Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

250-252

Authors: Present outlook of anatomy in medical education D.N. Sinha

An attempt has been done to bring some of the current facts related to the Anatomy, pertaining to its various issues linked with medical education. The article deals with deep concern about its position & wish this subject of Vesalius will be given more importance being the foundation of the medical sciences. Textbooks, Journals, reference books are all available in compact software. People will shift from dissection hall & class room to computer, holding the mouse in the hand shifting the knowledge here and there to find out what actually they want. It will be detrimental to hand over the complete human brain supremacy to the software material. Google’s and other search system should be used with precise objectives and cautions. Let the brain to discover more by its fruitful exercise and study, otherwise the knowledge will be in process of losing its longevity. Search system should not be allowed to master over human brain.

256-259

Authors: Khundmeer Banu Athani, Rajashekhar R.K.

Pregnancy is associated with profound adaptive changes in maternal haemodynamics. The incidence of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension [PIH] is one of the three main causes of maternal – neonatal morbidity and mortality is 5-7% and prediction of this disorder is very important in maternal and neonatal health. Objective: To study the effect of Isometric handrip test among pregnant (women of first trimester) and non-pregnant women. Materials and Methods: Healthy singleton pregnant women of first trimester and healthy non-pregnant women in the age group of 19 to 29 years were selected for the study. The Isometric handgrip test was performed on singleton pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of District Civil Hospital BIMS Belagavi. The control group consisted of Medical students and Patient’s attenders of same age group. Blood pressure was measured three times before the procedure and at 1 minute intervals during handgrip. Results: The basal Diastolic blood pressure of first trimester subjects was significantly higher than compared to controls. Statistical Analysis: Student’s ‘t’ test was used. Conclusion: The study concludes that the increased basal DBP of first trimester subjects was due to the increased peripheral resistance in pregnancy.

265-268

Authors: Vidya CS, Vasantha Kuberappa

The caecum is the first part of the large intestine. It begins caudally from the ileocecal valve and ends blindly in the right iliac fossa. Typically the caecum is located intraperitoneally in the right lower abdomen and has a length of 5 to 7 cm. The vermiform appendix is attached dorsomedially to the end of the caecum where all three taeniae converge. It is 2 to 15 cm long and lies often intraperitoneally, variations in anatomical location of appendix can result in different clinical presentation in acute appendicitis and carcinoid tumour. The present study aims to determine the morphological variations of caecum and appendix. Material and method: The study was carried out in 28 cadavers which were available in the department of anatomy JSS medical college. The shape of the caecum, morphometry and ileal opening into caecum was noted, the position and lenth of appendix was also observed. Results: The shape of the caecum was adult in 21 specimens 75% and in 25 specimens ileum opened posteromedially to caecum (89.2%) Fig 1 in 3 specimen’s ileum opened anteromedially to caecum. Conclusion: The identification of caecum and appendix is first step in appendicectomy either in open or laproscopic surgery. The anatomical variations of caecum and appendix is important for surgical gastroenterologists

273-278

Authors: Ambarish Vijayaraghana, Kirthana Kunikullaya, Radhika Kunnavil

Exercise confers good health. Unaccustomed exercise is stressful and has harmful effects. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a marker of inflammation which increases with physical stress. We observed the changes in plasma Interleukin-6 and Fasting blood Sugar with different grades of exercise in healthy individuals of varied BMI. Methods: Fifty four healthy volunteers (26 males and 28 females) in the age group 18 to 30 years not used to any form of exercise, were recruited. BMI of the subjects varied between 16.5 to 26.5 kg/m2. Subject performed a bout of moderate exercise; a bout of strenuous exercise, followed by one month regular moderate exercise using Shuttle Walk Test. Plasma IL-6 was estimated before and after exercise by Elisa technique. Exercise protocol used was Standardized Shuttle Walk. FBS was assessed just before moderate exercise on first day and 24 hours after moderate and strenuous exercise and on last day of one month of regular moderate exercise. Results: IL-6 level was significantly higher after a bout of moderate exercise compared to baseline (mean & SD: 32.6 1.9 pg/ml and 63.1 2.8 pg/ml respectively). It increased significantly after strenuous exercise (116.2 4.1pg/ml). IL-6 level dipped significantly after one month of regular moderate exercise (15.9 0.7pg/ml). FBS decreased 24 hours after a bout of moderate exercise (mean & SD: 92.9 mg/dl and 83.2 5.4 mg/dl respectively). It decreased further 24 hours after a bout of strenuous exercise (78.4 5.6 mg/dl). It was lowest after a month of regular moderate exercise (73.96 3.1 mg/dl). There was significant positive correlation between BMI and IL-6 for strenuous exercise for subjects above BMI of 23kg/m2. There was significant positive correlation between FBS and BMI for subjects of BMI above 23kg/m2. Conclusions: Unaccustomed physical stress in form of a bout of moderate or strenuous exercise increases IL-6 level. Regular moderate exercise has a buffering effect by preventing the shoot up of IL-6 when challenged with acute physical stress. Exercise has a good “after effect” on FBS even up to 24 hours. Positive correlation between higher BMI and FBS indicates the importance of maintaining BMI within prescribed limits.

282-286

Authors: Anjalee Govindrao Ovhal, Mohammad Mujahid Ansari, Lakshmi Rajgopal

The External Carotid Artery supplies mostly the scalp, neck and face regions of the body. A detailed knowledge of blood vessels and nerves in this head, neck and face regions is very helpful in various therapeutic and diagnostic procedures such as surgical resection of head, neck, face and oral cancers, radical neck dissection, plastic and reconstructive surgeries related to this vital region. Cerebrovascular strokes due to atherosclerosis, haemorrhage or embolism require radiological investigation like carotid angiogram, surgical procedures like carotid endarterectomy also require a thourough knowledge of anatomy of external carotid artery and its branches. Anomalous branching pattern of the carotid arteries and variations in the relative position of internal and external carotid arteries can also damage cranial nerves related to them. Hence, it was decided to undertake a morphometric study of external carotid artery by meticulous dissection of cadavers. The aim was to study variations in the course, relations and branching pattern of External Carotid Artery. In this study, 60 cadavers embalmed with 10% formalin were used, and thus 120 neck-halves were studied. Of these cadavers 52 were male and 8 were female. These cadavers were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Seth G.S. Medical College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra. The present study was conducted over the period of two years. Linguofacial trunk was observed to be the commonest variation i.e. in 17 cases (28.33%) on the right side and in 18 cases (30%) on the left side. Thyrolinguofacial trunk was encountered in one case (1.67%) on the left side. Also Accessory branches of ECA such as branches to the parotid gland, submandibulargland, infrahyoid region and pharyngeal muscular branches were found in 6 cases (10%) on the right side and in 5 cases (8.33%) on the left side.

291-296

Authors: Deepali Rajesh Kate, Ajay Chandanwale, Bahetee BH

Several researchers have investigated the angles of Glenoid version and Humerus head version worldwide, however sparsely studied in India. The purpose of the study was to determine the native angles of Glenoid and Humerus head version of adult skeletons and to compare the observation with the findings of other workers in different races while discussing our finding in light of literature. This data would prove of great assistance at the time of actual shoulder replacement surgery for proper alignment and fixation of the implants, as any variance from normal version would alter gleno-humeral mechanics and may predispose to instability and arthropathy. Materials and method: A total of sixty seven adult wet scapulae and sixty three humeri were harvested from cadavers fixed in formalin from the Department of Anatomy BJGMC, Pune. The angles of glenoid and humeral head version were measured using goniometer and compass. Correlation analysis was performed between humeral head version and glenoid version values. Result: This study finds wide distribution of glenoid version ranging from -10º to +6º the mean glenoid version of the left side (n=34) was -1.00±4.06º and on the right side (n=33) was -3.30±3.63º the average humerus version recorded on left (n=31) and the right (n=32) sides were 36.13±7.61º and 37.56±7.8º respectively. Conclusion: We report a significant difference between the mean value of the glenoid version angle of both sides; right being greatly retroverted. A significant positive. Correlation was established between Glenoid version and Humerus head version on the right side.

