Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

8

Authors: Michal PUŠKÁR, Melichar KOPAS, Marieta ŠOLTÉSOVÁ, Matúš LAVČÁK

The innovative system, which was developed for analysis and correction of motor management, is determined for the solution of practical problems concerning the operation of the piston combustion engines. Programming of the ignition curves and fuel maps without relevant feedback, namely, without information obtained from the engine operation, increases the risk of detonation combustion, which can destroy the combustion engine. However, the main application area of this system is the development of an algorithm, which is specified for control of the combustion process based on the HCCI technology (Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition). Nowadays, the functional principle of the HCCI engine is one of the most effective possibilities on how to reach higher operational efficiency of the gasoline engine, that is, closer to the efficiency level of the diesel driving units.

9

Authors: Blerina BEQAJ, Entela ÇOBANI

Groundwater quality study was conducted in the Drini basin situated in the northern part of the Albanian territory. The objective of this study was to identify the quality of groundwater in four different well-defined monitoring sites. Groundwater is vital for the population and is considered to be subject to continuous exploitation with high growth intensity, and permanent risk of pollution from natural and human activities. Contamination of groundwater occurs when synthetic products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the groundwater and return it unsafe and unfit for human use. Groundwater monitoring was carried out according to a network, which aimed to include mainly the most intensive areas of exploitation and distribution in the aquifer. Samples were collected in two different months of June and October in four monitoring drilling sites and were analysed for those key indicators defined by the rules and procedures for the drafting and implementation of the national programme of environmental monitoring in Albania. The study results reveal that geological formation, human activities as well as environmental conditions affect groundwater quality. Complete chemical analysis revealed that the groundwater in this area results in medium hardness, has good physico-chemical properties, local pollution is encountered, and there is no massive pollution of the basin. They are waters with low mineralisation. Further, they are neutral waters, which meet the allowed norm for drinking water. The pollution displayed is occasional, as the presence of NH4+ and NO2- are isolated cases, manifested mainly by the non-application of areas of strictness and sanitary protection around the drill and the small cover of the subaxillary layer. The analysis performed for microelements shows that the content of some heavy metals is below the maximum allowed amount; this demands serious future attention to the density of the network and the monitoring frequency in this basin. The risk of pollution in the Drini basin is high due to the small protective cover, especially in the source of Dobrac. Intensive exploitation can lead to the mixing of fresh water with water with high mineralisation. The concentration of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Na+, K+ and Cl− in the water samples known as the major pollutants from the urban transport sector, has shown that the values are within the water quality standard. The low concentration of these pollutants was due to the distance of the drilling sites from the roads in these areas.

10

Authors: Andrzej KUBIK, Zbigniew STANIK, Damian HADRYŚ, Csaba CSISZÁR

This article presents an innovative method of diagnostics of rolling bearings used in the bearing nodes of motor vehicles, with the use of a prototype specialist stand. The tests were carried out based on a developed research plan, which included the impact of damage to the bearing and tyre of the vehicle, as well as the vehicle speed. Vibration accelerations were recorded in three measurement axes. Signal spectra were created based on the time courses of the vibration signals and were further analysed. The presented method is aimed at detecting excessive wear of rolling bearings in wheels from its early period.

10

Authors: Peter B. OLADEJI, Hafeez Idowu AGBABIAKA

This study examined the effectiveness of para-transit transport activities by identifying the socioeconomic characteristics of both the passengers and drivers of public transport and the factors confronting their operation. It utilised primary and secondary data. A purposive sampling technique was employed which entailed the identification of all the motor parks, the selection of buses, minibuses and cars at the motor parks, major bus stops and conducting a survey using a structured questionnaire cum interview. Questionnaires were administered to 354 respondents to obtain information about their socioeconomic, trip characteristics and the unconventional public transport operations, of which a total of 312 questionnaires were duly completed and returned. Data collected were analysed using simple descriptive techniques and correlation analysis. The results showed that the majority of the passengers (61.4%) were within the 21 – 30 years age bracket while 43.7% of the drivers were within the 31-40 years age bracket, the patrons and the operators of the public transport are predominantly low-income earners as large proportion of the passengers (42.1%) earned below ₦10,000 per month while 46.9% of the drivers earned between ₦10,001 and ₦20,000 per month. The results of the correlation analysis indicated both the drivers’ and passengers’ perspectives, factors such as public transport conditions, road quality and drainage system are highly correlated between their paired variables. Hence, effort should be made by the government and public transport operators to improve the transport infrastructural facilities in the study area.

