International Journal of Research and Review

1-13

Authors: Sadiya Ahmed Mohamed , Maimunah Ali

Perceived organization support (POS) has greater influence in employees’ job satisfaction. The purpose of the present study is to address the impacts of POS on job satisfaction of the employees of Malaysian private Telecommunication companies. Two antecedents of POS such as organizational rewards and job conditions were proposed to enhance employees’ perception of the supports of their organizations. POS and job satisfaction variables were proposed as the intervening and outcome variables respectively. The data of this study have beencollected from a group of employees in the telecommunication Malaysian industry through questionnaire survey. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings revealed that POS antecedents includingorganizational rewards and job conditions have significant relationship with POS. Likewise; this study suggested that POS can improvethe employees’ job satisfaction by presenting a significant relationship between POS and job satisfaction.

21-24

Authors: A.Perumal, K.Y. Manjunath

Background: The inter digital areas are the area of distal palm between the fingers. The ridge counts of the inter digital area have been found useful as early diagnostic tool in number of genetically related clinical disorders. Diabetes Mellitus is one such condition which can be predicted by studying the inter digital area ridge count. Considering lacunae in the studies on the inter digital area ridge count of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Indian context, this study was carried out to delineate the inter digital area ridge count of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Tamil Nadu population of India. Materials and Methods: The inter digital area ridge count was carried out on one hundred Diabetes Mellitus patients and was compared with one hundred normal subjects (equal number of male and female). The subjects were 35 - 80 years of age group belonging to Salem population of Tamil Nadu. Results: Significantly decreased levels of mean right a-b and left a-b ridge count were observed in male Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients compared to normal male subjects. Increased levels of mean right b-c, right c-d, left b-c and left c-d ridge counts in female Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients compared to normal female subjects but these values were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The knowledge of inter digital area ridge count is useful for early diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. This paper adds to the knowledge of inter digital area ridge count of the Tamil Nadu population, which would be of use to the early diagnostic tool to predict diabetes Mellitus.

37-44

Authors: SK Singh, Manoj Kumar K, Suresh Mokamati, Nikhil Kumar

Background: Snoring is the sound produced during sleep by vibration of respiratory structures due to obstructed air movement during breathing. It may be a sign or first warning of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Usually the commonly involved structures are uvula and soft palate. The suspicion of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Hypopnoea Syndrome (OSAHS) is required to be confirmed along with location of obstruction and grade severity. Sleep study is done to determine this and guide the therapeutic choices available for these patients. Surgical procedures like Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), Coblation Palatoplasty and Uvulectomy have been tried for treatment. Coblation Palatoplasty is performed and preferred nowadays to reduce snoring and alleviate sleep apnoea. This operation involves trimming of tissues causing airway obstruction at the back of soft palate, resulting in improvement of the airflow and thus reduction in snoring. The minimally invasive nature of the procedure is its biggest advantage. The main objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the efficacy of plasma-mediated radiofrequency based ablation (Coblation) palatoplasty(PRAP) in the treatment of snoring. Material & Methods: This prospective study included 32 cases between 30 and 60 years of age with no gender bias reporting to a tertiary care ENT centre with history of snoring and probable sleep disorders. Study was for two years including a one year follow up period. Clinical evaluation, drug induced sleep evaluation and Polysomnography was done for all subjects. A Perceptual Score for Snoring (PSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Snoring Outcome Survey was done for snoring, daytime somnolence and quality of life index prior to and after intervention respectively. Results: Plasma Mediated Radiofrequency Based Ablation (Coblation) Palatoplasty (PRAP) is a safe procedure having minimal morbidity and adverse symptoms. Efficacy of the procedure was established as evidenced by the improvement in outcome scores of Apnoea-Hypopnea Index, Snoring Outcome Survey and Epworth Sleepiness Scale in the initial phase and lasting for 06 months after the procedure. Long term efficacy of the procedure is doubtful as assessed after 06 weeks till 06 months. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that patients who undergo PRAP for treatment of snoring obtain a satisfactory response when assessed subjectively and objectively by pre intervention and post intervention. While perceptual scores significantly improved in the immediate post intervention period lasting till 06 months, there was a reversal of the status by twelve months. All these point to the fact that volumetric reduction of palate has a temporary influence on snoring. Despite this poor subjective efficacy, significant improvements were noted in indices of quality of life and sleepiness. This raises a significant question whether it is rational to repeat the procedure at intervals of six months. It is likely that the outcome results will be much longer lasting if the procedure is repeated. These results raise several concerns about the continued use of PRAP as a treatment for snoring and mild sleep apnoea.