305-308

Authors: Lalitha B, Ephraim Vikram Rao, Shiny Vinila BH

Knowledge about morphometric measurements related to atlas vertebra are important for neurologists, neurosurgeons and head and neck surgeons who deal with traumatic or non-traumatic conditions which may lead to altanto-axial and atlanto- occipital instability. The aim of the present study was to assess the various parameters on the atlas vertebra which can help to determine the safe sites for the different surgical approaches. Materials and Methods: Study was carried out on 50 dry south Indian adult human atlas vertebrae of unknown sex which were collected from the department of anatomy. Eleven parameters were measured for each atlas using a digital vernier caliper. Results: Range, mean and standard deviations were measured and recorded and bilateral symmetry was observed. Conclusion: The parameters measured in the present study may help surgeons in avoiding and reducing complications such as vertebral artery injury, spinal cord injury during the surgical corrections of atlanto axial or atlanto occipital instability.

318-321

Authors: Monali Prakash Hiwarkar, Yashwant Ramkrishna Kulkarni

To assess knowledge, attitude and practice regarding ‘Body Donation’ among the teaching staff of medical colleges in Nagpur Method: The present study included 100 teaching staff members (professors, associate professors and assistant professors) of medical colleges in Nagpur, Maharashtra. The teaching staff of department of anatomy was specifically excluded. Structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the teaching staff. The data was collected, compiled and analysed to evaluate awareness and attitude towards body donation. Results: Merely 22% staff member were aware that body donation is also one of the methods of dead body disposal. 85% staff members were not aware about the anatomy act that governs body donation. 75% staff was unaware of the cadaver donation procedure. Only 50% of the staff members were willing for body donation. Conclusions: · Body donation is a generous and unselfish act for those who wish to be useful to living, even after death · The awareness regarding the altruistic act of body donation is deficient among the medical faculty · There is need for creating awareness about ‘Voluntary Body Donation’ among medical teachers as well as general population

326-331

Authors: Neeraj T. Master, Deepa S. Gupta

Musculocutaneous nerve, a branch from the lateral cord of brachial plexus supply the muscles of the front of the arm. Musculocutaneous nerve has frequent variations in arm. Aim: To analyze the morphological variations between musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve in the arm. Materials and Method: 56 upper limbs belonging to 28 embalmed cadavers (M: F: 20:8) donated over last 3 years in the Anatomy Department, SMIMER Medical Collage, Surat were utilised for this study. The dissections of the upper limbs were performed as per Cunningham’s manual. The variations and/ communications between musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve if any were identified and documented. Results: Variations were encountered in 12 (21.43%) out of 56 upper limbs of the present study. In 6 upper limbs below the coracobrachialis, musculocutaneous nerve and median nerve showed communicating rami. In 1 upper limb musculocutaneous nerve was giving larger communication to median nerve as third root. In 2 upper limbs medial cord formed the median nerve and fibres from musculocutaneous nerve join the median nerve as lateral root below coracobrachialis. In 1 upper limb musculocutaneous nerve completely fused with median nerve after supplying coracobrachialis. In 2 upper limbs muculocutaneous nerve was absent and median nerves was supplying the flexor muscles of the arm and were associated with the 3rd head of biceps brachii muscle. Conclusion: The data obtained from the study were in the mid-range of previous studies. Awareness regarding such variations as well as communications is important for surgeons, orthopaedics and anaesthetist that are treating the lesions of shoulder and arm region

336-338

Authors: Rajani Santhakumari Nagothu, Yogananda Reddy Indla, Rajesh Paluru

Students who took admission in first year MBBS course used to study physiology, anatomy and biochemistry for one and half years. Since a decade the first year course duration was reduced to one year unaltering the syllabus in the three basic subjects. So students are focusing on the easy ways to clear the university exams by accepting the concise books, which is dampening the real quality of the subject knowledge. This study is aimed at understanding the best methods of physiology teaching in the lecture gallery, from the student’s perspective. Materials and methods: The present study was undertaken at a private medical college in southern part of India in Telangana state, on 100 students who took admission in first year MBBS course, in the academic year 2015-2016. Out of 100, 36 are boys and 64 are girl students. Distributed a question paper which is having 2 sets of questions. First question is having three statements regarding the teaching methods namely; chalk and blackboard teaching, over head projection teaching and power point teaching. Students were asked to choose the best statement which they prefer. Second question is consisting of combination of teaching methods and they are; chalk and blackboard with over head projection teaching method, chalk and blackboard with power point presentation. Again the students were asked to choose one of the 2 statements in 2nd question. Results: Students preference of teaching methods for understanding of physiology in percentage; chalk and blackboard-54, over head projection teaching-4, power point presentation-32, chalk and blackboard with over head projection-26, chalk and blackboard with power point presentation-64. Conclusion: Majority of the students are in favor of a combination of chalk and blackboard with power point presentation for better understanding of physiology, next is chalk and blackboard teaching alone.

343-347

Authors: Anjali Krishna Prasad, Satya Narayan Shukla, Abhishek Dinesh Kumar

Greek anthropos means “man” and metron is “measure” therefore measurement of man- provides scientific methods and techniques for taking various measurements and observation on the living being and the skeleton. The word ‘Anthropometry’ was first used in the seventeenth century by German physician Johann Sigismund Elsholtz (1623-88). Anthropometry constitutes the means of giving quantitative expression to the variations which different individuals or traits exhibit. Method and Materials: The cross sectional study was carried out on 200 (100 males and 100 females) medical students of Government Medical College of rural Maharashtra in the age group of 18 – 28 years. The parameters studied were height, length of right and left ulna. The observation were analysed by Pearson’s correlation to examine the relationship between length of ulna and height according to gender for right and left ulna separately. Results: The mean ages of the study subjects (male 21.192±3.25 and female 21.02±3.22) were not significantly different between genders. Mean Ulnar lengths of the male were significantly larger than that of the females of all ages. Positive Correlation was found between total height and ulnar length 0.65 in males and 0.68 in female. Conclusion: Definite proportion exists between the height and ulnar length in all individuals.

351-356

Authors: Sayeda Sadia Sameera, Syeda Nasreen Fatima, Gulam Mustafa Faisal

The present study is to identify the sex of hyoid bone by studying various shapes of hyoid bone, and weight before and after defatting, were taken. Material: The material used in the present study includes 100 hyoid bones of adult male and female of 15-75 years of age group, procured from the cadavers brought to mortuaries for post mortem to Govt. General Hospitals of Hyderabad, and photographs of dried bone, to compare the shapes. Method: The bone was weighed with the help of chemical balance. The various shapes of the hyoid bone were noted and photographed individually and in groups. The readings were tabulated. Result: It was noticed that all the measurement were greater in males than in females. Males have mostly v shaped hyoid bone and females have mostly u shaped hyoid bone. Our findings co-related well with earlier workers, from diverse population groups. Conclusion: Data acquired by this study will contribute to the knowledge available about anthropometric parameters of South Indian population and may hopefully help in racial and medico-legal applications.

373-376

Authors: Shubha Srivastava, Kuldeep Singh

Much progress has been made in establishing Dermatoglyphics as a useful diagnostic tool in medicine, providing important insights into the inheritance and embryological development of medical disorders. The present study attempts to compare the Dermatoglyphics parameters specially palmar angles-angles atd, angle adt and angle dat, in cases of NIDDM with that of controls. Results showed a significant difference in mean values of angle adt and angle atd when put to statistical tests and ‘p’ value calculated.