10

Authors: Ondrej STOPKA, Maria STOPKOVA, Iwona RYBICKA, Patrik GROSS, Karel JEŘÁBEK

This research outlines a research study wherein an implementation of the activity-based costing (ABC) approach for cost management in a railway transport enterprise is addressed. ABC is an efficient technique for enhancing the quality of provided services and process complexity of certain railway companies, executing its activities at a regional or international scale. It is one of the new costing approaches that eliminate the inaccuracies and deficiencies of the traditional costing system. Compared to other costing techniques, considerable change lies especially in the way of assigning indirect cost units to activities based on actual causations, and subsequently, assigning activities to the very cost items by the intensity of their consumption. Furthermore, this approach allows decision-makers to identify specific cost item in terms of determining ways of how they can be managed. The main objective of this work is to elaborate a particular study with a draft application of the ABC method encompassing a description of procedure steps, along with relevant quantifications, as well as summarising the results obtained.

12

Authors: Anjali TARAR, Deotima MUKHERJEE, Kalaga Ramachandra RAO

The purpose of this study is to analyse the accuracy of the static schedule of bus transit network in Delhi using real-time data available from Delhi’s Open Transit Data (OTD) platform. To access and organise the data, an algorithm that can convert real-time data into a General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format, needs to be designed. Further, this study intends to develop a methodology, which can convert raw data of bus locations into link travel times, which consequently, helps in identifying problematic links. As researchers continue to make use of the data available via GTFS, they may well be aware of the fact that such data may differ systematically from actual transit operations. Continuous improvement of the accuracy of the GTFS static file would benefit its users.

13

Authors: Piotr SOCZÓWKA, Marcin Jacek KŁOS, Renata ŻOCHOWSKA, Aleksander SOBOTA

Sustainable mobility is a priority for transport systems in urban areas. Contemporary planning of transport systems assumes an increase in the role of public transport in everyday trips. To increase the share of trips using public transport, it is essential to improve the accessibility of public transport stops. The accessibility of such stops depends primarily on the distance between the trip origin and the stop. Many factors influence the distance that passengers are willing to travel. This paper discusses the relationship between the access time to the bus stop and travel time. To study such a relationship, various statistical methods may be applied. This paper presents the results of the analysis performed based on the data on trips made by inhabitants of Bielsko-Biała, gathered during the building of its transport model.

14

Authors: Kamil KRASUSKI, Mieczysław BAKUŁA

This article presents and describes the operational capabilities of an onboard GNSS receiver to determine the reliability of the in-flight navigation parameters. An analysis was made of the operation reliability of an autonomous single-frequency Thales Mobile Mapper receiver in air navigation as compared to the technical operation of a dual-frequency Topcon HiperPro receiver. To this end, this work contains a comparison of the aircraft flight navigation parameters based on readings obtained from the Thales Mobile Mapper and Topcon HiperPro receivers. In particular, the comparison concerned the reliability of coordinate determination and flight speed parameters of an aircraft. The research experiment was conducted using a Cessna 172 aircraft, a property of the Military University of Aviation in Dęblin, Poland. Technical operation of the GNSS satellite receivers was tested in the flights of the Cessna 172 aircraft around the EPDE military airport in Dęblin. Based on the results obtained from the tests, it was found that the operational reliability of the Thales Mobile Mapper in the operational phase of the in-flight test ranged from -3.8 to +6.9 m in the XYZ geocentric frame and from -2.2 to +8.1 m in the BLh ellipsoidal frame, respectively. On the other hand, the accuracy of the Cessna 172 aircraft positioning when using the Thales Mobile Mapper receiver was higher than 1.7 m in the XYZ geocentric frame and higher than 2 m in the BLh ellipsoidal frame, respectively. Furthermore, the reliability of the Cessna 172 flight speed determination was from -3.4 to +2.4 m/s.

18

Authors: Piotr GORZELANCZYK, Maja WOJTASIK

This article aims to examine the emission of pollutants utilising transport in different points of the city in question at two different intervals, then show whether the means of transport negatively affects the city through pollution. The study of air pollutant emissions from transport sources is a key aspect towards solving problems related to environmental pollution. A study on the measurements of selected PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants to be able to determine the quality of air from transport sources in Pila at different times of the year and with appropriate assumptions regarding the appropriate distance by the road is included in this article. This study analysed data on air pollutants and compared it with the results of the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. This made it possible to propose solutions for the development of the air condition in Pila.

8

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

During the transportation of goods, damage and destruction of the transported cargo constitute a very large part of the damage. The most common direct cause of damage is an improper arrangement and securing of the transported load. An improperly secured load may pose a threat to the transporters and bystanders. Incorrectly secured loads can fall from the vehicle, obstruct movement, and cause injury or death. In addition, improperly secured loads can cause injury or death in heavy braking or a collision. The way the load is distributed and secured on the vehicle can negatively affect driving behaviour, making it difficult to control the vehicle. This article presents the conditions related to the transport of loads in road transport, describes both the forces that act on the load during the journey of a vehicle and the most important techniques for securing loads in road transport.

