INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

3381-3383

Authors: Fateme Parooei , Sara Zamanpour , Morteza Salarzaei*

Introduction: Many studies have shown the role of various factors in the incidence of Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The patients have different clinical symptoms and depend on several factors, including host microbiological and the environment characteristics. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study the Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were selected. Findings: Tuberculosis is one of the oldest known diseases in humans; this disease is known to have high mortality rates, so that this rate might rise up to 50% in case of non-treatment. Mycobacterium has more than 100 species, some of which are pathogenic in humans and some others in animals. Conclusion: The probability of tuberculosis is one of the differential diagnoses that can be considered in the case of respiratory symptoms in these people. Consequently, designing an effective programs and screening patients opens new horizons for controlling and preventing tuberculosis. Keywords: Eosisxtra-pulmonary, tubercul

3387-3389

Authors: Fateme Parooei , Mahmood Anbari , Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction: One of the most serious forms of meningitis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which affects the lining of the meninges covering the brain and the spinal cord and is usually associated with high mortality and morbidity. One of the most serious complications of meningitis is intracranial tuberculoma. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Brain tuberculoma. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study the Brain tuberculoma were selected. Findings :In most developed countries, resources, budgets, high standards of living and extensive pharmacotherapy have reduced tuberculosis in the past 40 years, and there is currently little problem with this disease; however, in developing countries, the disease is still a big problem. Conclusion: All patients with chronic meningitis should consider the possibility and risk of meningitis tuberculosis, and both central nervous system and eyes should be examined in order to guarantee the safety of these two organs. Keywords: Brain, tuberculoma

3396-3401

Authors: Somayyeh Kargar Dolatabadi1 and Nazanin Honarparvaran2*

The present study compared the feeling of loneliness, cognitive distortions and attitudes toward life in the second wife and ordinary wife of Shiraz. In terms of the nature and objectives, the research is of causal-comparative (post-event) type and the statistical population includes 70 second wife-women who are targeted by sampling method And 70 normal women by multistage cluster sampling that was selected after homogenization (age, education, social class). To collect data, questionnaires were used to assess the emotional self-sufficiency of adults, Abdullah Zadeh cognitive distortions; attitudes toward the life of Batista and Almond have been used. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used and at the level of inferential statistics, multivariate analysis of variance (Manawa) was used. The results showed that there is a meaningful relation between loneliness, cognitive distortions (except personalization) and attitude toward life in the second and normal wife. Cognitive distortions in the personalization component have no significant difference between the second wife and the normal wife. Keywords: loneliness, cognitive distortions, attitude towards life, second wife (polygamy).

3406-3410

Authors: Fatemeh Baneshi1 and Dr.Hossein Aflakifard*

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of water painting on creativity and social adjustment of students. This research was applied in terms of its nature and purpose. Semi-experimental method was used with pre-test and post-test, and control and control groups. The population of the study consisted of all primary school girl students in Marvdasht who were studying in the academic year 2015-2016. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, 40 people were selected as the statistical sample. In order to collect information, Child Behavioral Questionnaire (CBCL) and Torrance Creative Thinking Test Questionnaire (visual form B) were used. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis method. Results showed that painting with water had a positive and significant effect on creativity and social compatibility of primary school students. Keywords: Creativity, Social Adaptation, Water Painting

3416-3422

Authors: Reda Ansari1 , Kapeel Nawani2 and Hafsa Nusrat

Background: Tuberculosis is a potentially life-threatening, airborne bacterial infection that can be found worldwide. The treatment regimen is a lengthy one, but if you stick with it and take medications the way you should, you can beat the disease. Even with treatment, however, you can get tuberculosis infection again. Objective: TB recurrence, relapse and re-infection are becoming more common every day in successfully treated patients of tuberculosis. This study aims to determine the common factors influencing T.B recurrence, relapse and re-infection. Methods: This multi-center, cross-sectional study comprised of 200 patients (64.8% males and 35.2% females) chosen via simple random sampling and undergoing treatment for recurrent, relapsed or reinfection of tuberculosis at different T.B centers namely: Government T.B Sanatorium Kotri, Bhittai Hospital Hyderabad, Civil Hospital Hyderabad and Civil Hospital Mirpurkhas, from 1st December 2014 to 10th February 2015. Verbal informed consent was obtained before administering structured self-administered questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 19.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Results: The study shows that males are more prone (27.3%) to get a relapse within 2 years while females are less prone 15%. According to social economic status, there is 74.9% chance of low economic class for TB relapse, 19.6 % in case of middle class and 5.5% in case of high economic class. TB is 55.3% more common in those patients whose family members are suffering from same disease. Among cases of relapse within 5 years, 95.6% took medicine without supervision, 86.6% were supervised by the family and 84% by the health professional. Urban areas are less affected with TB relapse within 5 years than the rural areas. Non-smokers are more affected within 5 years while smokers are comparably less affected with TB. Conclusion:My study concluded that secondary TB relapse cases gender variation , social economic status , medical monitoring , TB regimen coarse , family history, smoking all are the common factors which influence TB relapse within 5 years or above 5 years. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis relapse, Tuberculosis Recurrence and Tuberculosis Recurrence.