382-384

Authors: Chaudhary Ramkaran, Brijendra Singh

Primary lumbar hernias although are rare hernias but causes of lumbar hernia may be classified as congenital or acquired, primary or secondary. Lumbar hernias are very uncommon among abdominal wall hernias and very few cases have been reported in the literature. Presentation of case: An old male patient aged about fifty years presented in surgical OPD with complaints of a swelling in left flank region which used to increase in size after standing or physical activities. He was examined thoroughly and it was found to be a reducible hernia on left lumbar region. Patient was advised needful investigations like Ultrasound and CT scan and a diagnosis of primary lumbar hernia was established. This hernia was approached through laparoscopic transabdominal extra peritoneal repair and patient had uneventful post-operative period. Discussion: There are various techniques described in literature about the repair methodologies of lumbar hernia but the minimally invasive techniques are supposed to be far superior in many aspects as compared to open surgical repairs. Conclusion: For primary spontaneous lumbar hernias minimally invasive techniques are preferred over open surgical techniques due to their obvious advantages

387-390

Authors: Nasreen Fatima Syeda, Sadia Sameera Syeda

A sub lingual thyroid anterior to the hyoid bone which is the only thyroid tissue present in the body is a rare entity. It was found due to failure of descent of the thyroid gland to its normal position. Methods: 13-14 yr. old female presented with symptoms of severe sinusitis. CT scan was used to perform this study. Result: A Sublingual thyroid gland present in front of the hyoid bone is observed and there was complete absence of thyroid gland at normal position. Discussion: Incidence of lingual thyroid gland is reported as 1:100,000. It is manifested more in females.1:7 Ectopic thyroid tissue can occur anywhere from foramen caecum to its normal position i.e.; in front & sides of trachea at the level of 5th, 6th, 7th cervical & 1st thoracic vertebrae in the human body. 70% of patients with lingual thyroid are associated with hypothyroidism and 10% suffer from cretinism. Conclusion: A sublingual thyroid due to failure of descent of the thyroid gland with congenital hypothyroidism. No known pathogenesis is present in this case. Thorough examination with follow up is important. A thyroid profile, hemogram, an x-ray of the neck & thyroid scan has to be done regularly with interval of at least once in 6 months. Unless there is need for emergency surgery, it should not be performed. Patient should be treated symptomatically. There should be hormonal essay done for every child born and treated as early as possible to avoid the consequences. Starting of treatment in patients with congenital problems of hormones can help the patient to lead a normal life.

106-107

Authors: Ayesha Anjum, Vijay Krishnan K, Praveen Patil

Background: Obesity has emerged as a major health problem in past few decades, in developing countries like India. It is found to affect the lung functions significantly. This study was designed to study the correlation of PEFR with BMI. Methods: Sixty male volunteers were analyzed in the study. They were classified into obese (BMI> or =30) and non-obese (BMI<30). Subjects were grouped into two groups, age 25-32 years in one group and age 33-45years in another group. PEFR was measured using Wrights Mini peak flow meter. Data was analyzed using unpaired t test. Results: There was no significant difference in PEFR values, with respect to BMI, in young age group. However it was found that, PEFR was inversely related to BMI, as age advances. Conclusion: This study concludes that PEFR is inversely related to BMI as age increases, and obesity is an important risk factor for reduced airflow or lung functions.

113-116

Authors: Bhanu R, Vinutha Shankar MS, Karthiyanee Kutty

Background: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is a very common disease worldwide. ‘Quality of life’ evaluation is an important measure for chronic disease management. Yoga and meditation are potential interventions as their use has been associated with a variety of physical and mental health benefits. Aims and Objectives: The aim was to investigate the influence of integrated approach of yoga on quality of living of diabetics by using Quality of life instrument for Indian diabetes patients (QOLID) questionnaire. Materials and Methods: In the month of July 2011, all known diabetics aged 40 years and above, coming to SVYASA AROGYADHAMA for Yoga therapy, willing to volunteer for the study and who understood English were included in the yoga group after taking written informed consent. All diabetics (n=31) who were enrolled in the study underwent Integrated Approach to yoga Therapy (IAYT) and were assessed on the first day and again after one week of yoga practice at Arogyadhama with Quality of life instrument for Indian diabetes patients (QOLID) questionnaire. Data thus obtained was analyzed using paired t-test. Institutional Ethical clearance was obtained for the study. Results: The quality of living of diabetics significantly improved after yoga intervention with mean±SD (77.40±7.17) as compared to before yoga intervention (72.54±7.27) with p value < 0.001 with minor variations in diabetics with various complications. Conclusion: Short term integrated yoga practices can improve quality of living of diabetics and play a vital role in the management of diabetes.

120-124

Authors: Deepa Bhat, Pushpalatha K.

Background & Objectives: Anatomy is the foundation stone of medical education upon which knowledge is built over time. Tutorials are a part of curriculum along with routine dissection and practical in teaching anatomy. A conventional tutorial lacks active learning habits among students. Knowledge explosion demands the students to inculcate self-directed learning habits from the beginning of medical education. Peer assisted tutorials is one such strategy to imbibe self-directed learning culture. Methodology: The study was conducted on regular tutorial batch of 25 students in 2 groups (group A & B) with 2 topics (brachial plexus & mammary gland) by cross over method. Pre and post test was administered followed by immediate feedback questionnaire. Results: The study revealed improvement in post test scores of both group but statistically significant in study groups. There was significant improvement in comparison of post test scores between study and control wings of group A (brachial plexus) but not in group B (mammary gland). The questionnaire revealed peer learning was active, interactive which fostered in depth understanding of subject in a non-threatening learning environment. Interpretation & Conclusion: The benefits and drawbacks of the innovation are discussed and compared with earlier studies. Peer learning supports the saying “to teach is to learn twice” which is evident from this study.

139-144

Authors: Rajkumar, Satyendra Kumar, Pankaj Sonaukiya

Aim: The aim of our study is - To assess whether parameter as serum testosterone can be used to predict the pathological stage of the disease. To determine whether serum testosterone can be used as prognostic marker for the carcinoma prostate. To evaluate the efficacy of serum testosterone as a rapid tool in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate carcinoma. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients of carcinoma prostate as a case and 30 patients of BPH as a control. Clinical staging done by CT/MRI. Pathological staging done after radical prostectomy. Serum, testosterone analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Statistical analysis was done using statistical software SPSS version 10.0. Data was found to be normally distributed. Statistical analysis was performed using student’s ‘t’ test with statistical significance at <0.05. Results: All patients included in this study were in age group of 50-80 years. Mean age of patients was 66.60 + 8.06 years. Mean PSA for all patients was 26.49 + 12.34 ng/ml. Minimum PSA was 8 ng/ml and maximum 89 ng/ml. 40% patients have serum testosterone > 400 ng/dl and 30% patients have serum testosterone < 200 ng/dl. Remaining 30% have serum testosterone in between 200-399 ng/dl. Mean preoperative serum testosterone level in study group were 315.30±49.66 ng/ml and in control group the mean preoperative serum testosterone level were 369.83±51.12 ng/dl. The mean serum testosterone concentration is lower in carcinoma prostate patients as compared to the BPH patients. The mean difference in both the group were statistically significant (p=0.018). In organ confined disease, the mean preoperative serum testosterone level were 411.14±11.50 ng/ml and in non organ confined disease the mean preoperative serum testosterone level were 329.33±71.57 ng/dl. The mean serum testosterone level is lower in non organ confined as compared to the organ confined disease. The mean difference in both organ and non organ confined disease were statistically significant (p=0.008). Conclusion: We conclude that patients with carcinoma prostate have statistically significant correlation between pretreatment total testosterone level and pathological stage. In our study total testosterone emerged as an independent predictor of extraprostatic disease We also analyzed patients with carcinoma prostate have low serum testosterone level as compared to BHP patients. Keywords: Prostate; prostatic neoplasm; prostatectomy; testosterone

155-160

Authors: abita Yograj, Geetika Gupta, Mumtaz, Anjali Nadir Bhat, Rajiv Kumar Gupta.

