Turkish Journal of Forestry

186-191

Authors: Ziblim ABUKARİ IMORO, Oppong Samuel KINGSLEY, Ammal ABUKARİ

This study aimed to determine the effect of cutting intensity on the recovery rate, growth, and biomass production of selected savanna forage shrub species. The study was conducted at the University for Development Studies (UDS), Nyankpala Campus in the Tolon District of the Northern Region of Ghana. Cajanus cajan, Stylosanthes mucronata, Tephrosia purpureum and Securinega virosa were cut at 15 cm, 30 cm, and 60 cm above ground level a month after a standardizing cut and number of days to sprout, the number of shoots, plant height, and root collar diameter was recorded. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Shrubs cut at 60 cm used less mean number of days (4.25) for sprouting and those cut at 15 cm took a longer period (4.92) to sprout. Plant height, number of shoots, and root collar diameter after cutting were highest for shrubs cut at 60 cm. Securinega virosa used less mean number of days (4.00) to sprout while S. mucronata used the highest mean number of days (5.44) after cutting. Total dry matter yield was significantly highest (123.90 g/plant) for shrubs cut at 60 cm but lowest for those cut at 15 cm (91.20 g/plant). Cajanus cajan recorded a significantly higher total dry matter (116.30 g/plant) while S. virosa had the lowest (93.00 g/plant). Our results suggest that cutting height significantly influences the rate of sprouting of shrubs after cutting, and the response to the cutting effect is species-dependent.

202-210

Authors: Ercan IŞIK, Ceyhun GÖL

This research was carried out to investigate some soil properties and carbon and nitrogen storage status in natural and plantation black pine forest establishments in Çankırı province, Eldivan District, Eldivan Mountain. Sample areas (400 m2) were taken from natural and artificial forest areas to determine stand parameters, soil and litter properties. Based on genetic horizon in soil pits and topsoil (0 - 15 cm) sampling in 50x50 m grid system was done in study areas. The physical and chemical properties of soils have been determined. The lowest (0.46 g.cm-3) bulk density has been measured in natural forest topsoil. The organic carbon amounts of the upper soils in hectare are between 30.36 – 66.73 t.ha-1in the natural forest and 20.33 – 53.14 t.ha-1 in the plantation forest. Total nitrogen amounts are between 3.53-6.78 ve 2.05-5.29 ton.ha-1 respectively. The average carbon amount of natural forest top soils in hectare is 47.3 t.ha-1, and 32.2 t.ha-1 of plantation forests, total nitrogen 4.9 ve 3.2 t.ha-1 respectively. According to the results of this research, plantation and natural forest soils showed similar characteristics. This situation has shown that afforestation is successful.

218-228

Authors: Funda OSKAY, Adem KARATAŞ

Diplodia sapinea, the causal agent of Diplodia shoot blight, is one of the most common and dangerous necrotrophic pathogen of pines worldwide. Movement of plant materials such as cones, seeds and seedlings infected with the pathogen plays an important role in the dissemination of the disease over long distances. While the incidence and damage caused by the pathogen is increasing in Turkey, to our knowledge, the presence of the pathogen on pine seeds and the risk of transmission to nurseries and forest areas through seed movement have not been studied before. This study was carried out between 2017 and 2018 in order to investigate the presence and incidence of Diplodia sapinea in Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds collected from four abandoned seed orchards in Turkey. Seeds obtained from an active P. nigra seed orchard and a P. sylvestris seed stand were also included in the study. D. sapinea was detected on both P. nigra and P. sylvestris seeds collected from the abandoned seed orchards. On average 70% of the seeds (72% and 57% for P. nigra and P. sylvestris respectively) were infected with the pathogen. The pathogen was not detected on seeds from the active P. nigra seed orchard, yet was detected on 0.50% of seeds from the P. sylvestris seed stand. Thousand-seed-weights as well as germination of seeds from the abandoned seed orchards were lower than those of active seed sources. Taken together, these findings suggest that D. sapinea could have an important role in the reduction of seed quality in the abandoned seed orchards. More importantly, results confirm the potential for dissemination of D. sapinea on P. nigra and P. sylvestris seeds.

241-249

Authors: İsmet DAŞDEMİR, Ersin GENÇAY

Determining the working performances and priorities of forest cadastre commissions with a multi-criteria approach will contribute to increase the efficiency of forest cadastre activities. This study was handled in order to determine the priorities of forest cadastre commissions in the Bartın province according to their performance by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. The study was conducted on 9 forest cadastre commissions working in the Bartın province borders in 2017. Some of the research data were obtained through the questionnaires and information collection forms conducted on the Advisory Group members consisting of 16 people by face-to-face interviews. Some of them were obtained from the records of the related forest cadastre commissions. The data obtained were evaluated by the AHP technique and the priority values and ranks of the forest cadastre commissions were determined according to their performances with a multi-criteria and objective approach based on expert opinions. In the study, performance constraints (partial service purchase, full service purchase, lack of chairman or member, proxy to another commission, site-based work) were developed in order to equalize the working conditions of forest cadastre commissions and their correction coefficients were calculated. The performances of forest cadastre commissions were evaluated using the six criteria developed (the number of declared units, total forest area, 2/B parcel number, 2/B parcel area, number of measured points, working precision) and ranked according to their priorities by the AHP technique. In the study, the weights of performance criteria were respectively; working precision (0.5380), number of measured points (0.1353), 2/B parcel number (0.1083), 2/B parcel area (0.0774), number of declared units (0.0740) and total forest area (0.0671). Within the framework of these criteria and weights, it was determined that the best performing commission was the E Forest Cadastre Commission and the lowest performing commission was the G Forest Cadastre Commission. According to the results of the research, some suggestions were developed to increase the performance of forest cadastre commissions.