50-55

Authors: Anita Ranjan, Alok Sood

Background: Women's economic participation can be mentioned in the field of production of goods and services accounted in the national economic statistics. However, female work participation has always been low at 26% compared to 52% of men. The problem is that women has always been at work, only the definitions of work and work plans have never been defined or realistic to include their contribution to the economy and the society. Most of the women are found to be employed in agriculture activities and in the unorganised sector. This sector broadly corresponds to the household sector including private unincorporated enterprises. In rural areas, women work in the sectors of agriculture, plantations, fisheries, and poultry and dairy, in urban areas, they work for manufacturing units of garments and food processing, household related activities and so on. Methodology: The present study was conducted by department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Major S.D. Singh Medical College, Farrukhabad. It was a cross sectional study among womens working in unorganized sectors of Farrukhabad city. The study was conducted from 1st January, 2014 to 31st December, 2014. The study population was married working women aged25-35 years who gave consent and were ready to participate in the study. Results: Out of total 100 participants 47 belonged to age group 25-30 years and 53 belong to age group 31-35 years. Mean score of overall problem was found to be 34.63 with the SD of 6.52 which included maximum mean score of occupational problem (10.42). The mean score of problem towards family (8.19), health (8.73), social (10.29) and overall (37.31) were found to be more among the study subjects engaged moderate type of work as compare to heavy type of work. The mean scores of the problems towards family (10.75), health (9.75), social (11.88) and overall (42.00) were found to be more among study subjects working equal to and less than 6 hours as compared to study subjects working more than 6 hours.

61-68

Authors: A.Perumal, K.Y. Manjunath, M. G. Yuvaraj, K.R. Srinivasan

Background: There is a paucity of dermatoglyphic studies on diabetic patients in and around Salem district of Tamil Nadu. This study attempts to delineate the fingertips pattern and ridge counts of diabetic patients of this area. Materials and Methods: Dermatoglyphic finger prints of one hundred normal subjects (equal number of males and females) were compared with equal number of Type 2 Diabetic males and females. The fingertips patterns were noted, ridge counts of fingertips were carried out and recorded. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results: Significantly decreased levels of left thumb mean ridge count was observed in male Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients (14.90) when compared to the normal male subjects (18.76). It was increased in female Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (15.24) compared to normal females (14.62).It was statistically insignificant. Increased percentage level of ulnar loop pattern was observed in right thumb, right index, right middle, right ring, right little, left thumb, left middle, left ring and left little fingers in Type 2 Diabetic males compared to normal males. Increased percentage level of ulnar loop pattern was observed in right thumb, left thumb and left index fingers of Type 2 Diabetic females compared to normal females. Conclusion: The knowledge of the fingertip patterns and ridge counts is essential for Diabetologist and other clinicians.

74-88

Authors: Abdullah M. A. Alhomaidan

This study explores the value of peer feedback in English as a second language (ESL) writing class from the perspective of forty intermediate level students studying in a technical Saudi Arabian college, who had been extensively exposed to this type of feedback. Several research hypotheses were formulated on the basis of a comprehensive literature review of scholarship on writing and peer feedback and then tested in this research context. The study uses quantitative data derived from anonymous, semi-structured questionnaires distributed to students. The results of this study show that the majority of respondents appear to hold an overwhelmingly positive attitude regarding the employment of peer feedback activities in their writing courses.

92-95

Authors: S. Asif Rafiq Shah, Irtifa Jeelani, Syed Nadeem Rafiq, Miftah Jeelani, Shahid Sulayman

Rhupus an extremely uncommon condition is used to describe patients who have features of both rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. We report a 23 year old female who initially presented with features of rheumatoid arthritis and later developed features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Antibodies were positive for both rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The patient was diagnosed as Rhupus Syndrome as the patient had manifestations of both rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

1-7

Authors: Adugna Negussie, Ermiyas Beyene

Background: Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) can lead to both acute and chronic hepatitis. Maternal to fetal transmission from chronic carriers is high in endemic areas. Although, it is a major public health problem worldwide and in Africa; information on the prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women in Jigjiga is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HBsAg among pregnant women attending antenatal care in the selected health institutes of Jigjiga, East Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken from September to January, 2013.Structured interviews were used to collect socio-demographic and obstetric data. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using SPSS-19, computer software package and were summarized by descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Results: Of the 301 pregnant women studied, reactive HBsAg was noted in 18 (6%). The highest HBs Ag recorded was 11/18 (61.1%) for pregnant women between aged 20-34 years while the lowest recorded were 1/18 (5.6%) for those aged greater than 34 years. There was no significant difference in HBsAg positivity in relation to maternal age, gravidity, gestational age, family type, level of education and occupation. None of the risk factors assessed were significantly associated with HBsAg positivity. Conclusion: Our data showed that HBV infections are important public health concerns among pregnant women in the Jigjiga area. Hence, we recommend that all pregnant women ought to be routinely screened for HBsAg infection accompanied with health education during their antenatal visits.

11-17

Authors: Avanish Kumar Yadav, M.M Gupta, Varun Kumar Singh

A study was conducted to determine the normative data for free thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone in cord blood. It was a prospective observational study with total of 1000 samples from umbilical cord were collected in a sterile container and free thyroxine(FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) estimation was done . The norms for TSH and FT4 were determined by calculating the descriptive statistics of TSH and FT4 in terms of minimum, maximum range, mean and S.D norms and standard error of mean. The percentiles were calculated as 1st, 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 70th, 90th, 95th, 97th and 99th percentiles for deriving the norms for TSH and FT4. The level of statistical significance was taken as p≤0.05. The data was analyzed by using SPSS statistical software version 16.0.