The autonomic nervous system is a division of peripheral nervous system that controls automated body functions like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and metabolism. Women have been seen to have lower cardiovascular risk and this is believed to be because of the regulatory influence of oestrogen on autonomic nervous system. The current study was conducted on 326 healthy medical students, 163 each of both sexes, in age group of 19 to 25 years, divided into Group-1 (males) and Group-2 (females). The parameters recorded and tests used were pulse rate, standing to lying ratio, 30:15 ratio, valsalva ratio and expiratory-inspiratory ratio for assessment of parasympathetic activity and pulse rate, blood pressure, orthostasis, cold pressor test, mental arithmetic test and corrected QT interval for assessment of sympathetic activity. Our findings show that young adult females have lower parasympathetic activity as compared to males of the same age group, who have a higher sympathetic activity.

163-166

Authors: Sanjay Kumar, Kunal, D.K. Jha, Shipra Das.

Background: Medical university examinations are known to cause mental stress. Stress can lead to changes in the normal functioning of the human body. Objectives: This study was done among the 1st professional MBBS students of SMIMS to determine the effect of university examination on vitals and differential leucocyte count (DLC). Material and Methods: 100 students, 26 male and 74 female, aged 18 to 21 years, were randomly assessed before and during their 1st professional university examination. Total of 13 Students suffering from fever, hypertension and on long term medication were excluded. 87 students were subjected to clinical check-up (Blood Pressure & Heart Rate) and estimation of DLC by staining the blood smear with Leishman’s Stain. Results: Data were analyzed and compared with pre-examination results. 85% students were having significant increase in neutrophil count, heart rate and systolic blood pressure. However, Eosinophil, Lymphocytes and Monocytes counts were found to be decreased. Conclusion: Examinations in medical school are stressful enough to produce changes in heart rate, blood pressure and differential leucocytes counts although all the students were in good health status. Key Words: Stress, Examination, DLC, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate

173-176

Authors: Syeda Samina, Saima Aziz.

Diabetes is a long term disease with variable clinical manifestations and progression. Diabetic patients, if undiagnosed or inadequately treated, develop multiple chronic complications leading to irreversible disability and death. The present study was conducted at Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad during the year 2014-2015. The study was carried out in 50 Type-2 diabetic patients in the age group of 40-70 years with duration of diabetes ranging from 6 months to 20 years. Control Group consists of 50 normal individuals who matched with diabetes in age, sex and socio economic condition as far as possible. Mean heart rate and arterial pressure was higher among diabetics compared with normal people but it was statistically not significant (p>0.05). In 50 Diabetic patients, the mean P-R interval is 0.136 with standard deviation of 0.124 which is shorter than normal people and the mean Q-T interval of Diabetic patients was found to be 0.4053 with standard deviation of 0.0228 which is prolonged, both of the ECG changes were statistically significant (p<0.05). In diabetic patients, there is increased need for regular health checkups especially of the cardiovascular system to prevent complications. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular changes, Heart rate, Mean arterial pressure, P-R interval, Q-T interval

182-185

Authors: Sujatha B., Pradeepa M.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus represents a spectrum of metabolic disorders which has become a major health challenge worldwide. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) forms a grey area between diabetes mellitus and normal individuals. IGT has a greater risk of developing future diabetes. To explore the prevalence of IGT in normal healthy individuals, to find correlation between IGT and BMI and family history. Materials and Methods: About 100 randomly selected subjects of middle aged group 25-45 years of both sexes were selected. Exclusion criteria include hypertension, diabetes oral contraceptives pill users, thyroid disorders, smokers and alcoholics. Oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) was done in all subjects. If 2-hour post glucose concentration was between 140- 199mg%, then the person was labelled as IGT. Variables such as Height, Weight, body mass index and family history were also taken. All the data were analyzed using chi-square, Fischer’s exact and two tailed Pearson correlation. Results: The prevalence of IGT was 16%. Age specific prevalence in subjects below 35 years was 7% and above 35 years was 9%. Interpretation and Conclusion: The prevalence of IGT was 16%. Subjects with positive family history and BMI had positive correlation with IGT. But there was no age specific prevalence between two selected groups. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Body mass index, Impaired glucose tolerance

189-194

Authors: Sumathi P, N. Neelambikai.

Introduction: Petrol/ Diesel vapour generates pollutants like hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, carbon and particulate matter. Occupational exposure to petrol/ diesel vapours have been shown to affect the functioning of different systems of the body. Hence the present study aims to evaluate the pulmonary functions in petrol-pump workers. Aim: Aim of the present study is to evaluate the pulmonary functions in petrol-pump workers and to compare their Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) with that of age and sex matched controls. Methodology: Study group- Fifty healthy, non-smoker petrol-pump workers in the age group of 18-40 years. Control group-Fifty age and sex matched healthy nonsmokers. The pulmonary function tests Forced vital capacity (FVC) and Vital capacity (VC) were carried out by using computerized spirometer. The parameters Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR (L/S)) Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF25&75%(L/S), Peak Inspiratory Flow (PIF(L/S), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC(L) Forced Expiratory Volume in first second (FEV1(L)), Forced Expiratory Volume percentage(FEV1%), Forced inspiratory vital capacity (FIVC(L)), Vital capacity (VC(L)), Expiratory reserve volume (ERV(L)) were compared between the two groups. Results: The PFTs of petrol pump workers were significantly decreased as compared to controls. The female workers and controls had significantly lower PFT than their respective male counterparts. The male petrol pump workers with more than 5 years of exposure had significantly decreased PFT. Discussion: The decreased lung functions in petrol-pump workers may be attributed to their exposure to the volatile organic compounds like Benzene, pollutants like Lead, CO, CO2, Nitrogen oxides, Sulphur oxides ,Hydrocarbons and unburned carbon particles for more than six months, for at least 10 hours per day. The comparatively increased PFTs in males than females may be attributed to the greater inspiratory muscle strength, more number of alveoli per unit area, larger alveoli and greater compliance in males. Decreased PFT in workers with more than five years of service indicate that the decrements in pulmonary functions are worsened by increased years of exposure. Key words: Petrol pump workers, Pulmonary function tests, Years of exposure, Gender variation

200-204

Authors: Farisa Khatoon, Farah Bahmed, Nazeema Khatoon.

Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus causes damage to various organs, particularly eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and the blood vessels. Visual defects in diabetics occurs due to both vascular and metabolic abnormalities which can affect retina, optic nerve and visual pathway. Change in Visual evoked potential (VEP) response occurs in diabetic patients much earlier than development of overt retinopathy and these changes correlate with duration of disease. Aim of this study was to determine the subtle functional changes in the retina of diabetic eye with the help of VEP before diabetic retinopathy sets in. In the current study comparison between amplitudes, latency P100 of VEP in type 2 diabetes mellitus with that of healthy controls was done. Method: Cross sectional study using 100 controls and 100 diabetic patients was carried out in the department of Physiology Deccan college of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Result: Significant association was obtained between duration of diabetes mellitus and P100 latency. Conclusion: VEP can be used as a very useful electrophysiological indicator of early subtle functional changes of retina in diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Visual evoked potential, P100 latency, P100 amplitud

209-212

Authors: Harish Gaikwad, Rajneesh Pandey.

Introduction: The level of division of the ulnar nerve into superficial and deep branches is of great clinical importance inulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist. This knowledge is significant during the surgical procedure of Guyon's canal release of the ulnar nerve and decompression of the deep motor branch. Objective: To measure the level of division of the ulnar nerve into superficial and deep branches. Materials and Methods: The study was done on sixty seven formalin fixed forearms. The division of the ulnar nerve into superficial and deep was traced. The level of division was measured using a divider from the radial styloid process. Results: In the present study mean level of division of the ulnar nerve into superficial and deep branches was 40 mm in 32 specimens of the left side and 42 mm in 35 specimens of the right side. The maximum percentage of the level of division of ulnar nerve was found in the range of 31 to 40 mm of the left side and on the right side maximum percentage was found in the range of 41 to 50 mm. Conclusion: The mean level of division of the ulnar nerve into superficial and deep branches is variable and is approximately 40 mm from the radial styloid process which would be helpful during the surgical decompression of the deep motor branch. Key words: Superficial and deep terminal branches of the ulnar nerve, Radial styloid process, Ulnar wrist pain, Guyon’s canal syndrome

217-229

Authors: Nandanwar RA, Wahane AM, Dange NS.