257-270

Authors: Sacit KOÇER, Muhammed KARA

At present, majority of commercial poplar plantations aimed at producing quality timbers with larger dimension are established in wider planting spacings in Turkey. The experimental poplar plantations in closer spacings were established for this study purposes in order to investigate the prospects for producing mass quantity of small dimensioned chip wood relatively in shorter period of plantation rotation rather than producing quality timber of larger dimension in longer period of rotation. Along with five various planting spacings, five different poplar clones such as “I-214”, “I-45/51”, “Samsun (I-77/51)”, “İzmit (S.307-26)” and “89.M.060” were sampled in the experimental plantation blocks which were repeated on sites of three different growth conditions. The criteria of “Net Present Value (NPV) and “Internal Rate of Return” (IRR) were used for economic analyses. The results of the analyses showed that the most suitable spacing for producing mass quantity of chip wood is “3m x 1,5m” (4,5 m2 / plant) and most promising poplar clone is “89.M.060”. The plantation rotation periods were also determined in accordance with the criteria of NPV and IRR. The period of rotation varied by the variation of the discount rate involved when the NPV criterion is used for the evaluation. The periods of rotation determined in accordance with the IRR criterion are shorter than the period determined in accordance with the NPV criterion. Therefore, the IRR criterion should be preferred for the evaluation of industrial plantation investments. According to the results of the analyses, the recommended period of plantation rotation varies between 6 to 8 years on good sites, 7 to 9 years on medium sites and 8 to 10 years on poor sites.

277-282

Authors: Ahmet Alper BABALIK, Okan KILINÇ

This research was carried out on a natural rangeland area with an average elevation of 1223 meters, located within the borders of Tokmacık village in Yalvaç district of Isparta province. In the study carried out in the vegetation period of 2019, the area covered with vegetation, botanical composition, plant species in the rangeland, above-ground and below-ground biomass, rangeland condition and grazing capacity of the rangeland were determined. Transect and quadrate methods were used to determine these parameters. 125 plant taxa belonging to 28 families, were determined in Tokmacık village rangeland. The amount of the area covered with vegetation of the rangeland was determined as 41.9%. In the botanical composition, it was determined that the Poaceae was 49.80%, the Fabaceae was 20.06% and the other family was 30.14%, and the Poaceae was dominant. Grazing capacity was 52.4 animal units, and rangeland condition was determined as medium. The amount of above-ground biomass was determined as 284.6 kg/da and the amount of below-ground biomass was determined as 442.2 kg/da in the study area. According to the results obtained from the study, it is possible to talk about the destruction of vegetation in the rangeland area caused by overgrazing. This situation reveals that grazing pressure should be reduced and quality vegetation should be increased with appropriate breeding studies.

295-305

Authors: Ufuk ERDEM

The reconstruction period following the establishment of Turkish Republic encountered policies for providing the society with knowledge and culture. Although these policies were usually implemented by the government, few quasi-official non-governmental organizations, one of which was Turkish Tree Conservation Association, got involved in the action. The Association carried out such projects as raising naturalism among the individuals across the country, awaking environmental awareness, ensuring competition within the international market via growing high-quality fruits by tree-breeding, and contributing to country-wide afforestation. Moreover, the Association pioneered the organizations of the Tree Festivals for encouraging afforestation and ensuring the dissemination of love for tree amongst all segments of the society. The present study elaborates on Turkish Tree Conservation Association in such aspects as the establishment, programme, regulations and activities chronologically in the light of the archival documents and newspapers of the period.

311-317

Authors: Ahmet TUTUŞ, Mustafa ÇİÇEKLER, Bekir YEMŞEN, Sibel BİLGİÇ KARA, Tamer SÖZBİR

In this study, the use of bast fibers removed hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) stalks in pulp and paper production and some physical and optical properties of the produced papers were investigated. The chemical components and fiber morphological properties of hemp stalks free of bast fibers were determined and their suitability for pulp and paper production was examined. The holocellulose, cellulose and lignin contents of the hemp stalks were 79.7%, 52.0% and 22.2%, respectively, while fiber length, fiber width and lumen diameter were 0.60 mm, 28.8 µm and 13.4 µm, respectively. In line with these data, pulp production was carried out by cooking the hemp stalks with the Kraft cooking method. The yield, kappa number and viscosity values of pulp obtained from hemp stalks were determined as 48.2%, 39 and 1400 cm3/g, respectively. The breaking length and brightness values of the papers produced from these pulps were measured as 6.87 km and 33.34% ISO, respectively. Consequently, high yield and strength pulps can be produced from hemp stalks free of bast fibers, and since it has a low kappa number and high viscosity, it can be easily bleached.

323-330

Authors: Ali Uğur ÖZCAN

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L. 1758) is spread all over Europe, including in the west of Russia, and in the Anatolian and Caucasian regions. Roe deer is found in the Marmara, Black Sea regions, Hakkari, Izmir, and Amanos Region. The roe deer, which started to dispersal towards the center of Central Anatolia with the population increase, was never seen in the Kırıkkale Karagüney mountains until the last ten years. In this study, it is aimed to give information about how the roe deer dispersal to the Karagüney Mountain, its population size and habitat use. The study was conducted between 2013-2020 using direct (Point counting and line counting) and indirect (Foot print, photo trap, etc) observation methods. The population of roe deer in the area has reached up to 11-14 individuals in the last six years, and it is very likely that it will come from Eşekli mountain or Uğurludağ forests to the study area. Adapted to the area, roe deer is more common in areas where forests and agricultural areas intertwine, and it avoids highways and settlements. By means of steppe forests, The roe deer has spread to Central Anatolia between 40 and 100 km in the last decade. The adaptation of the roe deer to this area gives important clues about reintroduction and distribution of species, ecological connections between refuge areas.

342-352

Authors: Reyhan ERDOĞAN, Ebru AÇIKALIN, Ceren SELİM

In this article, some information was given about monumental trees detected in Antalya so far and 12 of them were introduced. When we look at the findings, the physical characteristics such as height, age, location and meaning of monumental trees consisting of Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich), tall juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.), Eastern plane (Platanus orientalis L.) and Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa) were evaluated. Suggestions were made for the students to contribute to the increase of nature and tree sensitivity of monumental trees by creating educational trips and suitable spaces.