24-27

Authors: Patil Smita V, Gaikwad Pandurang B, Suvarna T. Jadhav, Nilima R. Patil, Vinayak B. Gaikwad

Background: Association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and cardiovascular diseases has been consistently observed, but yet it is not clearly understood, possibly because of interactions with other influencing factors. One unresolved question is whether there is a linear relationship. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pranayama on BMI in young medical students. Materials & methods: A comparative cross sectional study was conducted on 60 young volunteers (42- male, 18- female) of age group 17-20years, to study the effect of pranayama on BMI.). Anthropometric parameters like height (cm), weight (Kg) were recorded. BMI was calculated using formula, BMI = Wt (kilograms)/Ht 2 (meters) before and after 4th, 8th, & 12th week of pranayama practice. ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey’s test was applied for statistical analysis and p-value <0.05 was considered the level of significance. Results: Mean BMI Before pranayama practice was 21.657 ± 3.01. There was significant decrease in BMI (20.998 ± 2.76) after 12th week of pranayama practice. There was no significant change in BMI observed after 4th week of pranayama practice But significant decreased in BMI occur after 8th & 12th week of pranayama. Conclusion: Short term pranayama have reducing impact on BMI and also have positive and useful effect on weight reduction in young adults.

33-36

Authors: Shwetha B R, Rema V Nair, Janaki Thankam M Pillai, Prashant V Solanke

Background: Few clinical trials have studied the functional and cosmetic outcomes of different closure techniques of surgical incisions. Skin wound and incision closure methods will influence the healing process and cosmetic outcome. The present study aims at comparing two different suture techniques of skin closure. Objective: of the present study was to compare 2 commonly used methods of skin closure- subcuticular and mattress sutures. Methodology: This was a hospital based study. Sample Size is calculated by {Z (alpha)} 2PQ/d2.100 pregnant patients undergoing elective LSCS at term were chosen for the study. Sampling Technique - Systematic sampling. Data was entered in Microsoft excel 2013.Data was analysed by SPSS trail version 20.Statistical test used descriptive statistics, correlation & Chi Square test. Institutional ethical committee clearance obtained. Results: Majority of the patients (95%) belonged to the age group of 19-30 years. 42 % of the patients in our study were primigravida, 46% had undergone a previous LSCS and 12% had previous vaginal delivery. Among the 50 patients with mattress sutures, 36% were Primigravidae, 50% had undergone a previous LSCS and 14% had previous vaginal delivery. Among the 50 patients who had subcuticular sutures, 48% were primigravidae, 42% had undergone a previous LSCS and 10% had a previous vaginal delivery. Among the 100 patients in our study, 13% had wound inflammation, out of which 76% (10/13) were patients with mattress sutures and 34% (3/13) had subcuticular sutures. 5% of our patients had serous discharge of which40% (2/5) had mattress sutures and 60% (3/5) had subcuticular sutures. Purulent discharge was noticed in 6% patients of which 83% (5/6) belonged to the mattress group and 17% (1/6) belonged to the subcuticular group. Wound dehiscence occurred in a single case with mattress sutures. Stitch granuloma occurred in a single case which belonged to the subcuticular group. There were 72% patients without any surgical wound related complications of which 43 % (32/74) were from the mattress group and 57% (42/74) were from the subcuticular group. Conclusions: Subcuticular suture is technically difficult when compared to mattress sutures but it yields a cosmetically better scar.

42-44

Authors: Sumit Giri, Karandeep Singh

Background: Gallstone disease is a common health problem worldwide. It is commonly believed that bile stasis is the prime factor for gallstone formation. It is known to produce histopathological changes in the gallbladder. It is also one of the predisposing factors for the development of cancer of gallbladder. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology, SGT Medical College, Gurgaon for a period of 2 years. The study included 526 cases of cholecystectomy specimens for cholelithiasis. The history, clinical findings and investigations were retrieved from the records of the hospital. Detailed macroscopic examination of the specimens was done after complete fixation in 10% formalin. Each gallbladder was sectioned serially from the neck to the fundus, processed routinely and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin (H & E) stain and histopathological examination was carried out. Results: On gross examination, the serosal surface of the gallbladder was found normal in 340 specimens (64.64%) and congested in 186 specimens (35.36%). Gallbladder wall thickness was normal (2mm) in 230 specimens (43.72%). Mucosa was normal in 322 (61.40 %), hemorrhagic in 80 (15.36%), Strawberry like in 98 (18.68%) and slightly nodular in 26 specimens (4.56 %). On histologic examination, normal epithelium was seen in 79 specimens (15.01%), epithelial hyperplasia was observed in 195 (37.07%), intestinal metaplasia in 181 (34.41%), cholesterolosis in 65 (12.36%) and dysplasia in 6 (1.15 %) specimens. Conclusion: The pathological changes of the gallbladder epithelium may play an important role in the process of gallstone formation.