3430-3438

Authors: S.Prathyusha , Syed Umar Farooq , Dr.A.Narsimha Reddy , Dr.D.Sudheer kumar , Dr.P.Kishore

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is defined as the presence of hyperandrogenism (clinically and/or biochemically) chronic anovulation in the absence of specific adrenal pituitary gland abnormality. The clinical features of PCOS are Hyperandrogens, Hirsutism, Acne, Obesity, Insulin resistance. The impact of these symptoms on a woman quality of life may be profound and can results in psychological distress that threatens her feminine identity. The study shows factors impacting quality of life in women. It has been measured by using chi-PCOSQ (Chinese PCOS Questionnaire) Likert scale. PCOS quality of life assessment is demonstrated by 1- 7 point likert scale. Amongst all domains impairment was seen in infertility domain followed by menstrual irregularity, acne, and hair loss. Spontaneous abortions were found to be frequent in PCOS patients whose BMI range is above normal. In present study of assessing Quality of life, treatment with metformin shows effective results in overweight and obese patients. Clomiphene citrate and inositol are highly effective in non-obese and underweight patients. Keywords: Quality of life, HRQoL (Health related quality of life), PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome), Clomiphene citrate, Metformin.

3445-3450

Authors: Muzaffar Ali Shaikh1 , Muhammad Iqbal2* , Mumtaz Ali Lakho3 , Syed Jahanghir4 , Sadia Shaikh5 & Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon

Objective: This study hopes to compare the rate of symptom resolution achieved with different recommended speeds of initial atropinization as part of treatment of patients presenting with accidental organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Methodology: The casual-comparative analysis was conducted at the department of medicine, Liaquat university hospital, upon a total of 117 patients from October 2016 to July 2017. Informed consent was acquired from each patient before administering each of the recommended dosage regimens. Results: The best performing regimen was administration of a beginning bolus of one to two milligrams of atropine, seconded shortly (five minutes) by a doubled dose of atropine. This practice of administering a doubled dose after 5 minutes is followed till complete atropinization is obtained. Among the many up sides of our most successful regimen, most notable were the facts that, administration of a mean dose (25 mg) required not more than twenty minutes, it worked well even for rare cases that required rather large quantities of atropine, allowing 75 mg of atropine to be administered in no more than 25–30 minutes, and finally, it even catered to the needs of patients that require small doses owing to the fact that the beginning bolus can be a mere 1 mg. Conclusion: After careful consideration and deliberation on the obtained results, the use of a dosage regimen with the high pace of initial atropinization to halt the adverse effects seems to be the best choice. It shall help to considerably decrease the mortality owing to organophosphate poisoning. It addition to that, the use of a simple and easy to follow dosage regimen is more likely to be followed correctly. Keywords: Atropinization, Organophosphate Poisoning, Accidental Poising, Symptom Resolution, Treatment Speed and Modality Speed Comparison.

3458-3463

Authors: Maryam Hosseini Moghadam1 , Pegah Larki2 , Jafar Panahi3 , Niloofar Mojtahedifard4 , Abbas Shakoori5*

Some pregnancies are abnormal in human genetically and end with the spontaneous abortion, which is the most common problem of pregnancy. The recurrent abortions are often referred to as multifactorial disease that one of which is thrombosis. The thrombosis in placenta capillaries seems to disturb the blood circulation between the mother and the fetus and eventually lead to abortion. Recently, studies have shown that genetic basis for thrombophilia relates with recurrent abortion. The aim of this study is the survey of G1691A and G4070A mutations in the Factor V gene, -455G>A mutation in the gen of XIII factor, G103T mutation in Beta fibrinogen and A20210G mutation in the thrombin gene. The samples were collected from 60 patients referred to Tehran Imam Khomeini hospital .DNA was extracted from patients' blood samples by multiple PCR simultaneously containing different mutations were duplicated then the existence of mutation was evaluated by the strip technique. The genes mutation of G1691A in Factor V, G4070A in Factor V, G103T in Beta fibrinogen, -455G>A in the XIII factor and G20210A were identified 6.6%, 45%, 36%, 40% and 3.3% respectively. Studies on the other population showed that frequency of examined mutations varies with other communities. Anyway, more samples are required in order to obtain more accurate statistics related to the frequency of mutations. Keywords: Factor V, Factor XIII, fibrinogen, prothrombin, spontaneous abortion, thrombosis, thrombophilia, strip technique.