65-72

Authors: Eda DEMİR, Bora İMAL

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the impact of water stress on germination and determine drought tolerant provenances in different Anatolian Black Pine provenances. Levels of water stress between 0 and -0.8 MPa were applied by using solution of PEG-6000 and germination tests were carried out. Our results revealed that germination values significantly decreased with increasing water stress level among provenances. Accordingly, Nallıhan, K. Hamam, Çerkeş and M.K. Paşa provenances, which represent regions with lower rainfall, had higher germination values up to -0.6 and -0.8 MPa water stress levels compared to other provenances. In this respect, mentioned provenances were found to be more resistant to drought. This result shows that there are variations within species in Anatolian Black Pine in terms of drought tolerances. Using provenances, which are determined to be drought-tolerant in this study, can increase afforestation success in semi-arid regions.

83-90

Authors: Ebru Hatice TIĞLI KAYTANLIOĞLU, Hüseyin FAKİR, Aslı Nisa AYDEMİR

In this study was made to determine the local recipes of some natural plant taxa that grow naturally in the Onikisubat region (Kahramanmaraş) and are consumed as food. A questionnaire with 10 questions was used as a data collection tool in the study. The survey application was made with 101 people living in rural areas. As a result of the survey, 9 plant taxa were determined. The determined plants were collected in the 2019 vegetation period. As a result of the study, the plants used in cooking; ısgın (Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler), tırsik (Arum maculatum L.), yarpuz (Mentha pulegium L.), ebegümeci (Malva sylvestris L.),gelinali (Papaver rhoeas L.),semizotu ( Portulaca oleracea L.), su teresi, ıspatan (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.), ısırgan (Urtica dioica L.), ciris (Asphodelus aestivus Brot.). These natural plants, in addition to healthy and natural nutrition, provide economic gain by the local people. In order to consume the naturally grown plants in the Onikisubat region as food and to transfer this information to future generations, local recipes made with these plants are included. The wrap made from Pistacia terebinthus and the soup made from Mentha pulegium have been brought to the literature.

97-104

Authors: Sinan KAPTAN

The study and evaluation of land use/cover changes that are considered to be the driving force of global disasters contribute significantly to healthier and more consistent decisions for decision makers, planners and managers. Especially in the forestry sector, where time, Labor and cost are high, it is very important to study, report and map changes. In this study, a detailed temporal and spatial assessment was made for changes in land use/cover, forest areas, development stages and crown closure classes of Karabiga Forest Planning Unit of Biga Forest Enterprise. In the study, the forest cover type maps of the forest plan unit obtained from the General Directorate of Forestry in 1995 and 2018 were used. Using ArcGIS 10.8, one of the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software, categories under two separate classes, forest and non-forest, were created through stand types data included in the attribute data of the relevant maps. In the study in which the changes in forest areas were discussed in terms of tree type, development stage and crown closure classes, a matrix table showing the total change, net change, loss, gain and swap change amounts of each category was created instead of the classical land change matrix. With the help of this table, more detailed information was obtained about the changes and trends in each category of forest and non-forest areas. According to the results of the study; 27% of the land cover, 56% of the development stage and 55% of the crown closure class have changed. In the category of land cover, broad-leaved forest decreased by 61%, treeless forest by 30% and agricultural by 1%, while coniferous forest increased by 9% and settlement area by 20%. During the period 1995-2018, changes in the mixed, maquis, non-forest and special afforestation categories consist of only a net change, while changes in other categories consist of both net and swap changes.

111-116

Authors: Emre GÖKSU, Gamze SANER

Pine honey is the one of the most important non-wood forest products are exported in Turkey. For this reason, determining the price of pine honey and making a future price prediction is considered as a guiding tool for the decisions to be taken for production planning. In this research, real price (2003=100) forecasting for the years 2021-2025 by using pine honey producer sales prices in the annual registration bulletins of İzmir, Aydın and Muğla Commodity Exchanges in the Aegean region where pine honey production is the most intensively. Box-Jenkins method which is one of techniques used in time series analysis was used for the forecasting in the research. According to the model results, it is expected that starting from 2021, pine honey producer real sales prices will follow a fluctuating trend and will tend to decrease. It is forecasted that the average real honey price, which was 4.15 TL/kg (2.77 $/kg) in 2020, will decrease by 18.07% by the end of 2025 and reach the level of 3.40 TL/kg (2.27 $/kg).

128-134

Authors: Abdullah ÖZKALAYCİ, İbrahim BEKTAŞ, Bekir Cihad BAL, Ayşenur KILIÇ AK

In this study, the effect of moisture content and density of panel on some physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard was investigated. The effect of moisture and density differences on some properties of fiberboard were aimed to be revealed. The test samples were obtained from fiberboards which were divided into three different density (0.590 g/cm3, 630 g/cm3 and 0.680 g/cm3) and moisture contents (6%, 9% and 12%) groups. Within the scope of the study, physical properties such as water absorption and thickness swelling and mechanical properties such as bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, Janka hardness and screw holding capacity were determined. The physical and mechanical properties of the boards with different moisture and density values differed significantly. For instance, the internal bond strengths were determined as 0.34 N/mm2, 0.39 N/mm2 and 0.62 N/mm2 in the low, medium and high density groups, respectively. Respective values for moisture content groups were found 0.52 N/mm2, 0.45 N/mm2 and 0.38 N/mm2, respectively. Furthermore, the screw holding capacity which is important strength for fiberboard were determined as 15.3 N/mm2, 18.8 N/mm2 and 25.3 N/mm2 in the low, medium and high density groups, respectively. And respective values for moisture content groups were found as 19.8 N/mm2, 20.1 N/mm2 and 19.4 N/mm2, respectively. In the samples belonging to the same moisture group, high mechanical properties at low moisture content and low mechanical properties at high moisture content were obtained. Research results revealed that the mechanical properties increased in parallel with the increase in density. Physical and mechanical properties of MDF boards change as the board density increases. Generally, as the board density increased, all mechanical properties increased. However, with the increase in moisture percentage, the mechanical properties of the boards decreased.