50-52

Authors: Govindaraj T, Venkatraman J, Udhaya Shankar

Background: Anemia in elderly is an extremely common problem and it can cause more severe complications than in the younger adults. It is often associated with mortality and poorer health-related quality of life, regardless of the underlined cause of the low hemoglobin. Aim: To study the clinico-pathological profiles of anemia in elderly people. Materials and Methods: A hospital based study of patients of geriatric age group who have attended geriatric clinic and clinical OPD from July 2012 to December 2012 were studied. Detailed laboratory studies of diagnostic tests were done. Results: Out of 220 cases, 154 were found to be anemic amounting to 70 percentages. Proportion of anemia in males was 65.5% and in females it was 76%. All the patterns of anemia based on peripheral smear were evident. Normocytic anemia was the commonest pattern constituting 72%. Conclusion: Diagnosing anemia and confirming its pattern is important since it help in directing further investigation reaching to the etiology and most importantly help in treatment.

56-61

Authors: G. Sudha, KSN Reddy

Background: Male infertility refers to the inability of a male to achieve pregnancy in a fertile female. Male factors accounts for 40-50% of infertility in human. Male infertility is commonly due to deterioration in the sperm quantity and quality. Objectives: To determine the environmental risk factors on decreasing male fertility in Tirupati town of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study in which 523 infertile men were selected by convenience sampling and were evaluated. Results: Individuals, who were applying pesticides, have a greater risk for infertility as they were directly exposed to the pesticides and other chemicals. More percentage (39.19%) of males is infertile when they have both the habits of smoking and alcohol. the impact of exposure to toxins on men shows sperm damage and low sperm count Conclusion: Male infertility is a multifactorial disease process with a number of potential contributing causes. Lifestyle and dietary choices, pesticide residues, and xeno-estrogens all may adversely affect spermatogenesis. Steps should be taken to create an environment of awareness regarding the issue and male partner should be investigated first thereby reducing the negative social impacts.

67-70

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni, Sonali R. Dhokpande, Rutuja Joshi, Sonali Raut

Wastewater treatment is common research interest among environmentalists. Treatment of wastewater for organic matter removal can be carried out by various physical, chemical and biological methods. Treatment by using various biological methods is effective way of organic matter removal. In the present research, characterization of effluent is carried out. The effluent is treated for organic matter removal by using activated sludge. In this investigation about 77 % removal was organic matter was obtained.

75-77

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni, Lalit Bhole, Mandar Rampure

Removal of heavy metals by low cost adsorbents is effective way of heavy metal treatment. Batch experiments are generally carried out for determining kinetics, isotherms and affecting parameters. Practical application of adsorbents calls for studies on different contacting equipments. Packed and fluidized beds can be used for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In the current investigation, packed bed, 45 mm in diameter is used for adsorption of iron and chromium from synthetic effluent. The break through time was observed to be 40 to 45 minutes for removal of these heavy metals. Ideal adsorption time was 88 to 90 minutes.

91-95

Authors: Ambreen Fatima, Reema Verma

Diabetes is a universal metabolic disorder prevalent in world and in India it comprises 7.8% of world diabetic population. Beta cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas secrete insulin hormone which regulate the cellular intake of glucose in human body. Due to insufficient insulin secretion or insulin in sensitivity or any injury in pancreas impairs cellular glucose intake leads rise in blood sugar level. This condition is called as diabetes. Beta glucan found in foods like barley oats etc is a pro-glucagon molecule which exerts strong insulinotropic effects in vivo. It is a good alternative of diabetic medicine for diabetes patients.

103-107

Authors: Nirmal Kumar, Ajeya Jha

Health care quality is strictly perceived as the fitment for intended use by patients. In fact the responsibility of drug manufacturer to ensure quality starts from product discovery and ends when the bioavailability of medicines are confirmed by patient. Pharmaceutical business operation is the only segment where quality of products plays an ultimate role in its success. The basic reason behind this quality centered approach due to any quality failure of products shall cause irreparable loss to company in terms of revenue and goodwill. The exploratory study has been conducted to comprehend the quality need of various stakeholders of pharmaceutical business. The review indicates the severity of implication of manufacturing and distribution of pharmaceutical products categorized as Not of Quality Standards (NSQ). The impact of decay in quality standards shall have direct or indirect blow on business in one hand whereas in other hand the patients won’t be able to get the quality medicines on time. Quality of life saving drugs is the need of all pharmaceutical stakeholders including corporate and consumers.