9

Authors: Nodira SOATOVA

This article presents the results of the analysis of experimental data on testing of reinforced concrete elements for multiple-repeated loads and field tests of operated span structures. This article proposes dependencies on the definition of deflections during the operation period. Based on the processing of the available experimental data, dependences are proposed for determining deflections under multiple repeated loads, and on this basis, dependences are obtained for predicting the residual life of span elements. The initial data for the calculations are the data on the accumulated residual deflections determined in the process of technical diagnostics.

10

Authors: Silvia MALÁKOVÁ

In practice, gear units whose transmission number is not constant during one revolution are used. Such gears include the proposed elliptical transmission. Its application can be (missing a word?) and the automotive industry. The gears set consists of a pair of identical elliptical gears. The transmission ratio of the designed elliptical gear is not constant. The basic kinematic characteristics of this transmission are described in this work. The deformation in contact point of non - circular gears is determined by the finite element method in this paper. The results are compared with the deformation of the teeth of the spur gears.

11

Authors: Ján DIŽO, Miroslav BLATNICKÝ, Paweł DROŹDZIEL, Stanislav SEMENOV, Evgeny MIKHAILOV, Jakub KURTULÍK

The lorry frame is the main carrying part of a lorry, composed of several components. These components are connected by joints into one structural unit and it forms the lorry chassis. The contribution of this article is focused on the strength analyses of a backbone frame, which is used on an off-road lorry chassis. Strength analyses are carried out utilising the finite element method. This article presents a created three-dimensional model of the frame and definition of boundary conditions (loads, the definition of degrees of freedom) needed for simulation computations. Results of the numerical calculations are the main parts of this article. Attention is mainly centred on the distribution of stresses of the frame under defined loads and its deformations.

12

Authors: Mikhail ZHILEVICH, Sergey ERMILOV, Denis KAPSKI, Yuriy VOVK, Oleg LYASHUK, Iryna VOVK

The design dimensions of the executive hydraulic cylinders of the brake system of heavy-duty mining dump trucks cause high fluid flow during the braking process. Therefore, dimensions of the anti-blocking system modulator spool pair require unique electromagnets or hydraulic amplifiers to control. These solutions do not allow the required modulator performance. Thus, a modulator scheme with a division of the flow of fluid from the source to the brake cylinders was developed. This scheme allows during emergency braking passing, an additional amount of fluid to cylinders through the valve, installed parallel to the main valve upon pressure increase phase and controlled by the pressure difference. The task is to develop a method for calculating the main structural dimensions of a modulator. The calculation of the valve of the second cascade, installed in parallel to the main stage, is carried out for the emergency braking mode with the maximum flow rate to ensure the required performance of the braking system. The balance of fluid flows equations is compiled at the key points. The flow rate of the fluid through each of the valves is determined by the Torricelli formula, and the pressure difference across the valves is assuned equal. The obtained relations allows building a family of Q-p curves, which can be used to select the diameter and stroke of the additional valve depending on the flow rate in the brake system.

13

Authors: Ladislav ILLES, Martin JURKOVIC, Tomas KALINA, Piotr GORZELANCZYK, Vladimir LUPTAK

Increasing transport volumes on Europe's inland waterways is a major reason for improving the quality and reliability of internationally important waterways. Continued navigation restrictions due to restricted draft (draught) led to the search for new design solutions. Such solutions enable navigation even under critical navigation conditions. Restricted draft is one of the most important limitations that hinder navigation, especially in the summer. The main objective of the construction of an inland vessel is to obtain a shape that will achieve optimum performance with as little resistance as possible. A shape that will be able to navigate at a limited depth. Presently, there is no clearly defined methodology as a procedure for optimising the hull. When solving theoretical problems of shipbuilding character and ship calculations, it is necessary to consider the basic theory of the ship with special regard to the latest methodological procedures of related scientific disciplines. This paper presents a methodology that considers all the basic aspects of optimisation tasks in ship design and construction.

13

Authors: Dahlen SIQUEIRA SILVA, Csaba CSISZÁR, Dávid FÖLDES

Discussions on how urban space would be transformed by the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are scarce. This study identifies the impacts caused by the shared use of AVs on urban parking and urban space management. An estimation method was formulated considering the reduction in parking demand, the possible alteration in vehicle ownership, and the reallocation of urban space. A case study was performed in a 673,220 m2 area through scenarios created by using real data of parking spaces and the results of previous studies. Results showed that parking spaces can be saved with the use of shared AVs, which would allow the reallocation of urban space to new uses (for example, implementation of around 12,000 bike-sharing docking spots, 10 km bike lanes, 7 km additional traffic lane or 140 ‘parklets’). The results contribute to revealing the positive impacts of AVs.