Age of union of epiphysis is an predominant purpose method of age determination which is a elaborate undertaking for medico legal person. Nevertheless, this age varies with racial, geographic, climatic and quite a lot of other factors. Be trained of quite a lot of textual content books in Anatomy and Radiology displays a obtrusive discrepancy as regards the a long time at which the distinct epiphyses fuse with the respective diaphyses in long bones. These variations have urged want of separate average of ossification for separate regions. This leads us to be taught ages of epiphyseal union around elbow joint, a rarely studied joint. Study was once carried out in total eighty healthful subjects having ages from 13 to 23 years and size of dwelling in Bastar more than 10 years. Chronological age upto the day of examination used to be decided and A-P view of right elbow joint used to be taken in each case. From this radiographs age of union of epiphyses round elbow joint is decided and when compared with the opposite authors from different states of India and in addition with other nations and located to fluctuate substantially. Keywords: Epiphysis, Elbow joint, Radius, Humerus

234-238

Authors: Shalini Sharma, Mukesh Kumar, Hitender Kumar, Manjeet Singh, Vivek Sharma.

Background and Objectives: Increase in arterial stiffness with age and/or disease increases risk for cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The brain is a high flow organ, particularly susceptible to hemodynamic pulsatility. Diabetes is a group of chronic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. The injurious effects of hyperglycemia are classified into macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke) and microvascular complications (diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy). It is important for physicians to understand the relationship between diabetes and vascular disease. Thus, this study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus increases arterial stiffness, which further leads to increase in carotid pressure/flow pulsatility and CBFv pulsatility. Methods: Fifty six (56) patients with type 2 DM and 60 age-matched healthy volunteers were prospectively enrolled. Arterial stiffness was measured using non-invasive PC based cardiovascular risk analysis system (Periscope TM). The TCD examination was performed by using Trans-Cranial Doppler. Results: CFPWV of diabetic group showed significantly higher mean values (Group 1=931.00±215.98cms, Group 2=1241±152.03 cms) than control subjects (758±151.82 cms). CFPWV was significantly (p<0.05) increased among two diabetic groups. Glycosylated Hemoglobin was most significantly correlated to CFPWV (r=1.00, p<0.05) followed by weak correlation between CFPWV and PI (r=0.2, p>0.05). Conclusion: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) increases carotid artery stiffness and pressure pulsatility index, without affecting cerebral blood flow pulsatility. This study depicts TCD findings of diabetes related cerebral hemodynamic changes and suggest that the PI reflects microangiopathic changes of cerebral vessels. Keywords: Carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity, Diabetes mellitus, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Pulsatility index, Trans Cranial Doppler

243-247

Authors: Mahima Shrivastava, Rajendra Kumar Mathur, Vineet Dhaneria, Samata Goyal

Background: The word dermatoglyphics means writing on the skin. This includes ridge patterns on skin of palms, digits and soles. Finger patterns are definitely constitutional in nature. Both finger and palm prints give clue to various pathological conditions in human being. Material and methods: The present dermatoglyphic study was conducted on fifty males and fifty females in the age group of 18-60 years, diagnosed as bipolar disorder cases, who attended the psychiatric outdoor or were admitted in the wards of psychiatric department, Jawahar Lal Nehru Hospital, Ajmer, Rajasthan. Results: The Total Finger Ridge Count (TFRC) and a-b ridge counts were found to be decreased in the bipolar diseased group. The mean ‘atd’ angle on both the hands considered together is found to be greater in the bipolar cases compared to the normal i.e. 90.22º in males and 92.46º in females bipolar cases compared to the control with mean angle 80.46º and 82.46º respectively in males and females (in males p= 0.0001, in females p= 0.0002). The frequency of whorls were increased in patients compared to the controls (p<0.001). Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics, a non-invasive method, could serve as a screening indicator for the follow up of individuals in threatened families. The study was aimed at establishing a correlation between occurance of bipolar affective disorder and the dermatoglyphics of hand which depends on genetic factors. On the basis of probability, one can correlate the dermatoglyphic pattern to bipolar disorder. Keywords: Dermatoglyphics, Bipolar Disorder, TFRC, a-b ridge count, atd angle

1-3

Authors: Amruta S Bennal, Varsha Chavan, R.H Taklikar, Anant Takalkar

Background: Menstrual cycle is a physiological phenomenon during reproductive life of women. Its phases are influenced by alteration in the concentration of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Fluctuating levels of sex steroids across normal menstrual cycle affect sensory- motor association of an individual. Objective: To study muscular performance by doing hand grip strength (strength of upper limb muscles) and time to fatigue during sustained submaximal isometric handgrip strength exercise during the different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 50 females medical students with regular menstrual cycle of age group between 19-25 years. Muscular performance was assessed by maximum voluntary contraction and time for the onset of fatigue at 30% maximum voluntary contraction, which were recorded using hand grip strength dynamometer by using Power lab 8/30 series with dual Bioamplifier (AD Instruments Australia, Model No.ML870). Results: There is no significant change in maximum voluntary contraction in terms of handgrip strength during different phase of menstrual cycle, though there is slight increase in Secretory phase comparing to Proliferative phase and menstrual phase. The time to fatigue at 30% of MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) is more in secretory phase, but slight statistically significant change is observed between proliferative phase and menstrual phase. Conclusion: Though there is slight changes in values, as these are not statistically significant, regularly menstruating female athletes do not need to adjust their menstrual phase to maximize the performance.

8-12

Authors: Rubeena Bano, Divya Swami, Shah Mohd Abbas Waseem, Nadeem Ahmad

Anaemia is defined as deficiency of Haemoglobin in the blood which can be caused by either too few RBC or too little Haemoglobin in the cells1. (Number of RBC <4million /micron or content of Haemoglobin < 12 gm/dl or both) This study deals with the prevalence of anemia in the second trimester of pregnancy.

16-20

Authors: Aswini Dutt R, Shobith Bangera, Sampritha Chandra

Background: Stress is ubiquitous in life. Stress when crosses the limits of sanity, can adversely alter a person’s well being. Work related stress has been known to cause many ill-effects on the body. Stress can be observed in all fields of work big or small. Objectives: The present study was carried out to assess stress levels among working middle-aged males through a questionnaire based analysis and to study the effects of work related/organizational stress exclusively on blood cells. Methods: Sixty male employees of a Co-operative Bank of a city in South Karnataka, India (35–60 years) were included in the study. Based on the analysis of their job stress levels using a validated self administered Likert Scale questionnaire on work stress, study group was divided into Non-stressed and Stressed. Their Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), Platelets, Differential Leucocyte counts and Hemoglobin levels were estimated. These parameters were analyzed statistically. Results: The present study showed a significant fall in the lymphocyte count in the stressed individuals while there being a significant rise in the eosinophil and monocyte count. The total leukocyte count, platelet count and hemoglobin levels showed a fall, but were statistically insignificant. Conclusions: Stressful conditions can lead to various endocrine derangements. The changes in hormone levels, mainly corticosteroids lead to alterations in blood cell count. These alterations will cause a fall in immunity with increased occurrence of infections.