1-3

Authors: ReemaVerma, Alka Gupta, Ranu Prasad

Hepcidin is a small peptide hormone secreted by the liver and by adipocytes. Hepcidin is suppressed in iron deficiency, allowing increased absorption of dietary iron and replenishment of iron stores. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) more than 1 billion adults are overweight and at least 300 million of them are obese. Experimental and clinical studies indicate that there is a relationship between iron metabolism and weight status. Iron deficiency is significantly more prevalent among obese individuals compared to non-obese ones. Recently, hepcidin expression in adipose tissue has been described and shown to be increased in patients with severe obesity. The effect of obesity on hepcidin serum levels and treatment outcome of iron deficiency anaemia in children is assessed. Finally, it is conclude that obesity increased hepcidin levels and was associated with diminished response to oral iron therapy in childhood iron deficiency anaemia.

16-19

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

The solid waste disposal is generally done by using sanitary land fill method. In developing countries open dumping is done. Open dumping is dangerous option due to odour and disperson of waste in the form of particles in the air. Sanitary landfill is relatively safer option. The solid waste buried in the land contaminates groundwater. The bio composting of the waste provides additional benefits like manure for agriculture and reduction in the volume of waste. The other option of treating solid waste is incineration. Incineration has disadvantage of exhaust gases. The hazardous waste poses an inherent danger to personnel or the environment when exposed. Many investigators have carried out research for treatment of hazardous waste treatment. The current review summarizes research and studies on solid wastes with emphasis on hazardous waste.

24-32

Authors: Mamita Dash

Energy consumption in the household sector is affected by many factors like income, family size, gender, education and type of occupation of the households. The aim of this study was to analyse these factors and suggest measures for the efficient use of energy in the household sector. For this data had been collected from a sample of 100 households, from the urban municipal area of Bhubaneswar, the capital of the state Odisha. The households were divided into three income groups on the basis of their monthly earning. Correlation was used to find out the relationship among income, family size and energy consumption. The study found a positive relation between income, family size and energy consumption.

36-39

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Reactor design for ideal reactors with ideal flow patterns for plug flow and mixed flow reactors are very useful tools for analysis, design and operation. In plug flow reactors residence time of all the fluid elements is equal. In mixed flow reactors, complete mixing is assumed so that there is complete uniformity in composition and temperature. Development of dead zone, vortex formation and sluggish behavior of fluid near surfaces are reasons for non-ideal behavior. Investigations are reported on various aspects of non-ideal reactors, modeling and simulation of reactors. Residence time of the material inside the reactor decides performance of the reactor. The present review summarizes research and studies on non-ideality in the chemical reactors.

50-54

Authors: Sunita Kumari

A convulsion in children is one of the major health problem, parents also continued to worry about the effects of seizures and treatment in three areas: on their child’s brain (brain damage, death and cognitive deficits) on the child’s mental health, and on the family. These parents were concerned about how to manage their child’s seizures, including worries related to the medical diagnosis, negative responses of others to the epilepsy, lifestyle restrictions, and mental health problems. Peak age of onset around 1 year, 90% of the paediatric children have convulsive attacks occurred during the first three years of age. Though there is still a lot of controversy regarding the age of occurrence, it can safely be assumed to be between 6 months and 5 years of age with an upper limit of 6 years and a lower limit of 3 months. Regarding the age limit and occurrence of convulsion in children aged between 6 months and 5 years with the peak age being 18 months. By seeing above factors the investigator noticed that the caregivers were deficit in knowledge of causes, sign and symptoms, home care and prevention of injury of child with convulsion. Many of them were quite anxious while witnessing their child convulsing in front of them especially for the first time. The Caregiver thought that the child may have lifetime disorder or the child has serious illness. The anxiety of the caregiver may transfer to the children and later it may harm the health of the family itself. A quasi experimental study was done on 60 samples. “one group pre test-post test” design. The data collections were structured interview schedule, questionnaire to assess the knowledge of the sample. The findings are The majority of 55% of people in pre-test of study Group were having poor knowledge score 41.7% of people in pre-test of study Group were having average knowledge score 3.3% of the study Group were having good knowledge score whereas in post-test majority 93.3% of the people had good knowledge score and 6.7% of people in post –test of study group were having average score. According to finding paired t test to compare difference between average scoring of before and after health teaching, since P value is less than 0.05(P value=0.000) difference in average score is statistically significant association was present between the knowledge, types of family & education.

58-60

Authors: Neetu Vanapalli, Venkatraman J

Vallecular cysts are rare retention cysts of minor salivary glands seen in the vallecula and base of tongue. Distortion of epiglottis is observed when the cysts grow larger in size. [2] They cause significant retroflexion of the epiglottis leading to dysphagia, odynophagia and respiratory obstruction. We report an uncommon case vallecular cyst in an adult, which has been treated surgically.

