representatives of the populations of the normal intestinal microbiota. It is established that the active chlorine concentration of 50–100 mg/dm 3 , the most commonly used in the processing of vegetable raw materials, is not effective for Enterobacteriaceae, if the density of the microbial population is 10 5–7 cells/cm 3 and above. At an initial level of contamination with Enterobacteriaceae not more than 10 3 cells/cm 3 processing solutions with a concentration of active chlorine of 75 to 100 mg/dm 3 can provide effective disinfection of raw materials, equipment, or inventory. Experimental chromogenic in vitro model proposed to assess the impact of chlorine-based biocides on the degree of the enterobacteria inhibition, can be used to justify the selection and doses of antimicrobial agents, effective against other groups of microbial contaminants. This will optimize the use of modes of decontamination of raw materials and sanitizing equipment in the food industry.

12-23

Authors: Onishenko G.G., Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Kirianov D.A., Chigvintsev V.M., Khasanova A.A., Balashov S.Yu.

Results of safety assessment for population of the Russian Federation due to consumption of the Far East region commercial fish contaminated in consequence of the Fukushima nuclear disaster are presented. Estimation of radionuclide level in certain commercial fish species taking into account maximum 137 Cs contamination rate of ocean water on the migration path was performed. Authors worked out 3 fish products consumption scenarios and calculated respective annual 137 Cs intakes. Assessment of health risk associated with 137 Cs in fish products for Russian population was carried out. It was determined that in 2014 maximum 137 Cs dose received with fish products was no more than 365 Bq/year and considered as permissible health risk level. Cancer risk evolution modeling showed that lifetime cancer risk level is minimal. Hence, monitoring of associated with 137 Cs water pollution health risk had to be continued till complete elimination of consequences of Fukushima-1 accident.

31-37

Authors: Aydinov G.Т., Marchenko B.I., Sinelnikova Yu.А.

The article presents the results of the case follow-up of the frequency, structure and dynamics of the malignant tumors in the course of the regional social hygienic monitoring. We have considered the unified research principles and technologies of epidemiological type with the use of modern methods of retrospective analysis, prediction and the real risk assessment. It is shown that in the period 1999-2013 at the downward trend in cancer mortality in Rostov Region, the primary cancer incidence had a stable growth trend. Among the priority locations an unfavorable upward trend of the frequency of malignancies in children under 14 years old was formed, namely: malignant tumors of the esophagus, colon, rectum, melanoma of skin, breast, cervix and uterus, malignant lymphoma. On the basis of the regional criteria risk of morbidity of the population in Rostov region, the amount of malignant tumors and cancer-related deaths within the period 1999-2013 years was assessed as moderate. The increased risk for a specified period was detected only in relation to cancer incidence in the cities of the regional subordination, among which are priority cities: Volgodonsk, Taganrog and Azov.

45-51

Authors: Sivochalova О.V., Fesenko М.А., Golovanova G.V., Morozova Т.V., Gromova Е.Yu.

The article represents the legal documents, the requirements that are aimed to protect female workers’ reproductive health. The basic requirements of domestic documents, that are aimed to prevent the reproductive disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal health, are reported. It is shown that in the legal documents of the Russian Federation, the prevention of reproductive health of workers occupied in hazardous industries, in particular women, has been covered enough, and if compare with the international standards on this issue, the prevention is carried out in sufficient volume, except for certain provisions. We have developed the proposals for the revision of a number of legal instruments in order to preserve the reproductive health of female workers of the harmful and hazardous industries, as well as improving the health of future generations.

61-67

Authors: Badamshina G.G., Valeeva О.V., Daukaev R.А., Karimov D.О., Aslaev А.N.

The study is devoted to solution of the problems of the early changes detection in a body on the stages, when only the conditions for the pathology formation were created. The analysis of peripheral blood in the workers, occupied in petrochemical production, allowed us to diagnose the changes that testify the body defenses’ decrease that occurs under exposure to chemicals. It is shown that in the initial period of exposure to harmful substances the body's reaction to a toxic irritant contain both specific and nonspecific components. The first working years is characterized by the reduction of the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Over the next years the gradual stabilization is presented, and then the moderate and persistent increase in red blood indices occur, what indicate on the adaptive nature of the condition. It was established, that in dependence of the tropism, mechanism of action and the hazard class of hazardous substances, the diverse hematological changes in the body workers are revealed.