24-26

Authors: Ravinder Kumar Yadav, Manju Bala

The index finger to ring finger ratio (2D:4D) of the hands are affected by prenatal sex steroids. Furthermore, 2D:4D ratio is related to myocardial infarction and coronary artery diseases ,however no research has reported the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and hypertension in Indian male. In this study, we examined 2D:4D finger length ratio in 100 Indian male with history of hypertension and 100 controls without history of hypertension. The 2D:4D ratio was more in hypertensive group and p value was statistically significant in control & hypertensive group. It was higher in left hand among both the groups. This finding supports the suggestion of 2D:4Dratio to serve as a predictor for hypertension which is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

30-33

Authors: Nirmala Devi Murugesan, Mathivanan Dharmalingam

Background: Human osteology varied in various phases of human evolution. The morphology and morphometry of bones varies across different geographical areas in response to the climatic (topographical) and hereditary factors. Knowledge on Osteology plays a vital role in anthropological studies, forensic aspect, diagnostic and interventional aspects in the field of surgery. Human sacrum is a triangular fusion of five vertebrae. It forms the postero superior wall of the pelvic cavity. Sacral pedicle screw fixations are becoming increasingly popular now a days in interventions like posterior transpedicular screw fixation, pediculocorporeal screw placement for the treatment of unstable lumbosacral spine caused due to trauma, degenerative changes, malignancies and congenital anomalies. Lumbosacral spondylosis is best treated by spinal external fixation. Methods and Results: In this study of 30 sacra in adults (15 males & 15 females), the first sacral pedicle morphometry with parameters like H distance, W distance, XP distance, T angle and AM angle were measured using vernier caliper & goniometer. The total H distance, W distance, XP distance, T angle and AM angle were 20.85 ± 2.46 mm, 21.76 ± 2.50 mm,46.21 ± 3.68mm, 43.17 ± 2.74° and 34.07 ± 2.15° respectively on the right side. The total H distance, W distance, XP distance, T angle and AM angle were 21.33 ± 2.73 mm, 21.69 ± 2.61 mm,45.89 ± 3.58 mm, 43.30 ± 1.69° and 34.17 ± 1.95° respectively on the left side. The results were documented in males and females along with their right and left sides respectively. Conclusion: To update knowledge of human sacrum which proves mandatory for the Forensic, Radiology, orthopaedic fields and to help as a marker for interventions like posterior transpedicular screw fixation, pediculocorporeal screw placement for the treatment of unstable lumbosacral spine caused due to trauma, degenerative changes, malignancies and congenital anomalies, the study has been carried out.

37-40

Authors: Qudusia Sultana, Shariff M.H, Ramakrishna Avadhani

Background: Local Anaesthesia to inferior alveolar nerve is one of the most common procedures done by surgeons for various treatments and to make it more effective the anaesthetic agent has to be infiltrated closer to mandibular foramen. Unluckily the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block is very less due to inaccurate localization of the mandibular foramen leading to improper placement of the needle. Objective: The present study has been carried out on dry mandibles to determine the accurate position of mandibular foramen from various landmarks of mandible to provide with the suitable data to help the surgeons to locate the Mandibular foramen with more precision for successful Inferior Alveolar Nerve block. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in department of anatomy, Yenepoya medical college. A total of 100 dry mandibles were studied on its both sides to locate the mandibular foramen using digital Vernier calipers. Results: The Mean and standard deviation values on right and left sides of the mandibles to locate the mandibular foramen from its anterior border are 17.69(±2.70), 17.94(±2.73), posterior border 11.39(±1.93), 11.40(±2.01), Mandibular notch 22.90(±3.57), 22.39(±3.18), angle of Mandible 23.87(±4.52), 23.66(±4.36) and 3M-third molar to mandibular foramen 17.9(±3.57), 17.6(±3.77) respectively. Conclusion: The comprehension of the Mandibular foramen is of a considerable importance for inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia, dento alveolar surgeries, endodontic treatments and lesions diagnosis. Its precise location enables a more effective anesthesia. Incorrect estimations of its location might be the reason for the unsuccessful anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve and damage of neurovascular structures passing through it.

45-49

Authors: Venkatesh Kamath, Shivarama Bhat, Muhammed Asif, Ramakrishna Avadhani

Introduction: It is now mandatory for every medical college to have an anatomy museum and the purpose of this study was to analyse the role of anatomy museums in medical education in southern India. Methods: To achieve this objective sixteen anatomy museums across southern India were selected from reputed medical colleges and all aspects of the museum were studied from specimen preparation and preservation techniques to labelling, mounting, and display of specimens using a proforma. Results: It was observed that all the anatomy museums were well maintained and had a huge collection of anatomical specimens arranged in diverse sections such as gross anatomy, evolutionary anatomy, comparative anatomy, cross sectional anatomy, embryology, teratology and plastination. Two museums also had a section for learning within the museum. Conclusion: The study shows that the anatomy museums in medical colleges across south India are well established and play a significant role in medical education. It also provides an insight into the current status of anatomy museums in the country and scope for their improvisation. The modern pedagogic practises are becoming more virtual and digitalized and several modern international museums are now digitalised and this was lacking in all the museums. The author believes that the anatomists should utilise the advances in computer and audio-visual aids to upgrade the museums to international standards.

55-60

Authors: Bindu Singh, Sajjad Jafar, Shalini Gupta, Prateek Gautam

Aims & Objectives: To determine the gestational Age with the help of transverse and vertical diameters of the femoral head in second and third trimester fetuses. Introduction: Various parameters have been used to determine gestational age like crown rump length, bi-parietal diameter, femur length etc. But none of the parameters are reliable especially in cases like hydrocephalous, Microcephaly, Achondroplasia, dwarfism hence in such cases femur head diameter for determination of gestational age can be used. Material & Method: 40 (22 females & 18 males) spontaneously aborted & still born fetuses were collected from the department of obs. & gynecology BRD medical college Gorakhpur .Dissection was done to expose the hip joint and the Transverse & vertical diameters of the head of femur were measured in full abduction of hip by digital Vernier caliper. Result: The transverse and vertical diameters of the head of femur showed progressive growth with progressive increase in gestational age. Both the transverse and vertical diameters in 3rd trimester were found 2.3times than that of the 2nd trimester.

65-71

Authors: Manish Dev Sharma, Anjana Mathur, Ashok Kumar Nagar, Ranjana Barjatiya, Praveen Chouhan, Sushila She

The fibula is located lateral to the tibia in the leg. The fibula is the bone of choice for grafting and to reconstruct large defects after tumor resection, because of its length, biomechanical stability, limited donor site morbidity and predictable vascular pedicle. The objectives of the study are: (1) To locate and describe the position, number & direction of nutrient foramina of fibula. (2) To observe any variations in location, position and number of nutrient foramina of fibula in the present study, observations will be made on the 150 adult dry human fibulae. Variations in the number, location and distribution of nutrient foramen will be observed, analysed and compared with earlier studies by various authors. Variation in the number of nutrient foramen will be accounted. Position of Nutrient foramen will be frequently noted. The present study showed 13.5% variation in number of nutrient foramen. Accurate anatomical knowledge about the location and distribution of nutrient foramen is useful for orthopedic and plastic surgeons in planning the vascularised fibular graft at middle third of the shaft.

78-82

Authors: Vineet Dhaneria, Mahima Shrivastava, Rajendra Kumar Mathur, Samata Goyal

Background: Stature is one of the various parameters of identification of the individuality of a person. Estimation of stature from various measurements of the body is of value in medicolegal investigations as well as in anthropology. The current study dealt with developing a regression equation for stature estimation from foot breadth and foot length and to find out the correlation between stature, foot breadth and foot length. Material and Methods: The data was collected from 500 asymptomatic, healthy medical students (267 males & 233 females) belonging to Rajasthan of age group ranged between 17-25 years. The study was conducted at Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan. Results: The correlation between foot length and stature (r= 0.756) was more than foot breadth and stature (r= 0.624) indicating foot length to be a better predictor of stature. Linear regression equations were derived for estimation of stature from foot breadth and foot length. Conclusion: Both foot breadth and foot length showed positive correlation with stature as indicated by the regression coefficient (r). The tibialis foot type was commonest followed by fibularis and then by indeterminate type.