143-150

Authors: Evren ERSOY KALYONCU, Meryem ONDARAL

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the chemical and morphological suitability of using pseudo-stem which are formed in large amounts during the fruit harvesting of the banana plant (Musa sapientum) with a widespread agricultural area in the world, as raw material in the paper industry. The main chemical constituents of banana pseudo-stem holocellulose, α-cellulose and lignin were determined as %77.5, %51.0 and %12.7, respectively. Hot water solubility was 17.3%, cold water solubility 13.0%, alcohol and 1% NaOH solubility values were 9.2% and 33.3%, respectively. It has been determined that banana pseudo-stem waste fibers, which are similar to softwood fibers in terms of fiber length and hardwood fibers in terms of fiber width, have high slenderness and flexibility ratios with low Runkel ratio, rigidity coefficient and Mühlstep ratio. The results obtained from chemical and morphological analyzes indicated that banana pseudo stem waste is a suitable raw material for pulp and paper production.

157-164

Authors: Eser SÖZEN, Timuçin BARDAK, Kadir KAYAHAN

Wooden materials used in the building sector are exposed to different loading types and different strength depending on the place of use. The use of materials suitable for the type of loading affects important factors such as safety, performance and cost. Another important issue in wooden materials used in the building sector is wood-water relations. Moisture causes significant changes on the physical, mechanical and technological (hardness, wear) properties of wood. In this study, 5-layer LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) was produced from 2 mm beech (Fagus orientalis L.) veneer obtained by peeling process. Produced LVLs were subjected to four different moisture (0%, 12%, 18% and 25%) compressio strength in two different directions, perpendicular and parallel to the fibers. Using the data obtained from the specified moisture values, the pressure resistance values in other moisture amounts were estimated by artificial intelligence. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Decision Trees (DT) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms are used in the predictions. According to the mechanical test results, the highest compression strength value (51.96 N/mm²) was obtained in the loading parallel to the fibers of the samples with 0% moisture (oven dry). The lowest compression strength value (13.57 N/mm²) was determined in the loading vertical direction to the fibers of 25% moisture samples. The highest prediction success was obtained from the Random Forest algorithm with a value of R2 = 0.984. As a result, it has been determined that artificial intelligence techniques can be used successfully as a solution to predict the pressure resistance of LVLs at different humidity.

171-185

Authors: Can VATANDAŞLAR

Ecosystem services (ES) have become one of the most popular concepts in environmental research over the last decades. Nevertheless, the concept is quite new for the Turkish forestry sector. The number of national ES studies is very limited, and they have been conducted in recent years. Moreover, the term ES is often confused with forest functions (FF) in the literature. Such confusion may yield deceptive results stemming from inaccurate scientific assessments, including classification, digitizing, and mapping schemes. In this case, policy- and decision-makers will be misinformed in the future. This study aims to differentiate the ES and FF concepts explicitly and introduce the ES concept’s opportunities to Turkish forestry. To this end, the ES and FF terms were separately identified, forestry applications using these concepts were thoroughly examined, and the two concepts were compared with each other from a forest management point of view. Furthermore, the ES cascade model was adapted to forest ecosystems, and thus, the cause-and-effect relationship between ES and FF was indicated with real-world examples from the sector. Finally, the ES of Turkey’s forests were systematically documented based on the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) for the first time. The results showed that the ES concept was more useful than the FF for multiple-use forestry. Specifically, the ecosystem-based multifunctional forest management planning (ETFOP&ETÇAP) system can greatly benefit from adopting the concept. However, the ES is a relatively novel research area in Turkey, and thus, researchers have a long way ahead. They may begin the work by developing ecological indicators for unquantified ES or monetarizing the intangible ES, such as thermal comfort, and cultural heritage. Thus, the contribution of Turkey’s forests to the natural capital will be able to unveil in time.

1-7

Authors: Ziya ŞİMŞEK, Yalçın KONDUR

This study was conducted to determine the larval instars of Diprion pini L. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) that damage Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at an altitude of 1204 m at Çankırı-Kurşunlu in 2004. In the same study, the determination of the most appropriate period if chemical control is necessary regarding the relationship between D.pini and its egg parasitoid Neochryocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was considered. After detection of D.pini larvae Scots pine shoots containing at least 60 D.pini larvae from randomly selected Scots pine trees were sampled at each sampling date (once a week). The larvae were brought to the laboratory in a cooler, and the head capsule widths and lengths were measured under a stereomicroscope and recorded. After the data were evaluated according to Dyar’s law and larval instars of D.pini were determined, larvae instars and proportions of instars in the population (%) were determined for each sampling date. Regression analyses were used to determine the relationships between the head capsule width, length, and the instars of D.pini larvae. Results show that the increment ratios of head capsule width increase for the 1st to 6th D.pini larvae were 1.353, 1.339, 1.400, 1.287, and 1.1249, respectively. The increment ratios of the head capsule widths are close to the value of 1.4 of Dyar’s law. Therefore, it is understood that the occurrence ratios (%) for D.pini instars can be determined by sampling larvae at different dates according to Dyar’s law. A significant relationship has been determined between the head capsule widths and lengths of D.pini larvae. Larval length can be used in practice for instar determination in field studies. There was no record on the head capsule increments of D.pini instars in the literature. Additionally in this study, the egg parasitoid N.formosa adults, which had developed in the field-collected and D.pini eggs in the laboratory culture began emerging on September 3rd, 2004 when the D.pini larvae were in the 6th instar. Therefore, it is determined that the most appropriate chemical control period without damaging the egg parasitoid may be the period when the 2nd instar D.pini larva proportion in the population reaches 50%. These results are important for the protection of egg parasitoids as well as the effectiveness of chemical control in large-scale applications.