16

Authors: Greg WHEATLEY, Samuel POPOOLA

Investigation on a designed and modified standard automatic transmission for a 2017 Yamaha Grizzly All-Terrain Vehicle was carried out to allow it to be controlled remotely and autonomously while maintaining its ability to be manually operated. The vehicle is a part of a project named AutoWeed. This project aims at developing a vehicle which can be used in the Australian outback to control and eradicate weeds. Preliminary tests were conducted on the vehicle to determine the performance parameters required to replace the movement supplied by the operator. Several devices used to achieve this motion were explored. It was concluded that the Motion Dynamics HB-DJ806 - LALI10010 electromechanical linear actuator be used as a proof of concept device for this application. This device is capable of exerting 200 N at 35 mm/seconds. It has a stroke length of 50 mm and was powered by a 12V DC motor, which drew 3 amps at maximum load. Through testing, it was found that the selected actuator did not have enough stroke length to cycle through the five gears on the ATV. This error was rectified allowing the system to function as intended. To achieve a reliable design, however, the Linak LA14 actuator was purchased as a final design as it was stronger, faster and had feedback capabilities. Before procurement, the new actuator was digitally modelled using SolidWorks 2017 and 3D printed to confirm the mounting position and method. An ANSYS FEA was conducted on all the custom-made components including the actuator bracket and mounting plate to ensure reliability. The bracket model was manufactured using 3D printing from ABS. It was recommended that for reliability, the bracket should be constructed from a stronger material such as aluminium. The results gained from testing proved that the autonomous transmission system implemented was reliable and repeatable. This was justified as the system achieved a 100% success rate when cycling through gears.

18

Authors: Olorunfemi Ayodeji OLOJEDE

Over two-thirds of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change emanate from transport. This could double by 2050. With per capita emissions nearly twice the global average, South Africa ranks 13th globally on GHG emissions with road transport, directly and indirectly, accounting for 91.2% of total transport GHG emissions. It has been projected that by 2100, up to 100% increase in the country’s average temperature above the 20th century average rise. This has far-reaching implications, even for the transport sector. To decarbonise its transport sector, South Africa has committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 34% by 2020 and 42% by 2025, respectively, through pointed strategies and policies. However, efficient implementation of proposed measures and sufficient funding remain daunting challenges. Thus, this paper contends that adequate attention has not been paid to active transport in the country’s transport decarbonisation policy implementation despite its inclusion in policy statements. It then asserts that active transport is indispensable to South Africa’s achievement of its transport decarbonisation goals, especially when steps taken hitherto seem ineffective. Consequently, the right attitudes, regulatory instruments, and policy initiatives towards the promotion of active transport are recommended.

6

Authors: Jakub KIEDROWSKI, Grzegorz JENDRO, Arkadiusz KAMIŃSKI, Paweł FABIŚ

This paper is a summary of the design and workmanship of the aero package vehicle Formula Student. Simulation research projects of the aerodynamic system were conducted. The article proposes different variants of the aero wings and conducted simulation studies of construction. The aerodynamics system impact on strength and reliability of selected models was determined.

8

Authors: Sławomir KOWALSKI

The everyday use of the bicycle is becoming increasingly common. People noticed the need to take care of both their health and the environment. The geographical location of Poland encourages cycling, which is the reason new kilometres of cycling routes are being built every year. This is associated with the rising interest in buying a bicycle. A conceptual tricycle with an additional electric drive powered by solar panels is presented in this article. The photovoltaic panel is installed on the basket roof. The electric motor may be used during an uphill ride and when the driver has run out of energy for pedalling. In the crank mechanism, there is a sensor which starts the motor when a small foot pressing force on the pedal is detected. The tricycle has an all-purpose structure, owing to which the seat mounted in the basket can be easily replaced with a double seat, a shopping bin or a child's safety seat. The tricycle may be used by both private persons and companies involved in tourist transport. The cost of the structural details of the tricycle suggested in this article does vary considerably from standard electric bikes, however, that solution has several important advantages, which may be decisive in the purchase of this solution.

10

Authors: Kamil MACIUK, Yuriy RUDYK

Currently, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) play a key role in the broad field of security and human life. In principle, almost every area of human activity (for example, mining, energy or construction) systems related to saving human life are introduced. Generally, satellite navigation is an indispensable element of this type of systems. In this paper, authors present basic principles of the GNSS operation and the current state of knowledge about usage of the global navigation satellite systems in the area of safety, protection and rescue issues.