82-88

Authors: Kamaltdinov M.R.

Modern methods of health risk assessment are based on the representation of individual and public health as a dynamic process of “evolution”, which describes a continuous course of negative (and positive) changes in the condition of the body. The article presents a conceptual diagram of multilevel health risk evolution modeling under the influence of environmental factors. The main aspects associated with the simulation of digestive processes in the “meso level” are considered. Some results of solving the problem of the flow in the digestive tract antroduodenal area taken into account tract motility. Further development ways of the model are outlines – account of biochemical reactions, secretory and absorptive functions tract. The proposed approach will enable not only to predict the risk of digestive system functional disorders, but also take into account basic physiological processes, mechanisms of income, distribution, excretion of chemicals.

12-18

Authors: Goleva O.I., Shur P.Z.

There are some general approaches to assessment of economic losses associated with mortality and morbidity. However these methods are utilitarian and population is considered as labor forces. That is why incapacitated persons are not frequently included in such calculations. Authors offer to take Russian methodology as a basis and correct it taking into account a fact that population is not only a present day labor forces. In prospect an individual is able to renew labor forces. Other words not only future work but “future children” should be considered in economic assessment of losses associated with child mortality. Besides individuals not only “produce” but “consume”. Growth of consumption increases demand and leads to GDP growth. In the same time expenditures increase production volume more than amount of expenditures. Ripple effect activates – ability of expenditures to induce returns growth more than expenditures associated with this growth.

28-36

Authors: Tonko О.V., Loginova А.Yu., Kolomiets N.D.

We studied the frequency of non-standard swabs taken within the production microbiological control and under the epidemic indications at the oncologic in-patient department. The assessment of the impact of hospital environment factors on the infectious diseases formation is conducted. It was detected that the frequency of samples with potentially pathogenic and pathogenic micro flora under the epidemic indications exceeded by several times the share of non-standard samples during the investigation of the external environment objects. The highest frequency of non-standard samples within the production control was detected in the operating rooms and dressing rooms of the departments of surgery, and under the epidemic indications – in the anesthesiology and resuscitation as well as dressing rooms. The mitigation of risk of hospital infections due to the hospital hygiene improvement is the main element for increasing the safety of patients.

49-54

Authors: Vlasenko Е.K., Sychik S.I., Ilyukova I.I., Stelmakh V.А., Grynchak V.А.

We studied the subacute toxicity of hexyl ether of 5-aminolevulinic acid at the epicutaneous action in the experiment with white rats. It was established that repeated application of hexyl ether of 5-aminolevulinic acid cause the weak reaction of the white rats skin in the form of edema. The transdermal hexyl ether of 5-aminolevulinic acid intake route is characterized by the increase in the alanine aminotransferase activity, the level of urea in the blood serum and shift to the acid side of pH in the urine of experimental animals. The exposure dose of 341 mg/kg is the dose acting with minimum deviations of values and is accepted as threshold. The exposure dose of 75 mg/kg does not cause the changes in the condition of laboratory animals and is the maximum inactive dose.

60-68

Authors: Drozdova Е.V., Sychik S.I., Buraya V.V., Dudchik N.V., Firago А.V., Volk Т.Z.

The article provides the assessment of the microbiological values of water bodies if they are used for recreational purposes and distinguishes the epidemiologically significant parameters. In order to validate the indicative safety values taking into account the existing conditions of the recreational use of water we conducted the hygienic assessment of water in the water bodies used for recreational purposes under the indicative microbiological values (total microbial count, thermotolerant coliform bacteria, E. coli; enterococcus, spores of sulfite-reducing Clostridia; coliphages; Ps. aeruginosa) and the content of pathogenic microorganisms; also the microbiological profile of water was identified. The obtained data will be used to improve the system for monitoring of water bodies in the recreation areas.

77-81

Authors: Ulanova Т.S., Antipyeva М.V., Zabirova М.I., Volkova М.V.