86-90

Authors: Hamzah M. Hafezji, Deepa S. Gupta

Aims and Objectives: Evaluate the normal anatomy of celiac trunk and prevalence of ana­tomical variations of celiac trunk in the South Gujarat population. Materials and Methods: Total 50 subjects irrespective of age and sex, who underwent CT angiography of abdominal aorta for medical or surgical indications, were selected for the study. Subjects allergic to contrast medium or having history of malignancy or previous abdominal surgery or aorto-arteritis were excluded from the study. The angiography images were obtained using spiral CT scanner from department of radio-diagnosis of Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research (SMIMER) and reformatted as 3D images to evaluate celiac arterial anatomy and its variations with respect to level of origin, length, diameter and branching pattern. Results: Variation in the vertebral level of origin of celiac trunk was observed in about 60 % cases. The length and dimensions of the trunk also displayed a wide range of variation. Variant branching patterns are found in 32 % of subjects with bifurcation of celiac trunk into splenic and common hepatic arteries and left gastric arises from some different sources. Conclusion: The knowledge of morphometric variations of celiac trunk is indispensable for diagnostic and operative procedures of abdomen. Without a thorough understanding of the arterial architecture and the knowledge of variations, surgery may carry a considerable risk leading to lethal complications. A high celiac trunk may lead to its compression. Variation in branching pattern is considerably important in hepato-biliary surgery and chemo-embolization for malignancy.

97-100

Authors: Amit Kant Singh, Shailendra Pal Singh, Brig. T. Prabhakar, Mohan Singh, Pankaj Kumar Jain, Santosh K

Background & objectives: Arterial blood pressure is an important physiological parameter in epidemiology of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension has been reported to be generally associated with sympathetic over activity. Several authors have made use of a technique, known as Cold Pressor Test to study blood pressure reactivity to a standard stimulus. Thus this study was undertaken to evaluate the response to the standard stimulus in the normozoospermics and subjects with oligoasthenotetatozoospermia (OAT). Methods: The study was conducted on 60 subjects 30 normozoospermics and 30 oligoasthenotetratozoospermics based on semen analysis report between the age group of 20 years to 25 years. The blood pressure was recorded using the standard auscultatory technique and cold pressor test was done as described by Hines & Brown (1932). Results: The significant increase (p<0.05) in post test SBP and DBP was observed in the subjects with OAT. Conclusions: As there is a significant increase in post test SBP and DBP in the subjects with OAT, thus it is concluded that individuals with decreased fertility potential have increased blood pressure reactivity.

164-168

Authors: Anjali Nadir Bhat, Sabita Yograj, Manisha Sahi

Iron deficiency is the commonest cause of anemia in Indian adolescent girls and women and it impairs their work performance and work capacity. The study was carried out on 210 adolescent girls in the age group of 10 to 19 years, selected randomly from schools of Jammu district. Samples of blood were collected from the subjects and analyzed for parameters like haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, serum iron and total iron binding capacity. From TEC, PCV and haemoglobin were calculated the blood indices MCV and MCHC. From serum iron and TIBC was calculated the transferrin saturation index.Our findings show that 71.42% adolescent girls were anemic, and they showed significant decrease in physical performance. Hematological parameters and biochemical parameters were significantly lower in moderately anemic adolescent girls as compared to mild anemic adolescent girls. Also the physical fitness index was poor in girls with moderate anemia as compared to mild anemic and non anemic adolescent girls.

174-176

Authors: Bhanu R., Vinutha Shankar MS, Karthiyanee Kutty

Background: Diabetes Mellitus can cause memory loss. Yoga helps in maintaining memory control. This study was designed to assess the effects of integrated approach of Yoga Therapy in improving the memory scores in diabetic patients. Aims and Objectives: The objective was to investigate the influence of integrated approach of yoga on memory scores of diabetics using Wechsler’s memory scale. Materials and Methods: In the month of July 2011, all known diabetics aged 40 years and above, coming to SVYASA AROGYADHAMA for Yoga therapy, willing to volunteer for the study and who understood English were included in the yoga group after taking written informed consent. All diabetics (n=31) were administered with sections of WECHSLER MEMORY SCALE (WMS) on the first day and again after one week of yoga practice at Arogyadhama to assess:1) attention and concentration (digit span forward and backward), and 2)associate learning. Data thus obtained were analyzed using paired t-test. Institutional Ethical clearance was obtained for the study. Results: Diabetics on Yoga interventional therapy showed statistically significant improvement in memory scores (p<0.001); Digit span forward scores (p<0.001); Digit span backward scores(p<0.001);Associate learning easy scores (p<0.001); Associate learning hard scores (p<0.001); Total associate learning scores (p<0.001). Conclusion: Short term Integrated yoga practices can improve memory scores of diabetics and play a vital role in managing the mental health of diabetics.

181-184

Authors: Soundariya K, Neelambikai N

Background and Aim: Measurement of the ventilatory adaptation to exercise may provide useful information about the functional reserve capacity of the lungs in individuals with respiratory diseases. However it is essential to define the mode of response to exercise in a normal population before identifying the individuals with an abnormal response. Hence the present study aimed to study the influence of acute exercise on pulmonary function tests in normal young individuals. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 students comprising of 50 males and 50 females in the age group of 18-21 years were divided into four groups based on their body mass index as Underweight, normal, overweight and obese individuals. Respiratory parameters (VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1% and PEF) were measured at rest and after an incremental form of acute exercise in the bicycle ergometer. Results: No significant changes were observed in all the four groups before and after exercise in males. However the post exercise values of FVC and VC were reduced than the baseline values in overweight and obese females (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Acute exercise did not significantly affect the respiratory parameters. However the body fat distribution of the individual may significantly influence the ventilatory response to acute exercise in otherwise healthy individuals.

190-198

Authors: Ansari Mohammad Mujahid, Ovhal Anjalee, Khan M Ashraf, Zargar R K

Examination is an official test that shows the knowledge and ability in a particular subject. Spotting method of soft tissue of first MBBS student seems to be better than viva form of practical examination. This method of assessment is very easy, simple, less time consuming and an effective method in both formative as well as summative assessment of first MBBS students. This study was conducted on spotting answers of first MBBS 2013-14 batch preuniversity examination in dept. of Anatomy at LSBRKM Govt. Medical College Jagdalpur (C.G.) 50 students of 1stMBBS and 40 spotting questions were selected. Every day 20 questions were kept region wise like extremities-6, Abdomen-5,Thorax-4 and HNF-5 i.e. 20 Questions= 20 marks. Each questions consists of two component. First component of question was concerned with identification (Knowledge) and other component was related with skill and clinical correlate. After using appropriate formulas and software difficulty index were calculated for each questions and their component. Spotting answers >70% correct were easy, <30% correct were difficult. Questions were ranging from Difficult, Good and Easy i.e.00-0.33, 0.34-0.67 and 0.68 to 1.00 respectively. After final calculation it has been found that 16 questions were difficult, 15 questions were good and 09 questions were easy i.e Most of the items were of acceptable (Good) difficulty index (45% to 50%). Easy spotting questions were in reasonable amount (15% to 20%) but difficult questions were also there around 40% to 45%. There were 5% to 10% questions of poor quality which can be improved or should be deleted from question bank.

204-207

Authors: Vinod Prabhushetty T, Ramachandra G Latti

Background: Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) is one of the serious complications during pregnancy causing maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Early assessment of its severity is very important to prevent further complications. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the importance of Platelet count as a prognostic indicator for early assessment of severity of the PIH. Material and Methods: The present study was done on 180 pregnant women who were divided into control group and study group. Study group included 90 pregnant women with varying degree of PIH and was further divided into three groups, depending on the severity of PIH. 30 cases of gestational hypertension, 30 cases of preeclampsia and 30 cases of eclampsia. 90 healthy pregnant women with same gestational age were included in the study as the control group. Blood samples were collected and analyzed by automated hematology analyzer. The platelet counts were done and compared by appropriate statistical analysis. Results and Interpretation: The platelet counts were lower in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia as compared to control group (p<0.01). Conclusion: We found a relationship between platelet count and severity of PIH. The platelet count can be considered as an early indicator in the assessment of severity of PIH.