11

Authors: Andrzej HANUSIK

There are many new concepts for doing business in the modern market. Carsharing is one of such models that are directly related to the sharing economy. The current body of literature shows an absence of reports about risk management in carsharing operators. Further investigation of scientific databases confirms the existence of a research gap in this field. The purpose of this article is for identification of risks in carsharing and their latter assessment in terms of probability of occurrence, impact on customer relationships, the importance of a given category and the cost they generate. A way of aggregating various categories of risks into one synthetic indicator to prioritise them was proposed. The methodology of the process was based on a methodological triangulation which is established on the following studies – analysis and criticism of literature which helps to place discussed research problems on a theoretical basis, qualitative research and observations allowing to identify individual categories of risks and quantitative research enabling the description of given categories of risks by appropriate variables on which further risk modelling is performed. Such research may be a basis for subsequent analysis and an impulse to an academic debate. Besides, it may contribute to the creation of further studies, which deal with the problem of assessment of the risk in concepts related to sharing economy.

11

Authors: Adalat PASHAYEV, Elkhan SABZIEV

Errors in the calculation of the parameters of quadcopter control models at design stage significantly change the desired aerodynamic properties of the drone and make it difficult to control its flight along the intended path. Therefore, to calculate the adequate operation modes of the blades, it becomes necessary to refine some parameters of the mathematical model of the drone as accurately as possible. This paper shows the possibility of using control parameters (rotational speed of the blades) and information received from navigation devices of the drone to refine the values of the parameters of the mathematical model of the drone. For this purpose, a mathematical model of a quadcopter is built, and the problem of refining the parameters of its dynamic model is investigated based on the information received from navigation devices and the control parameters in the initial period of its flight. From the results obtained from several consecutive measurements, a system of equations expressing a mathematical model is solved. The mean value of the corresponding solutions of the system of three-dimensional linear equations obtained at different time intervals is the refined value of the parameters.

12

Authors: Mohammad Mehdi KHABIRI, Pooya AFKHAMY MEYBODI, Abolfazl AFSHARI

Sidewalks play a very important role in the dynamism maintenance as well as the development of cities especially historic cities. To ensure the maintaining service quality of sidewalks, the first step is to prevent distress occurrence, thereafter repair the distress that occurred in the sidewalks. In historic cities, the lack of suitable sidewalks for walking led to the gradual elimination of pedestrians. Yazd is a historic city recorded as a world heritage site by UNESCO, which attracts many tourists from all over the world every year. Therefore, preserving the quality of sidewalks in this city is of great importance. In this research, the SCI method was used to investigate the condition of the sidewalks in the studied area. This method is similar to the pavement condition index (PCI) method. The results showed that the condition of sidewalks in the studied area is in the range of 55-70, which is relative.

12

Authors: Eva NEDELIAKOVA, Lenka LIZBETINOVA, Renata STASIAK-BETLEJEWSKA, Adrian SPERKA

Despite constant efforts to improve safety in the railway environment, various accidents and incidents happen, resulting in material damage and in the worst case, loss of human lives. This article emphasises the need for proper identification of risks, their constant monitoring, and evaluation of all causes that arise at railway crossings. Furthermore, this paper aims to apply the Reason model to the problems of railway crossings within the case study on the railway network in Slovakia. The timeliness of the problem lies in the possibility of preventing such issues in the operation of rail transport using this model. Prevention is an effective way of averting the serious consequences of accidents in the future.

14

Authors: Marek RUTKOWSKI

This work focuses on several aspects of water-related transportation laws as well as drainage law introduced in the Kingdom of Poland before 1860. Thus, while focusing on a) laws concerning the removal of diverse type of obstacles from the rivers used for official navigation; b) establishing of riverside towing routes; c) construction of rivers verst signs on the river banks, this research also deals with the introduction of provisions concerning draining and receiving of waters, which had a huge impact on the road construction and maintenance process in Poland for the first half of the 19th century.

22

Authors: Faysal Ibna RAHMAN

For transport planning and policy-making, visualising the relationship among attributes; gender, education, occupation, age with travel pattern and mode choice is important. Household Interview Survey (HIS) is one of the major inputs in transport study which contains information about travel and demographic characteristics. From the analysis of 28,235 households in Dhaka city, this study represents the social demographic characteristic of Dhaka city based on the household survey. It was found that 89.79% of dwellers make double trips in a day and the trip rate per trip maker is 2.16, where 14% of total trips are generated at morning peak time between 7 to 8 am. The bus is the most preferable mode share and its contribution is about 35%. The scenario changed in a multimodal trip case and walking was the domination mode share with about 45% of total trips. Vehicle ownership had a vital rule in particular mode choice, especially in car and motorcycle household ownership case. Significant impact on travel patterns and mode choice criteria was found with gender, education, occupation, age, household income, trip purpose and time and vehicle ownership, which can help to formulate the strategic plan to solve the transport-related problem in Dhaka.