The results of studies of the air of working zone at the metallurgical production on the example of Avisma OJSC (Berezniki, the Perm Territory) for the content of nanoscale particles are specified. The maximum nanoparticles concentration in the range of 13523–28609 mln./m3 is determined at the working place of the titanium production smelter with the maximum size of particles of 10–15 nm. At the working place in the administrative building (reference working place) the maximum concentration is determined within the range of 524–1000 mln./m3; the maximum size of nanoparticles is 20 nm. It was established that the number concentration of nanoparticles at the reference working places (administration of Avisma OJSC) is significantly lower than at the working places of main production processes. The presented studies can be used as the additional factors in the assessment of labor conditions and occupational risk during the manufacture and use of materials containing nanoparticles as well as the production processes with the nanoparticles formation.

14-19

Authors: Shestopalov N.V., Shandala M.G.

Due to the significant proportion of infectious diseases in the general population morbidity, the article explains the need to attract more attention to the study biological pathogens in the environment as a significant health risk factor, as well as the development of a specific methodology for its evaluation within the antimicrobial protection frames. Disinfection based on the use of antimicrobial agents for the epidemiological purposes is an important element of this system, that is why the article deals with the generation of main factors of individual and population risk of infectious diseases. The contingency of the disinfection activity with health risks is formulated: the lack of its effectiveness, on the one hand, and the lack of biocidal selectivity of disinfectants used, on the other. So, there are risks of injury both in case of the non-use (epidemiological risk) and in case of incorrect use (toxic and hygienic risks) of disinfection measures, which, therefore, require the development and use of a new concept – "Risk vs. Risk".

27-36

Authors: Filippov V.L., Rembovskiy V.R., Krinytsyn N.V.,Filippova Iu.V., Medvedev D.S., Kasyanenko E.S.

In order to establish cause-and-effect relationships of harmful factors’ effect on human health under conditions of operation of facilities for disposal of missiles and chemical weapons destruction, it is proposed to carry out a comprehensive study of the background status of health and to conduct the special monitoring at the enterprises and areas of increased man-made hazards. The study includes medical and geography, population clinical and epidemiological; screening (considering the growing pathology) and in-depth etiopathogenetical researches. While carrying out the studies in Russia and Kazakhstan it has been detected, that the levels of the prevalence of diseases of the circulatory system, mental disorders, diseases of the nervous and digestive systems of the personnel working on the facilities for disposal of chemical weapons, is lower than in the population living in the protective action zones. Chronic nonspecific lung diseases occur 4.2 times more frequently in the staff occupied on a dangerous technical facility than in the working-age population of the protective action zones, what may be associated with working environment. Groups of persons with an increased risk of diseases are distinguished during prophylactic examinations of the working contingent and population living in the areas that are close to a dangerous object. The groups are further to be examined, and if necessary, cured in a specialized clinic.

47-51

Authors: Zavodova E.I., Leonova А.А., Os’kina О.F.

According to the results of laboratory tests within the socio-hygienic monitoring on the territory of Saransk it has been established, that the population of Saransk is living under negative impact of an aquatic peroral factor (drinking water from the centralized drinking water supply system). In all areas of Saransk the carcinogenic risk level exceeds the level Deminimis – 110 –6 , but is within the limit of acceptable risk (< 110 –4 ). The main contribution to the formation of individual carcinogenic risk is made by chrome (YI) and cadmium. Elevated level of carcinogenic risk, associated with peroral administration of drinking water from the centralized drinking water supply system of Saransk, occurs in a greater or lesser extent within child population and in a part of adult population of the city (hazard index greater than 1.0). Considering the combined effects of complex chemical contaminants in drinking water, it is expected that there’ll be an increase of general toxic effects from the bone, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract in children.

60-65

Authors: Siurin S.A., Shilov V.V.

The survey of 3871 employees of mining and chemical industry engaged in the production, transportation and processing of apatite-nepheline ore in the Kola High North showed the worst state of respiratory health in open pit miners. They have higher risk of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases than miners of underground mines (RR = 1.30), enrichment plant workers (RR = 1.81) and the railway department workers (RR = 3.80). The findings stress the need for improved working conditions and more effective personal respiratory protection devices in this group of workers.

78-84

Authors: Shlyapnikov D.M., Shur P.Z., Vlasova Е.М., Alekseev V.B., Chigvintsev V.M.