17-24

Authors: Mahmut ÇERÇİOĞLU, Durmuş ÇETİNKAYA

In this study, cone production, altitude and growth characteristics (height, diameter at breast height and crown diameter) were related, and also some genetics parameters were estimated. The data were collected from 150 individual trees of three natural populations sampled altitudinal (P1 260 m, P2 740 m, P3 1100 m) of Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) in Mugla-Fethiye district in 2020. Fertility variation based on cone production was found to be 1.91 for one old cones and 1.77 for two old cones in all populations. Genetic relatedness was estimated at 0.006 for one year cones and 0.005 for two year old cones in all populations. The number of effective parents was found to be 78 and 84 for one year and two year cones, respectively. As a result of the correlation analysis applied, statistically significant (p <0.05) positive relationships were determined between growth characteristics and yield of cones in general. According to the results of the Kruskal-wallis test, significant (p<0.05) differences were found between the populations in terms of cone yield. According to the stepwise multiple regression analysis results, the most effective factors in terms of cone yield at 1 year old were crown diameter (north-south), diameter at breast height and age, respectively. Crown diameter (east-west), diameter at breast height were the most effective factors on cone yield at 2 years of age, respectively.

33-37

Authors: Mustafa ÇİÇEKLER, Saniye ERKAN, Ahmet TUTUŞ

In this study, the effects of potassium borohydride (KBH4) added to the cooking liquor (white liquor) in pulp and paper production from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) woods on the chemical, physical and optical properties of the pulp were investigated. Soda (NaOH) method, which is one of the environmentally friendly cooking methods, was used in the pulp production from R. pseudoacacia woods. By adding 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7% KBH4 to the white liquor, four different cooking experiments were carried out. The yields, kappa numbers and viscosity values of the pulps were measured with the relevant standards. Test papers were produced from each pulp and their physical and optical properties were determined. With 0.7% KBH4 added to the cooking solution, the total yield and viscosity increased by 9.54% and 10.4%, respectively compared to KBH4-free pulp, while the kappa number decreased by 9.48%. As a result of statistical analysis, it has been observed that there is no significant difference between the physical and optical properties of the papers produced from KBH4-free and KBH4-added pulps. Consequently, it was concluded that adding KBH4 to the white liquor in the pulp production from R. pseudoacacia wood with soda method, positively affected the chemical properties of the pulps and did not have a significant effect on the physical and optical properties.

43-48

Authors: Ahmet Cihangir YALINKILIÇ

In this study, changing effect of water based varnishes on yellow hue in wood material which was colored with water soluble color pigments in brown hue has been researched. For this purpose, wood samples which were prepared from the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in accordance with TS 53 and TS 2470, colored with aniline, ready-mix, chemical stains according to ASTM E1347-97, were coated with one-component and two-component varnishes according to ASTM D3023. Color change was determined in accordance with ASTM D2244. According to research results, the highest change in yellow hue was found on beech wood colored with ready-mix stain and with two-component varnish; and the lowest change was found on Scots pine wood colored with aniline stain and with one-component varnish.

56-61

Authors: Eylem DİZMAN TOMAK, Ayşegül GÜNAYDIN, Sebnem Sevil ARPACI

Wood being an organic material can be degraded and destroyed by wood-destroying organisms. For this purpose, many wood preservatives have been developed from the past to the present, and are still being developed. In this study, scots pine samples were impregnated with zinc chloride (ZnCl2), nano cerium oxide (CeO2), nano zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper II sulphate (CuSO4) at a concentration level of 0.25%, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.5. Decay resistance against brown (Coniophora puteana) and white (Trametes versicolor) rot fungi attacks has been determined. The antifungal effectiveness of the preservatives was determined for both leached and unleached samples. Furthermore, toxicity in leachate was determined by measuring the mycelium growth of the same fungi species in the petri dishes. Decay test results showed that ZnCl2 was effective in inhibiting both fungi growth on wood samples. In addition, ZnCl2 was found to be the most leach resistant and effective chemical in preventing both decay fungi among the other chemicals. A minimum concentration level of 1.5% was needed for efficient decay resistance for both CeO2 and CuSO4. 1% concentration of ZnO was found to be effective in suppressing the tested fungi attacks in unleached samples, while, all concentration levels in leached samples were not found to be effective to prevent T. versicolor attack. Mycelium growth of the both fungi on leachates was similar to the growth level on references after 2 weeks.

349-354

Authors: Ünver DEMİR, Gökhan AYDIN

This study was conducted in 2019 in Kurşunlu Waterfall Natural Park (Antalya) to investigate the effects of different human activities on insect species. The selected habitats were grouped as habitats with high human activity (K0), low density (K1) and no human activity (K2), and pit trap sampling method was used in these habitats. As a result of the study, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indexes were found to be higher in the area where human activity is intense compared to the areas where human activity is less and not more balanced. When the percent similarity results between habitats were considered, it was found that habitats did not resemble each other. In addition, this study Dasylabris intermedia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) species were identified for the first time in Turkey.

364-372

Authors: Fatih SİVRİKAYA, Ramazan KARAKAŞ

In this study, parameters of Weibull function with three parameters were predicted for natural Stone Pine stands in Önsen town, which is in Kahramanmaraş Regional Directorate of Forestry Kahramanmaraş Directorate of State Forest Enterprise, Hartlap Forest Enterprise Chief. To model diameter distribution of natural Stone Pine, 30 sample plots were taken from field survey and six different methods were used for predicting parameters of Weibull function with three parameters. Error index values were applied for comparison of different parameter estimation methods. Percentile-Based method, which use 25%, 50% and 95% of diameter values together and have 2.967 average rank number, is the greatest successful function to define diameter distributions for Stone Pine based on error index values estimated by differences between actual diameter distribution and predicted diameter distribution in accordance with different parameter estimation methods.