7

Authors: Milan DRBAL

The rotary engine mainly developed for the automotive industry by the NSU corporation is currently used in unmanned aircraft, transportable generators and small watercraft. In the early stage of the engine development, the simulation of the performance characteristics is advisable. The 3D CFD engine simulation is highly expensive in terms of CPU time demand and requires a high level of optimisation to provide adequate data. This method can be used later in the development and fine engine tuning. For the design of the prototype 1D, simulation is being used as a tool to compare various designs of the engine. While the current commercially available software (GT-suite, Ricardo Wave, etc.) is being improved marginally, the functionality of the software is being tested on the piston reciprocating engines. This paper explores the possibility of the algorithms of such a software to be used on the rotary engine thermodynamic simulation and provides an approach to design a simulation model that can be solved by the software to predict the performance characteristics of the engine prototype.

8

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK

Transport of oversize cargo is a specific form of transport service. Specialised equipment is required for its implementation, while the number of people involved in the transport process itself is much higher than in the case of classic road transport form. This paper presents the problems related to permits and penalties that are used in the carriage of oversize cargo and the problems of transport safety in relation to the techniques of fixing oversize loads in road transport.

10

Authors: Jacek CABAN, Paweł DROŹDZIEL

The dynamic development of motoring observed in the last two decades contributes to many negative phenomena occurring in road transport. Distinguished among these negative phenomena are high share of car traffic, road accidents, emission of toxic exhaust fumes into the atmosphere, etc. For these reasons, many initiatives are taken in the field of road transport management and city logistics. Traffic problems are solved from many aspects, such as the development of transport infrastructure, changing of urban transport organisation, parking organisation in city centre and Park & Ride system, as well as the progress of alternative means of transport. The problem of traffic congestion in urban areas is still a current topic. This article presents the formation of congestion in urban areas in chosen big cities in Poland. The first part of the article deals with the theoretical issues of traffic flow and congestion formation in the city road networks. The second part of the article outlines the situation of transport congestion with these cities based on the worldwide TomTom Traffic Index within the period of 2008-2016. This study is a brief analysis of the trends relating to the transport congestion based on the TomTom Traffic Index in Polish cities, which will allow future researchers a wider study of this problem. The authors suggest some solutions to reduce the level of transport congestion and harmful emissions from means of transport.

10

Authors: Małgorzata KIRSCHENSTEIN, Kamil KRASUSKI, Artur GOŚ

This article presents the results of research concerning the determination of an error of the vertical position of an aircraft during a flight, taking into account, the flight altitude and the values of the ZTD tropospheric product. In particular, this work focuses on the impact of an error in designating the ZTD tropospheric product on the correct determination of a flight altitude. The authors of this work performed a scientific experiment for research data of two flights made by a Cessna 172 around the aerodrome in Dęblin. This article shows the findings of the tropospheric ZTD product specified for the single-frequency SPP positioning method and dual-frequency PPP positioning method. Based on the obtained results, it was discovered that the error of the ZTD tropospheric delay causes an altitude error from 0.08 m at the zenith angle equal to 80o even to 0.79 m at the zenith angle equal to 85o.

11

Authors: Jędrzej ŁUKASIEWICZ

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of unmanned aerial vehicles as devices supporting the system of physical protection of critical infrastructure facilities using the example of a nuclear power plant. This paper contains information on the reasons for the construction of a nuclear power plant in the era of economic development of the Polish state. The legal requirements consisting of the analysis of the risk of terrorist threats for the facility was indicated. One of the sources of danger is unmanned aircraft or flying models increasingly used in the airspace. Furthermore, this paper presents legal rules and principles according to which missions of unmanned aerial vehicles or flying models are performed. The current regulations allow the use of unmanned aerial vehicles as devices supporting physical security systems at facilities. This study showed that although the use of unmanned aircraft for the purpose of increasing the security level of critical infrastructure facilities has some limitations, however, the possibilities arising from their usefulness are the decisive advantage of the need to implement drone technology in security.