65-73

Authors: Dr. Snehil Gupta, Dr. U. D Sharma, Dr. Bhupendra Singh, Dr. Babita, Dr. Neelam Meena, Dr. Satveer Singh Gurjar

Background: Shaft of femur fractures are commonly encountered in orthopaedic practice and “3-in-1”Femoral nerve block provide good postoperative analgesia. Adding dexamethasone as an adjuvant to local anaesthetics prolong the duration of analgesia. Aim: To study the effect of dexamethasone with ropivacaine as postoperative analgesic using 3-in-1 femoral nerve block for fracture shaft femur surgery. Materials & Methods: 80 patients were randomly allocated in two group R and group RD (each=40),received combined ultrasound-stimulation guided “3-in-1” Femoral nerve block using either 40 ml 0.5% Ropivacaine (group R) or 40 ml 0.5% Ropivacaine with 8 mg Dexamethasone (group RD) at the end of the surgery. Both the groups were assessed for duration of sensory block, motor block and analgesia, total opioid consumption and complications. Results: Study revealed that the duration of motor block in group R was significantly less than group RD (397.5 ± 101.39 mins v/s 768 ± 229.86 mins). Also, Patients in Group R had earlier return of sensation than patients in Group RD. The mean time for duration of analgesia of group R is 527.32 ± 157.59 mins and group RD is 1159.5 ± 301.81 mins. Total opioid consumption showed significant difference between both the groups. (Group R 172.5±81.61 mg v/s group RD 57.5 ±63.59 mg of Tramadol: p<0.001). Conclusion: Dexamethasone with 0.5% Ropivacaine in 3-in-1 femoral nerve block have significant prolongation of duration of postoperative analgesia with side-effects sparing profile, hence it is recommended in cases in which long duration of analgesia is required.

1-4

Authors: Dr Priyanka Shamrao Hanmane

The disease of Pandu is explained in all ayurvedic classics with its etiopathogenesis and treatment. Rasavaha srotas is first to be involved in Pandu disease as Rasapradoshaj vikara where in due to aaharaj and viharaj karana, rasa dhatu utpatti hampered and becomes the basic factor in the manifestation of pandu disease. If rasa utpatti suppressed, rakta kshaya take place, resulting Alparaktata, Nissarta, Vaivarnya, Indriyashaithilya etc.So it become very clear that rasa pradushna is an inevitable development in manifestation of Pandu. All this indicates the necessity of research regarding Rasavaha srotas dushti vichar in the management of Pandu disease. In this context, I feel that Phalatrikadi kwatha is a very unique herbal combination from Ashtang Hridayam. The study design set for the present study was Simple randomized. Patients having lakshanas of Pandu vyadhi with rasavaha srtodusthi is mentioned in Ayurvedic classical texts were selected for the research work. Clinical data obtained from the study was analyzed with proper statistical methods and results are presented. Total 30 patients were selected. After completion of treatment with Phalatrikadi kwatha, it is noticed that the symptoms of Pandu vyadhi as well as Rasavaha srotovikruti are minimized.

16-31

Authors: Caesar K. Simpson

The year 2008 was marked by massive failures and collapse of investment institutions globally- revealing flaws in the banking system that required a complete overhaul. In the same year, one of the largest investment firms in the world, the Lehman Brothers, filed for Section 11 bankruptcy thereby throwing both the US and the global financial systems into turmoil. The collapse of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (LEH) had a crippling effect on the global economy with the financial crisis escalating to other parts of the world. In the aftermath of this event, financial institutions froze lending activities thereby creating liquidity problems in the shadow banking financial system. The collapse of this institution could have been avoided were it not for regulatory and corporate governance failures. This paper has analysed what caused the failure of the Lehman Brothers, whether the failure could have been prevented and how this could have been achieved, and finally recommendations for going forward.

43-50

Authors: K. Namratha, K. Byrappa, B.K. Deepthi

Zinc oxide is of great technological importance in environmental remediation because of their capability to generate charge carriers when stimulated with required amount of energy. The promising arrangement of electronic structure, light absorption properties and charge transport characteristic has made it possible for its application as Photocatalyst. In this article decolorization of commercial brilliant blue dye was studied using ZnO as catalyst has been discussed. For decolorization of brilliant blue dye, batch experiments were carried out by irradiating aqueous solution of dye, in presence of ZnO under sun light. The effect of operating parameter such as catalyst loading and initial dye concentration has been systematically investigated using UV-Visible spectroscopy to assess their effect on rate of Photocatalytic decolorization. The degradation was found to be effective for catalyst dosage: 0.1g/l, 0.2g/l, 0.3g/l, 0.4g/l and 0.5g/l and concentration range 7ppm, 14ppm, 21ppm, 28ppm and 35ppm. The optimum condition established for degradation was; catalyst dosage 0.2g/l, concentration 14ppm for interval duration of 120 minutes. The experiment results revealed that more than nighty percent of decolorization were achieved for interval duration of 120 minutes for optimized condition of catalyst dosage and concentration variation and the performance of solar Photocatalytic system appears to be suitable for decolorization of brilliant blue dye.