383-387

Authors: Ayse Gülden ADAY KAYA, Tuğba DOĞMUŞ LEHTİJARVİ

Heterobasidion annosum Fr. Bref. sensu lato is a highly destructive disease factor that causes root and root collar rot in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in coniferous tree species. In the control of Heterobasidion species, the selection of tree species that are not host to the fungus, chemical substances and biological control agents are used. However, none of these control methods provide complete protection against the pathogen. In this context, it is important to search for sustainable alternative methods of combating the disease agent. Many fungal species, including Heterobasidion species, are known to host a large number of different mycoviruses. These mycoviruses are used as biocontrol agents to minimize the losses caused by pathogenic fungi and control the disease. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the possibilities of fighting against annosum root and butt rot by mycovirus transmission. In the experiments, two donor isolates infected with HetPV3-an1 and HetRV6-ab6 viruses and 5 H. annosum sensu str. and 20 H. abietinum isolates without virus were used. Isolates in both groups were tested in a dual culture in Petri dishes with 2% malt extract agar and incubated at 20 ° C for 3 months. At the end of the incubation period, the hyphae taken from the tip of the developing hyphae and the junction between the colonies were transferred to Malt-Orange Serum Agar medium. Potential dsRNA transfer to the recipient isolates occurred was determined using the RT-PCR method with specific primers. At the end of the trials, the dsRNA particle of 15% of the tested H. abietinum isolates and 20% of the H. annosum isolates were successfully transferred and the presence of single segment virus was confirmed by RT-PCR. Based on these results, even it is thought that the percentage of mycovirus transmission is low, and it can be used as biocontrol agent in future in vivo studies.

396-406

Authors: Mehmet EKER

Terrestrial road networks constitute the main transportation and transportation infrastructure for opening up of the forests in an optimal way. Skidding distances are tried to be shortened by constructing skidding and / or tractor roads as tertiary roads in main and secondary forest roads and forest areas that cannot be opened to operation sufficiently. Any treatment on the forest ecosystem has negative effects. Drag road networks also contain the potential to damage the forest ecosystem with their temporary and permanent effects. However, there is not enough data, information and records about how the skidding path length increases during or after the production in any production chamber or divider. The aim of this study is; to summarize the characteristics of the skidding paths, to calculate the skidding densities in some sample production blocks, and to evaluate the potential ecological effects of the skidding path networks. Within the boundaries of Isparta Regional Directorate of Forestry, data on the existence of skidding paths was collected and analyzed over the pre-production and post-production satellite images of 30 randomly selected production sections using the Google Earth program. Accordingly, at the end of the production season, it was determined that the average length of the skidding road per production compartment was 3290 m and the skidding road density was 83.1 m/ha on average. When it is accepted that the skidding roads cause an area loss of 3 m width; approximately 2.5 % of 1 ha of forest area is lost due to skidding roads.

417-427

Authors: Tuncay AKGÜN, Kenan OK, Ersin YILMAZ, Ali Ayhan KUL, İ̇kram ÇELİK

This research has been carried out to analyze priorities of ecotourism attractiveness quantitatively, at the examples of an urban forest, a historical area with prominent cultural values, and wildlife conservation areas. Historical Site of Gellipoli War, Wildlife Improvement Area at Çilingoz and Urban forest at Sultangazi were selected as research areas. In this direction, Ranking, Rating and Pairwise Comparison Techniques which are multi criteria decision methods have been utilized. As a result of the study, it has been found that the priority and importance values of ecotourism attractiveness are different in national parks, urban forests and wildlife development areas. In addition, the priority values of ecotourism attractiveness can vary according to the applied technique both in terms of order and importance. As a result, it is not possible to accept the same priority or importance for any ecotourism atractiveness in any places because of different status, organizational purpose and local characteristics and it doesn't adopt computed priorities for other areas.

438-444

Authors: Ahmet Cihangir YALINKILIÇ

This study was carried out to determine the impact of bleaching and varnishing on the flame source combustion light intensity of wood material. For this purpose, specimens prepared according to ASTM D 358 from European Oak, Oriental beech and Scotch pine wood are bleached with a solution of 18% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), sodium silicate (NaSiO3), acetic acid (CH3COOH), sodium disulfide (Na2S2O5), oxalic acid (C2H2O4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The bleached specimens are varnished with synthetic (Sn) water-based (Sb), polyurethane (Pü) and acrylic (Av) in accordance with ASTM D 3023. The light intensity were determined in accordance with ASTM E 160–50. Consequently; According to the interaction wood species, bleaching solution and varnish types, the most light intensity; synthetic varnished oriental beech bleached with KMnO4+Na2S2O5+H2O2 (R5), the least light intensity; acrylic varnished scotch pine, bleached with Na2S2O5+C2H2O4 (R4), were obtained. Accordingly, it can be suggested to consider this situation in application areas since the samples with the least light intensity can increase the risk of smoke drowning in fire.

451-460

Authors: Levent GÜRLEYEN

It is necessary to know the different properties of the wood material belonging to each tree species to be able to use it correctly and efficiently. This study was carried out to investigate the evaluation possibilities of persian silk (Albizia julibrissin) wood in UV system parquet industry. UV system parquet varnishes were applied to persian silk wood in 3 and 5 layers in a parquet factory according to industrial applications. The materials obtained later were exposed to accelerated UV aging processes using UVA-340 lamps for 252 and 504 hours. Color parameters (L*, a* and b*), glossiness values, könig pendulum hardness and surface adhesion resistance (MPa) tests were carried out before and after aging. It has been observed that these tests change with aging. As a result, persian silk (Albizia julibrissin) wood can be used in the parquet industry.

468-474

Authors: Hikmet YAZICI, İ̇smail ÖZLÜSOYLU

In this study, the effect of the accelerated weathering process on some surface properties of heat-treated sweet bay wood (Laurus nobilis L.) was investigated. Wood samples were heat-treated at 160 ℃, 180 ℃, 200 ℃and 210 ℃ for 2 hours. After heat treatment, weight loss, color, glossiness, and surface roughness values of the samples were determined. Accelerated weathering was applied for 8 hours UV, 15 minutes water spray and 3 hours and 45 minutes conditioning. The changes in surface properties were determined by measurements taken before weathering (0 hours) and after weathering (100, 250 and 500 hours). The results obtained showed that there was a significant increase in weight loss by increasing the heat treatment temperature to 210 ℃. With the effect of heat treatment, there was a decrease in the glossiness and roughness values, and the total color change and surface roughness increased with the increased heat treatment temperature. As the weathering time increased, the graying on the surfaces increased, and a 25% increase was observed in the 60° glossiness value.