12

Authors: Marcin RUTKOWSKI

The competitive advantage of the passenger air transport market is a significant part of airline operations. An important element, a condition that may determine the achievement of competitive advantage, is the issue of safety, which also applies to the operation of aircraft. An example of creating an effective competitive advantage may be the operation of a new aircraft by air carriers. This article presents the process of creating a competitive advantage on the example of the Airbus A350 XWB and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft considering the safety aspect, which in the case of new means of transport in civil aviation may primarily concern the seeming childhood diseases occurring in the initial use of new aircraft. This article, in the form of comparative analysis, indicates the key features that determine the attractiveness of the new aircraft as a product on the passenger air transport market. Secondary data on the characteristics of the Airbus A350 XWB aircraft were used and compared with the data of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to illustrate the properties that may indicate the manufacturer's superiority. Furthermore, this article proposes a scheme of creating competitive advantage in passenger air transport, which can be a model for creating a competitive advantage in civil aviation. The close relationship between the economic and technological aspects in creating competitive advantage was buttressed as well. This article also analysed secondary data related to the number of ordered and used aircraft and aviation events registered on the website: https://aviation-safety.net [8], which could have an impact on the level of safety of flight operations. Brought to the fore were situations in which the seeming childhood diseases in aircraft operated by the American manufacturer, Boeing 787 Dreamliner, such as defects in engines, power elements and risks associated with the use of composite materials, which were first used on such a large scale in the construction of wide-body aircraft.

13

Authors: Valery KURGANOV, Mikhail GRYAZNOV, Kirill DAVYDOV, Liliya POLYAKOVA

This study is aimed at improving the methods of carriage of passengers by urban transport to improve its reliability and efficiency. It can be achieved by forming back-up bus routes within the existing regular route network for servicing mass passenger-flows. This study theoretically substantiates the impact of back-up bus routes in the current regular route network on the reliability and efficiency of the transport process. Mathematical models of reservation of regular route network and the assessment of the reliability of passenger transport using different reservation schemes are suggested. Methodological recommendations on the formation of passenger traffic on back-up bus routes and cost reduction on its maintenance, by managing the route speed depending on the loading of the city road network, have been developed. Technical and economic evaluation was conducted to the developed methodological toolkit.

18

Authors: Martin MANTIČ, Jozef KUĽKA, Melichar KOPAS, Eva FALTINOVÁ, Leopold HRABOVSKÝ

This paper describes a question of evaluation necessity of bridge cranes using the method of limit deformation state and oscillation damping. The solution was performed by means of theoretical analysis and an experimental verification at the selected bridge crane. The final result sounds that in the case of a correct strength computing of given bridge crane, it is not necessary to also check deformation and damping of oscillation as well.

23

Authors: Melika MEHRIAR, Houshmand MASOUMI, Katarzyna NOSAL-HOY

Urban sprawl is considered as a western urban development pattern, which is common in different cities around the world. Although, a large number of studies have focused on urban sprawl, modelling urban sprawl has been less emphasised, especially in various geographical contexts. This study aims to investigate urban sprawl and its determinants in a post-socialist country and model urban sprawl based on disaggregated data. In addition, the correlations of urban sprawl with travel patterns were examined, along with the socioeconomic characteristics of university students in Cracow, Poland by applying the Weighted Least Square (WLS) regression model. The WLS regression model was fitted based on the data from 1,288 online questionnaires targeting university students. Furthermore, urban sprawl around the home and the university for each student who indicated the nearest intersection to their home and university were separately estimated by employing the Shannon entropy. Based on the findings, urban sprawl around homes was correlated with 14 transport patterns and socioeconomic features such as gender, age, driving license, financial dependency status, gross monthly income, number of commute trips, mode of transportation for commuting, number of trips for shopping or entertainment, daily shopping area, mode choice for shopping and entertainment trips inside and outside the neighbourhoods, frequency of public transport use, the attractiveness of shops inside the neighbourhoods, and the length of time living in the current home. Additionally, urban sprawl around the university was significantly correlated with age, car ownership, number of commute trips, and a sense of belonging to neighbourhoods, entertainment place, and residential location choice. Finally, a positive correlation was reported between urban sprawl with higher income, elderly student, financial dependent students, and car dependency trips, while urban sprawl was negatively related to the use of public transit.

6

Authors: Daniel-Cornel ŞTEFĂNESCU, Alina PAPOI

Globalisation brought an electronic communications reliance, as well as some repercussions on the world’s states, mainly in the sphere of cyber security. In recent years after the events in Ukraine, the cyber threat became a certainty and risk. We must be conscious that cyber attacks will grow up considerably, and one of their forms is the hybrid war, with its conventional and non-conventional, military and non-military capabilities. The emergence of a new battlefield – the cyberspace – is a reality, where military operations are carried out through sophisticated technology. For this purpose, states need to increase their cyber defence capabilities to prevent and combat aggression from the virtual environment to critical infrastructure, communications systems, and last but not least, the people.