212-215

Authors: Ranjana Singh Arya, Ramesh Chandra Arya, Amit Kumar, Kamaljit Basan, Balbir Singh, Shiksha Jangde

Liver is the largest abdominal viscera occupying major part of right hypochondrium & Epigastrium many of its anomalies go unnoticed in life as it remains asymptomatic. Background and Objective: Anomalies of liver lobe, found in this region have drawn attention for the study so as to avoid the misdiagnosis. Aim of our study is to find out the various types of liver lobar anomalies prevailing here. Methods: Present study was conducted by keen examination of 60 cadaveric livers obtained from the routine dissection of MBBS-I year students in Department of Anatomy, Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences (CIMS), Bilaspur (C.G.) India. Department of Pathology, CIMS contributed in excluding the diseased livers. Result: Our observation shows out of 60 livers 29 livers (48%) were found to be anomalous, accessory lobes in 6 livers (10%), hypoplastic left lobe in 20 livers (33.3%), quadrate and left lobe connection showing either absence of fissure for ligamentum teres or bridging ligament in 4 livers (6%), absence of quadrate lobe in 2 livers (3%), accessory fissure in 3 livers (5%), tongue like projectionof left lobe in 9 livers (15%). Conclusion: It was finally concluded that maximum number of livers had hypoplastic left lobe with other livers having various other abnormalities like accessory lobes, tongue like projection, quadrate and left lobe connections, and absence of quadrate lobe. The study is to add on the knowledge of these variations for the anatomists, surgeons and imaging specialists.

223-225

Authors: Priya Jangid, Khemlata Tilwani, Madhurima Maheshwari, Mukesh Nagal, N.D. Soni.

Background and Objectives: Hypertension is amajor contributor to the global burden of disease. Family history is an important non-modifiable risk factor for hypertension, very few studies have been done in the young male adults of our region. So, the aim of our study is to know the significance of family history and its effect on hypertension in young healthy male individuals. Method: We performed a cross section study on 400 young male individuals between 18 to 30 years in western Rajasthan. The participants were then subjected to a set of questionnaire which included age, sex, past history and family history of hypertension. They were then subjected to the measurement of blood pressure. Results: In our study 9.25% were hypertensive and among thesefamily history of hypertension was present in 27.75% subjects.Mean Systolic Blood Pressure is 7.31 mmHg and mean Diastolic Blood Pressure is 5.6 mmHg higher in those having positive family history of hypertension compared to the other. Interpretation and Conclusion: Statisticalanalysis was conducted using Student’s t-test and ANOVA test. The p-value is <0.05, which is statistically significant. Family history of hypertension is a significant determinant of hypertension in the young adults & such individuals may benefit from timely targeted interventions.

111-116

Authors: Kuldeep Kumar, Mirza R.U. Beg, C.S. Ramesh Babu, R. K. Shrivastava

The study was carried out to assess fetal gestational age with the help of ultrasonographic measurements of different fetal biometric parameters [i.e. Biparietal diameter (BPD), Femur length (FL), Abdominal circumference (AC)] and Fetal kidney width ( KW ), in 199 women with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies attending the O.P.D for routine ultrasound fetal biometry in western Uttar Pradesh (UP). Above fetal parameters were measured biweekly, between 18 and 38 weeks of gestation. Linear regression models for estimation of gestational age were derived from above fetal biometric parameters. The linear regression model for estimating fetal gestational age is femur length, abdominal circumference, fetal kidney width and biparietal diameter in that order with standard error of ± 3.85, ± 4.85, ± 5.81 and ± 8.75 days respectively.

122-125

Authors: Kulesh Suganchand Chandekar, Yuganti Prabhakar Vaidya

Placenta is an organ for foetal nutrition and continuation of pregnancy. Morphological changes are observed in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Weight of placenta affects neonatal weight, and the predisposing factor for this is maternal age.

131-134

Authors: Wakode N S, Wakode S L, Ksheersagar D D, Tajane V D, Jachak A N

Background & Objective: Stature or body height is one of the most important and useful anthropometric parameter that determine the physical identity of an individual. Purpose of present study was to evaluate utility of hand length in estimation of stature & to predict the accuracy of regression equation & multiplication factor. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Method: The study was carried on 94 males and 106females with the age of 17 to 25yrs of NKP Salve Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre Nagpur. Measurement of stature done by using standiometer and hand length of right hand & left hand with a slide caliper. Result: Mean and standard deviation of stature, hand length and correlation coefficient between hand length and stature was obtained. By using standard formulae regression equation & multiplication factor was derived for the estimation of stature from hand length. Conclusion & Interpretation: The present study showed significant correlation between the stature and hand lengths from the region of Maharashtra. The present study also provides regression equation & multiplication factors which can be useful for nearly accurate estimation of stature. This data is useful for the identifying of war casualties & for medico legal purpose.

140-144

Authors: Rajkumar Banner, Subhash Chimkode, K Satyavati

Background & objectives: Intra ocular pressure (IOP) is influenced by various Physiological variables in the body system like age, sex, diurnal variation, and pregnancy etc. Exercise when performed regularly has beneficial effect on the various systems of the body and Exercise is known to affect IOP, hence this is study is undertaken to know the physiological effect of isometric exercise on IOP. Methods: IOP was recorded by using Schiotz tonometer in 30 healthy male subjects before and after isometric exercise which was done by using hand grip dynamometer at 20% and 40% of predetermined MVC respectively. The results obtained were compared between before and after exercise of the subjects. The statistical analysis of IOP variations was done by using student’s t- test. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in IOP after exhausting isometric exercise. The mean IOP significantly decreased (p<0.05), immediately and after 5 minutes of 20% and 40% of predetermined MVC when compared to the IOP recorded before exercise. The mean IOP difference between 20% and 40% of predetermined MVC were also statistically significant (p<0.05) when recorded immediately, and after 5 minutes of exercise, suggesting that exercise causes reduction in IOP. Conclusion: This study conclude that exercise has significantly decreased the intraocular pressure, advising exercise might be useful to glaucomatous patients.

148-153

Authors: Mumal Nagwani, Pradeep Kumar Sharma, Urmila Singh, Anita Rani, Seema Malhotra

Background: Placenta being a fetal organ shares the same stress and strain, to which the fetus is exposed. Thus any disease process affecting the mother and fetus also has a great impact on placenta. The purpose of the present study was to determine the changes and growth of placenta with advancing age of fetus in our population in third trimester of pregnancy. The correlation of placentalmaturity with maternal factors (maternal age and parity) was also determined. Methods: This was an ultrasonographic study, conducted on 100 women (belonging to third trimester of pregnancy) coming to antenatal clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Queen Mary’s Hospital, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow. Cases having any obstetrical, gynaecological, medical or surgical illnesses were excluded. Maturity grade of placenta was determined. Results: The frequencies of grade 0, grade I, grade II and grade III placental maturity were 1%, 6%, 46% and 47% respectively. Conclusion: The p-value was highly significant; therefore, there was significant difference in maturity grade of placenta among different gestational groups.

157-161

Authors: K.D.V. Santhi Priya, D. Ranzeetha

Assessment of human sex from skeletal remains plays a key role in anthropological and medico-legal studies. The present study was conducted to know the relationship of sex to size of hyoid bone. The study was done on 100 hyoid bones in different age groups obtained from medico-legal autopsies in Guntur Medical College, Guntur. All the studied parameters were greater in males than in females. The multi variant discriminate analysis of the studied 16 parameters is helpful to find out the sex of the person with much accuracy.