481-488

Authors: Neslihan DOYGUN

This study aimed to determine perception of urban environmental problems in İzmir and İstanbul, two big cities of Turkey. Q methodology, which enables classifying human subjectivity through different perspectives bringing together the strong aspects of both qualitative and quantitative research methods, has been used as the research methodology. As a result of analysis of the participants’ views on urban environmental problems, which were sorted according to a certain guideline, two factors, in other words, two points of views were determined. Discrepancy correlation values of the factors were low, therefore, results states that the discrepancy of the two factors shows the represented point of views are clearly distinct. Significant majority of the participants from both cities agreed on factor 1 that “air pollution” is the primary environmental problem due to urbanization regardless of education background and gender. The other group forming factor 2 agreed on “smell pollution” as the primary environmental problem due to urbanization. The issues forwarded by the participants in this study significantly overlapped with the previously determined environmental problems of the two cities. As a conclusion, it has been pointed out in this study that Q methodology is an important tool in determining social opinions and priorities; guiding or supporting research; enlighten managers and planners in improving the effectiveness of their works.

498-508

Authors: Almira UZUN, Ömer K. ÖRÜCÜ

Analyzing how the vegetative material, which is the most important design element of Turkey and the most important design element of the Landscape Architecture profession, will be affected by climate change, is of great importance in order to plan the future use of these species in planting studies. The article consists of two main sections. Firstly, the presence data of Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) Gay and WorldClim 2.1 version of 19 bioclimatic variables at 2.5 minutes (approximately 20 km2) spatial resolution were used to estimate the potential distribution area of the species in today's conditions. In the next stage, in order to determine how the range of the species will be affected by climate change, the 6th IPCC report was created based on the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate change model, which is one of the paired model comparison Project (CMIP6) models. The potential distribution area of the species for the periods 2041-2060 and 2081-2100 was modeled according to the SSP2 4.5 and SSP5 8.5 scenarios. In addition, the spatial and spatial differences between the present and future distribution areas of the species were revealed by analysis of change. According to the findings, the areas that are considered suitable and very suitable in the current distribution area are calculated as 63.695 km2.The spread of the species will decrease according to the model results. According to SSP5 8.5 scenario ~2090, it will predicted not seen the kind in Turkey.

195 - 200

Authors: Ozan GÜNEŞ, Bülent YAŞAR

This study was conducted in 2017-2019 in Aydın province in order to detect armored scale insects that are harmful in park and ornamental plants. As a result of the determinations, 9 species belonging to the Diaspididae family were identified. These species are; Aonidia lauri (Bouche), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus), Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Leucaspis pini (Hartig), Parlatoria oleae (Colvée), Pseudalaucaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), Unaspis euonymi (Comstock). In this study, Ceratonia siliqua with Comstockaspis perniciosa, and Viola sp. with Lepidosaphes ulmi found on them are new record hosts in the world. Also in Aydın province, Populus sp. with Chionaspis salicis and in Turkey, Aonidiella aurantii, were detected for the first time on which Hedera helix.

215 - 223

Authors: Halim ŞAHİN, Yasin KARATEPE

The present study aimed to show how the vegetation structure in the southern part of the Gelibolu (Gallipoli) Peninsula (south of the Eceabat-Kabatepe Highway) is formed according to the site characteristics. For this purpose, 100 sample areas each with a size of 400 m2 were taken. Proportions of the trees, bushes and perennial plants in the sample areas were assessed according to the Braun-Blanquet method. In order to determine the general soil characteristics of the study area, topsoil samples were taken at 0–30 cm depth level from 51 sample areas and the bedrock type was determined. Analyses were made on the soil samples for soil reaction (pH), lime, organic carbon, total nitrogen and texture. Additionally, coordinate, elevation, aspect and slope determinations were made in each sample area. For assessments,in consideration of geographical characteristics and especially topographic structure, the study field was divided into 6 different districts, and the vegetation structure was examined at these 6 districts. As a result of study, 61 different plant species were determined, and it was found that especially topographic structure and aspect were very influential on the distribution of these species. The influence of aspect can be explained by the effects of insolation and prevailing wind on field moisture. The study also determined that individuals of the species in wind-exposed areas and especially in areas close to seashore were often shorter and deformed compared to those in areas sheltered from wind. This can be explained by the fact that where the Mediterranean climate is dominant, plants reduce their above-ground parts for avoiding exposure to physiological drought because strong winds trigger transpiration.

231 - 242

Authors: Nilufer YAZICI, Nergiz KOÇER

Water is one of the basic elements of human sustainability in the world. Throughout history, people have lived their lives with water and wanted to realize their settlements around water resources. Man owes his existence to water. Water resources are important not only for human beings, but also for the survival of all living beings and the habitable environment on Earth. Problems in water resources, which are vital for all living things, often arise when water resources are exposed to environmental influences. Today, water sources polluted and decreased due to negative effects from both natural and artificial environment are in a higher priority than ever. In this study, a survey was conducted with a total of 400 people on a face-to-face basis to determine the water consumption attitudes and behaviors of people living in Kırklareli province. With this 31-question questionnaire; their gender, age, educational background, occupation, how many years they have lived in this province, their monthly income status, their preferences in drinking water use, their water consumption behaviors and their use of water. As a result, it was concluded that individual approach, awareness, satisfaction and expectations directly affect water consumption.