56-58

Authors: S. J. Kulkarni

Perfume industries are growing in demand as the living standards are improving day by day. There is increasing demand for perfumes. They mask the body odor. Various methods such as solvent extraction, hydro distillation and enfleurag can be used for oil extraction. Distillation based recovery processes such as steam and vacuum distillation are preferred for the extraction of essential oils from plant materials. Other methods include solvent extraction, expression or enfleurage. The current review summarizes research on various methods for oil extraction and perfume formation from various raw materials.

69-79

Authors: Konarasinghe Mudiyanselage Udaya Banda Konarasinghe

The pattern recognition is the key to success in time series forecasting. This study was focused on pattern recognition of tourist arrivals from leading Asian countries to Sri Lankan tourism market. Monthly time series data from January 2008 to December 2014 were used in this study. The regions selected for the study were the top five in market position in the Asian region. They are; India, Maldives, China, Japan, and Pakistan. Descriptive statistics, Time Series plots and Auto-Correlation Functions (ACF) were used for pattern identification and one way- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for mean comparison of tourist arrivals from selected countries. The average arrivals from India and Maldives were 13036 and 4000 consecutively. A number of arrivals from India were normally distributed. Data series of all five were non-stationary. There is a significant difference of tourist arrival from India and Maldives compared to other Asian countries. The arrivals of India, Maldives, Japan and Pakistan show the seasonal patterns. It is recommended to test Moving Average methods, Exponential Smoothing techniques, Holt’s Winter’s three parameter models, Decomposition techniques, Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA), Circular Model, linear and non-linear trend models for forecasting arrivals in short term and long term.

89-97

Authors: Rommel S. de Gracia, Melanie G. Gurat

Item analysis is a general term that refers to the specific methods used in education to evaluate test items, typically for the purpose of test construction and revision. Construction and analysis of science examinations in high school curricula needs the integration of integrated process and skill type which help students develop their rational and logical thinking. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the comparative results of item analyses using Rasch Model Analysis and SPSS. It examined the reliability, mean difficulty, mean ability, discrimination index, mean trend scores, infit and misfit, and item-person and fit maps using the results of the Basic & Integrated Science Process and Skill Test (BISPST) administered to secondary science high school teachers in the Division of Nueva Vizcaya. The Rasch Model Analysis and SPSS revealed the same unsatisfactory value of internal consistency or the reliability coefficient Cronbach’s alpha (0.66 and 0.67), mean score (19.52) and standard deviation (4.53) of the BISPST. The mean item difficulty was set at 0 by definition (SD = 2.02) and the mean examinee ability was 1.56 (SD = 0.98), which means that the examinees were able to correctly answer 61% of items on average. 33 items with difficulty lower than the least able examinee. The mean ability using Rasch Model Analysis per item showed that high performers in the test got the correct answers compared to the low performing group. This is the same and consistent with the results of the mean trend scores of the upper, middle and lower groups as generated by the SPSS. Choices in the BISPST were found to be effective distracters. Although most items needs revision as revealed by the values generated by both softwares, no items were found to be misfit in the distribution.

103-108

Authors: Dr Krishna Badgire, Dr Gaurav Sharma, Dr Lokesh Naik

Introduction: Ankle fractures are one of the commonest occurring injuries which if not adequately treated can lead to severe comorbidities. Various treatment options have been developed since decades for treating these fractures. The study was undertaken to assess the functional and clinic radiological outcome of tension band wiring in medial malleolus fractures. Materials and Methods: 51 cases of medial malleolus fracture treated with tension band wiring were included in the study between May 2010 and May 2011 at rural medical college, Loni. Results: The mean age of the patient was 41.9 years. Right side was predominantly involved. The mean operative duration of time was 38.4 minutes. The average time duration of surgery from the time of injury was 5.1 days. The average time taken for the fracture radiological Union was 12.3 weeks. As per the Olerud and Molander ankle scoring system, there were 8 (15.5%) patients with excellent, 29 (56.8%) patients with good and 14 (27.4%) patients with fair results respectively. Conclusion: Tension band wiring has been one of the time tested technique with excellent to good results requiring relatively cheaper implants which are available very easily.

112-115

Authors: Dr Evith Pereira, Dr Shilpi Sahu, Dr Reeta Dhar, Dr Urshlla Kaul, Dr Kalyani Mahore

Soft tissue sarcomas of the breast being rare malignancy their early diagnosis is imperative as treatment modalities vary. Primary sarcomas of breast are extremely rare malignancies as compared to their counterpart epithelial tumors. We report a case of 36-year-old female who presented with a huge, fungating, irregular mass involving the entire left breast. The tumor was diagnosed histologically as Primary stromal sarcoma of breast with no axillary nodal involvement.

125-134

Authors: Akashraj DP, Devaraja R

There are amply of general problems that people at work worry about - increasing job competition, globalization, annual appraisals, financial crisis, and even new technology. Beside these, employees are put under pressure to meet sales targets, attend meetings on time, fit in with changes in organization by learning and following up new procedures. All these can result different levels of stress. Nowadays, stress is the fastest growing cause of absence from work. Inefficient management, lack of decision-making by management, excessive working hours, and uncertainty as to future employment prospects and the pressure of the job are some of the causes of stress described by employees. In order to study the organisational stress researchers have selected the branches of Muthoot Fincorp Ltd, Nanjangud taluk, the study consists of 50 employees as the samples size by adopting descriptive form of research design and the data is collected by using interview schedules. At last the study found that organisational stress occurs due to both personal and organisational difficulties and at the same time it is found that the organisation has taken plenty of activities to bring down the level of stress.