7

Authors: Anna WÓJCIK

The progressing automation of maritime transport, including the introduction of autonomous and/or unmanned ships, calls for the development of communication principles, particularly conversations currently carried out verbally. The work in this field is intended to improve the safety of maritime transport. This article describes research on automatic communication in the form that will support navigators responsible for ship conduct. The processes of inference and conversation management are described. The developed methods are based on standard marine communication phrases. The presented example conversation between navigators is supported by an automatic communication system. The work herein described aims at the creation of procedures for communication at sea between autonomous ships.

11

Authors: Leopold HRABOVSKÝ, Gabriel FEDORKO, Lukáš MLÝNEK, Peter MICHALIK

This paper contains the design of a testing device, which was constructed for the purposes of checking functional properties of the innovative solutions of variants of electromagnetic locking devices with potentials of replacing current mechanical brakes used for stopping pallets with loaded cars in parking houses developed by the company KOMA - Industry s.r.o. The testing device consists of two positioning tables, whose moveable parts are anchored perpendicular to each other in the frame of the testing device. An electromagnet and a solenoid generating the force needed for stopping the motion of the pallet is connected to the moveable part of the upright positioning table. The brake ramp made of a ferromagnetic material has a hole at its top surface into which the pin of the solenoid is inserted and is attached to the horizontal moveable part of the positioning table. This paper presents holding force values of the electromagnet, which were obtained by experimental measuring on the created testing unit.

11

Authors: Marek RUTKOWSKI

In May of 1844, more than twenty years after taking the first steps in the field of regulating watercourse transportation issues, the new law introducing strict water transportation measures in the Kingdom of Poland was accepted by the Russian Tsar. These new proposals, though seen as practically harsh and difficult, for instance, possibly limiting the opportunity of obtaining compensation payments might have given some new strong impulses for the development of Polish water transportations issues as a whole.

12

Authors: Elshan MANAFOV

This paper is devoted to the development of an effective system for monitoring the technical condition of the axle boxes of rolling stock. To this end, the possibility of solving problems of fault diagnostics based on the theory of fuzzy sets is considered. This allows one note such difficult-to-formalise factors as experience and intuition of a highly qualified expert specialist. It showed that an expert system-based monitoring approach allows evaluation of the technical condition of the axle boxes, characterised by internal and external operating uncertainty. It also proposed the use of parameters such as vibration and noise for comprehensive monitoring of the technical condition of axle box units together with temperature. Furthermore, the combination of these diagnostic parameters and expert system’s possibility to receive all necessary information about the condition of the most critical components of the axle boxes in real-time and analyse the changes in their operational parameters was explored. The stages of modelling an expert system in the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox package of the MATLAB computing environment are presented.

13

Authors: Artur ANDREARCZYK, Paweł BAGIŃSKI

This article presents the vibration analysis of a turbocharger, whose compression wheel was manufactured using a high-precision additive manufacturing technology. Currently, there are advance studies around the world for the development of parts of innovative fluid-flow machines using additive manufacturing techniques. The experimental research was carried out under conditions of reduced flow temperatures. The tests and the analysis were performed on a wheel manufactured using a 3D printing technology and on a conventionally used aluminium wheel. Apart from an FFT analysis of the vibration signal during machine operation, a machine run-up test was conducted (up to a speed of 105,000 rpm). The results showed the positive impact of the use of a plastic wheel on the dynamics of the system at a certain speed range, which might contribute to the development of a new method to optimise the geometry of flow systems in small high-speed turbomachines. A modified automotive turbocharger was subjected to experiments on a test stand.

14

Authors: František SYNÁK, Vladimír RIEVAJ, Matej KUČERA, Milan ŠEBÖK, Tomáš SKRÚCANÝ

The friction brakes convert a significant part of a vehicle’s kinetic energy into thermal energy. Some of its parts is distributed to the places around the brakes, and another part is accumulated in several vehicle components. This article is focused on the measurement of temperature increase of selected vehicle components during re-deceleration. These components include brake discs, brake pads, calliper, wheel rim and tire side in the area of its bead and tread. The measurements were performed during the repeated braking of a fully-loaded vehicle according to ECE Regulation No 13 - type I.

18

Authors: Michal PUŠKÁR, Melichar KOPAS, Dušan PUŠKÁR, Marieta ŠOLTÉSOVÁ

This article analyses the influence of various configurations concerning the homogenisation system on the output parameters of an experimental engine. The results presented in this article were obtained using experimental dynamometric measurement. A modular approach to the individual measurements consists of a sequential formation of the homogenisation system configurations. The experimentally obtained results are matches with the analytical relations, which are described in the related literature. These results can be presented for a wide spectrum of high-powerful engines because the homogenisation system does not depend on the construction and design arrangement of the engine itself. The analysed system was successfully applied in the motorcycles and it is a subject of the patent application.