The article presents the results of substation permissible length of shift and cross-shifts periods for employees engaged in the implementation of underground mining works for the extraction of potash ore. One of the main factors when choosing a mode of work, the definition of allowable durations of finding workers in condition of manufacturing harmful effects are adaptation abilities of the employee organism. As functional parameters marker to assess the activity of the central nervous system used indicators of cognitive functions in workers assessed using neuropsychological tests; to assess the performance of the circulatory system – indicators of hemodynamics. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the state of the central nervous system (vegetative division) and the circulatory system using the marker function parameters reasonably possible duration of daily work (shift) and the corresponding modes of work and rest for workers engaged in carrying out underground mining works for the extraction of potash ore.

19-25

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Atiskova N.G., Kamaltdinov M.R.

The article describes the methodological approaches to the verification of hygienic standards with the use of health risk criteria. As examples of such approaches we have demonstrated the verification of risk-based standard for the presence of nickel in ambient air and ractopamine residues in products of animal origin.

34-43

Authors: Valeullina N.N., Ural’shin A.G., Brylina N.A., Nikiforova E.V. , Beketov A.L., Grechko G.Sh.

To find out the reasons of high oncological morbidity in Chelyabinsk, we executed a multienvironmental carcinogenic risk assessment of active chemical substances in drinking water, food stuff, soil, ambient air (from the local emission sources). We have determined individual lifetime carcinogenic risk levels, which are evaluated as entirely unacceptable for the population (>1E-04). It is established, that the main contribution in total carcinogenic risk belongs to the food stuff and drinking water. The leading risk factors are 8 carcinogenic substances presenting in milk and milk products, vegetable and vegetable products, cereals and bakery goods as well as in drinking water. The ways to minimize the risks as well as the main directions of advanced researching of the habitat quality and human health in the town have been discovered.

51-55

Authors: Fedorovich S.V., Shevchuk L.M., Markova A.G., Levdansky O.D.

Genetic polymorphism of xenobiotics’ metabolism enzymes is the most important factor determining individual sensibility of organism to harmful chemical substances of production environment. This factor generates the predisposition to occupational pathology. The performed studies have indicated that maximum risk for reproductive system pathology in women-colourers, contacting with aromatics hydrocarbons, is stipulated by the absence of the activity of the enzymes of glutathione-transferase Т1 and glutathione-transferase М1 encoded by genes (genotype GSTM1«0»/GSTT1«0»).

61-70

Authors: Ustinova О.Yu., Luzhetskiy K.P., Maklakova O.A., Zemlyanova M.A., Dolgikh O.V., Ulanova T.S.

We have studied the pathogenic mechanisms of chronic gastroduodenitis diseases in children consuming low quality drinking water with high content of chlorine and manganese. It was established, that clinic manifestation of pathogenic process is coupled with parasympathetic vegetative dysfunctions reactive changes of hepatic tissues, biliary (hypokinetic) dysfunction, gastric and duodenum motor activity (hyperkinetic) disorder. Pathogenic patterns of chronic gastroduodenal diseases [Hp - ] in children, associated with products of hypochlorination (chloroform) and manganese exposure, predefine pathomorphism of pathologic process followed by atrophic/preatrophic changes of upper gastrointestinal mucosa.

77-83

Authors: Ulanova T.S., Gileva O.V., Stenno E.V., Veykhman G.A., Nedoshitova A.V.

The results of method developing for identifying 12 elements in urine are presented using a quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma Agilent 7500cx (USA) with octopole reaction/collision cell (ORS) in the reaction mode. Urine samples were analyzed immediately after dilution in 1/10 of 1% aqueous solution of HNO 3 . The results’ validity is confirmed by standard analysis of urine samples SeronormTM urine (Norway). The developed method can accurately and reliably identify vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, strontium, cadmium, lead and titanium in the urine samples. Limit of detection for V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sr, Cd, Tl, Pb is 0.1 μg/dm 3 , for Cu 1.0 μg/dm 3 , for Se 5.0 μg/dm 3 , for Sr and Zn 50.0 μg/dm 3 with an identification error 25 %. Biological substrates’ study of child population in the Perm Krai, living in ecologically safe conditions, performed by the developed method of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, allowed to identify background levels of 12 elements as comparison criteria for the problems of hygiene assessments, epidemiological studies, surveys, appraisals.