254 - 259

Authors: Hasan DEMİRCİ, Emel ORDU

Turkey has a great number of karstic caves which are unexplored and have unknown microbial diversity. The biodiversity characterisation of these caves has not yet been systematically studied from the molecular point of view. Çal Cave in Trabzon, Turkey is one of the important karstic caves. In the present study, a metagenomic approach was used to explore the microbial diversity of Çal Cave for the first time to assess the potential of gene sources. Detailed taxonomic profiling was defined by sequencing all environmental genomes instead of a specific marker gene such as 16S rRNA which only targets prokaryotes. Taxonomic analysis revealed that the Çal Cave soil sample was represented as 98% Bacteria, 2% Eukaryota, 0.3% Archaea, and 0.01% Virus. Results showed that, the 31 distinct bacterial phyla represented in the Çal Cave soil sample were dominated by Actinobacteria (65%) and Proteobacteria (31%). The most dominant bacterial genus was Streptomyces. Among the 2% Eukaryotic population, the largest phylum was Ascomycota and it was mostly represented as Sordariomycetes. It was determined that 77% of Archaea was Halobacteria. The most abundant class of viruses dwelling in Çal Cave was Caudovirales. 91.61% of total readings could not be classified into any specific kingdom. Overall, classified and unclassified data verify that there exists vast microbial biodiversity in Çal Cave which could not be identified with classical microbiology techniques, and this microbial diversity provides a promising gene source for novel enzyme and bioactive compounds to be used in biotechnological applications.

267 - 278

Authors: Murat ÖZEN, Hasan ALKAN

In this study, it is aimed to determine the satisfaction levels of customers who purchase products from Isparta Regional Directorate of Forestry. The research data were collected with the help of documentation analysis, observation, interview and questionnaire. The survey studies were carried out with 59 companies that purchased a significant part of the products produced by the regional directorate. The data obtained was evaluated according to the Expectancy Disconfirmation Model. According to the research findings, the top three issues that the customers are most satisfied with are; The physical suitability of sales venues, the suitability of tender times and the kindness of salespeople. The first three dissatisfied issues are; The problem of standardization in stacks in warehouses, the high loading unit costs in the warehouses and the products offered for sale are not as neat as desired.

294 - 303

Authors: Aşkın BOZKURT, İ̇smet DAŞDEMİR, Kısmet Kubra KALKAN BALCI

The majority of the number of employees in terms of poplar wood processing industry enterprises in Turkey are micro and small-scale enterprises. They generally operates in a atelier style. The satisfaction of the poplar wood industry business employees by the work done by the company is of great importance in terms of the continuity of both poplar wood using industry and poplar culture. This study aims to determine the main factors affecting job satisfaction of enterprises employees processing poplar wood in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces, to control the difference of job satisfaction according to some features (age, gender, marital status, education, position, total service time), to reveal the relationships between some features of enterprises employees and job satisfaction levels and to reach the findings to increase the levels of job satisfaction. Thus, contributions will be made to increase the productivity of labor, to increase the productivity, profitability and performance levels of the enterprises, to the continuation of the poplar industry and the poplar that provides raw materials to this industry, to the efficient and productive use of resources, to increase employment and thus to ensure sustainable development. The research data were obtained from a survey conducted in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces in Turkey. In the first part of this questionnaire, there are some questions created to determine the features of the employees such as age, gender, marital status, educational status, position and total service period. In the second part, there are 25 questions Job Satisfaction Scale prepared according to the 5 point Likert scale in order to determine the job satisfaction of the employees. The questionnaire forms were applied to 475 enterprises employees randomly selected in 2017-2018 via face-to-face interview method. Factor Analysis, Kruskal-Wallis H-Test, Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to evaluate the data. As a result of analysis; the most important factors affecting the job satisfaction of the employees were put forward as (1) Wage, promotion, working conditions and intention to pursue existing work, (2) Executive approach, individual autonomy, success and appreciation. Additionally, it was determined that the total job satisfaction of the employees varies according to age, education, position, total service time. As a result of the study, some suggestions were made to increase the job satisfaction of the employees working in poplar wood in the Sakarya, Samsun and Bursa provinces.

318 - 323

Authors: Ahmet Ali VAR, Mehmet DEMİR

The effects of hot-cold bio-oil treatment on properties of wood material from pine species are not known. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of hot-cold bio-oil treatment on oil uptake, density and moisture content properties of Brutia pine wood. This study used castor oil (Ricinus communis L.), flaxseed oil (Oleum linii), mixtured oil (castor oil + flaxseed oil) and Brutian pine sapwood (Pinus brutia Ten.). The wood samples were treated with hot oil (110 ºC ± 2 ºC) for 6 hours before cold oil (23 ºC ± 2 ºC) for 2 hours. Then, the oil uptake, density and moisture content of treated and untreated wood samples were measured. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program (p0.05). The results showed that hot-cold bio-oil treatment had a significant effect on oil uptake, density and moisture content of Brutia pine wood; and there were significant differences among these effects at 95% confidence level. Such treatment increased the treated wood density between 40.38% - 78.85% compared to untreated wood, while it reduced the moisture content between 93.44% - 96.72%. It was measured the highest density in linseed oil treatment, and the lowest density in castor oil treatment. Flaxseed oil treatment gave the lowest moisture content, while the highest moisture content was measured in mixed oil treatment. Mixed oil treatment increased the moisture content compared to others; increased the density compared to castor oil; reduced compared to flaxseed oil. Accordingly, the moisture diffusion may have been prevented. Because the porosity and penetration in Brutia wood have been limited with reduced the moisture content and increased the density.

332 - 343

Authors: Ayşe Esra HAKVERDİ

Forests have been one of the most important sources for humanity throughout history. Sustainable management of this vital resource and moving it into the future is one of the most important issues today. In this study, the Criteria and Indicator set in the 2008 Sustainable Forest Management report prepared by the General Directorate of Forestry was compared with the 2018 National Sustainable Forest Management Criterion and Indicator set. As a result, it is seen that new indicators were added to the 2018 Criteria and Indicator set, some indicators used in the first starter set and the 2008 report were included in the sub-indicators category (additional indicator that facilitates the interpretation of the data on the main indicators and access to the main cause) in the 2018 set and the scope of the new set was extended. In the first set, it is seen that the General Directorate of Forestry included the indicators that it excluded from monitoring due to the fact that it did not fall within its scope, and that the scope was expanded by adding indicators such as monitoring the effects of global climate change, carbon stock, dead wood and certified forest.