1-9

Authors: Alayemi Sunday Adebayo, Ifeoluwa Alao-Owunna

This study examined linkage between economic growth and public expenditure in developing country, using Nigeria as a case study. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method and the Co-integration test to were used to test the propositions of the subject matter. The results indicated that both government recurrent and capital expenditure have significant positive effect on Nigeria’s economy in the period of study and they are both important factors of economic growth in Nigeria. It was further observed that government’s recurrent expenditure exceeded the capital expenditure. Based on the findings of the empirical analysis, the study recommended that capital expenditure should exceed recurrent expenditure and higher budgetary allocations which has always been made should be put into utilisation, closely monitored and accountable for by those in charge so as to bring to a minimal the siphoning and embezzlement of public funds in order to steer the country to sustainable growth.

21-30

Authors: Caesar K. Simpson

One common debate dating far back the 1930s is whether universal banks should be split into commercial and investment banks, have their scope of operations narrowed, or have their scale reduced. After considering issues of financial stability, economic development, competition among financial institutions, efficiency in the provision of financial services, regulation and supervision, the writer finds that universal banking can provide considerable benefits and would pose few problems for the economy, hence should not be split. It does not follow, though, that specialised providers of financial services should not or would not also exist. Experience and logic indicate that these companies can do many things better than universal banks. In particular, specialised firms are more likely to handle many important aspect of investment banking, for example, takeovers, leverage buyouts, mergers, spin-offs and other capital structuring.

42-45

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Various compounds are synthesized from different types of raw materials. Different type of oils such as palm kernel oil, crude oil, fats; andiroba oil, crambe oil, animal extracted oil etc. are promising raw materials. Compounds such as palmitic, oleic and stearic acids can be synthesized from these types of raw materials. Hydrolysis of oil is essential and important step in synthesis of various compounds. Investigations are reported on oil hydrolysis and factors affecting it. Current review summarizes research and studies on hydrolysis with emphasis on oil hydrolysis.

50-56

Authors: Devaraja R, Akashraj D.P

Women empowerment plays a vital role to bring out the colossal changes and developments in the society. To understand the concepts and empowerments of women, one should understand the rights of women, which definitely given by constitution of women commission. Therefore, the researchers have taken case studies with the intention to discover and to analyse the effectiveness of women empowerment programmes which has taken by the Mahila Samakhya through federations. Mahila Samakhya Programme is being initiated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Department of Education. It was born out of New Education Policy of 1986, and the aim was to create gender equality. It considered education as a tool for empowering women. Education not only means literacy and knowledge but also means creating awareness and providing skills to the holistic development of women. The study was being taken in Chamarajanagar District of Karnataka, which is one of the backward Districts of the state. This research is based on the case study method and the researcher has used the direct, indirect method of observation and focused group discussion was also have been used to know the effectiveness of Mahila Samakhya programme. In this study the more prominence has been given to the programmes like Kishori, Mahila Shikshana Kendra, Saakshara Samakhya, Kishori Mela, Naari Sanjivini, Naari Adalath and political committee of the federations. A case study of the Srigandha Mahila Sangha also been done to prove the concept of women empowerment through education.

62-65

Authors: Evith Pereira, Hoogar M.B., Atul Jain, Reeta Dhar, Kalyani Mahore, Puja Iyengar, Shonit Agarwal, Priyanka Lad, Mithila Bahuleyan

Introduction: Actinomycosis of gall bladder is highly infrequent and there are few cases found published in literature. The present case is rare and unique one of such few cases which was diagnosed incidentally in a clinically suspected case of carcinoma of bladder. Presentation of the case: The case being discussed here occurred a male, 68 years, who presented with abdominal discomfort. On examination, he was found to be having cholelithiasis on ultrasonography. An open cholecystectomy was carried out. Histopathology laboratory received the specimen of gall bladder which was grayish brown in colour with diffuse thickening of the gall bladder wall, which contained multiple brownish biliary calculi. Histological examination of the gall bladder revealed diffuse loss of mucosal epithelium with the gall bladder wall showing focal area of haemorrhage and encrusted biliary material. At places, colonies of radiating filamentous structure reminiscent of colonies of Actinomyces spp were noted. The sections were further stained with relevant stains for filamentous bacteria such as Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain which confirmed the colonies of Actinomyces spp. Conclusion: The case being presented here is rare and unique case of Actinomycosis of gall bladder in that only 50 confirmed cases are found to be published in literature till date. The case in context is very interesting and unique as it is the only second documented case in India apart from another case published in 1997.