3467-3469

Authors: Fateme Parooei 1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei 1*

Introduction:. Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women in the world. Unlike industrialized countries, poor countries struggle with cervical cancer as one of the most important causes of death. It is quite difficult, and required precise examination and logical suspicion, to diagnose this disease before it kills the patient. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Cervical cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study Cervical cancer were selected. About the patient:The patient was a 51-year-old lady who had visited Amiralmounin Hospital in Zabol and had complained of having an irregular bleeding disorder for 2 months. She was examined due the possibility of lesion in the cervix and pathological report confirmed the cervical stone cell carcinoma. Pre-operation ultrasound confirmed the presence of an 8 * 9 cm mass with a specific limit on the left side of the pelvic cavity. Discussion and conclusion: Only third to breast and endometrial cancers, cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers specific to women; although early diagnosis of this disease makes treatment possible in 95% of cases, the absence of treatment or lack of response to treatment often results in the death of the patient in 95% of cases in only 2 years after diagnosis. Key words: Cervical, cancer

3476-3478

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei 1*

Introduction: Gastric cancer in most cases is diagnosed in symptomatic patients with an advanced disease lacking a definite treatment. The common symptoms of the primary diagnosis include weight loss (0.62), stomachache (0.52), nausea (0.34), and swallowing disorder (dysphagia) (0.26). Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Gastric cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 those were conducted to study the Gastric cancer were selected. Findings Cutaneous metastases are the infrequent symptoms of solid tumors. Cutaneous metastases are mostly seen in tumors of breast, lung, colorectal, kidney, and ovaries and they are uncommon symptoms in the stomach. Gastric cancer metastasis involves adrenal glands, lungs, and bones and it hardly affects the skin. Discussion and conclusion: Cutaneous metastasis is usually formed after the initial malignancy diagnosis. However, it can be the first symptom of malignancy at times. Cutaneous metastases frequently show the bad prognosis of the disease. Key words: Gastric, cancer

3482-3490

Authors: Md. Tarique Nadeem**1 , Manoj Kumar2 , Manasa.P3 , Panakala Rao4 ,Sanjesh Kumar

Introduction: Paediatrics is the branch of medicine which deals with the development, growth, diseases and disorders in children. Materials and Methods: Our research as a prospective observational study was performed on 140 type 2 paediatric patients in Mahabubnagar (INDIA). Patients diagnosed with multiple diseases were included in the study. Patient demographic details, medication chart, cost of drugs and Pharmacy bills were collected from the patient. KUPPUSWAMY SCALE was used to analyse the socio economic status of guardians of patients. Gained data was analysed by using SPSS statistical software version 22.2 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: It is observed that male infants are more prone to diseases than female infants. The most commonly occurring diseases among paediatricswas found to be fever. Antibiotics were found to be most commonly used drugs. The most common type of antibiotics prescribed were penicillin's, cephalosporins, macrolide, aminoglycoside, tetracyclines, glycopeptides antibiotics. The mean cost of generic drug prescriptions is 169.27±47.2 whereas that of brand drug prescriptions is 347.85±59.6. The P value was found to be 0.015. Conclusion: There should be close monitoring over prescription pattern in paediatric population. It also highlights the need of rational use of drugs, prescribing by generics and from EDL. Continuing education regarding rational prescribing and developing easy guidelines for prescribing in common diseases in children is highlyrecommended. Key Words:Paediatrics, prescription pattern, cost minimisation analysis, rational drug use

3494-3497

Authors: Farhad Soltani 1* , Mojdeh Forouzan 2 , Alireza Olapour 3 , Mohammad Adineh4

Background and Purpose: Accurate assessment prior to surgery helps the anesthesiologist to improve the patient's condition before surgery and to have a better approach toward the specific condition of each patient. Numerous studies show that in the absence of evidence of underlying illness in history or clinical examination, the usefulness of radiography is quite low. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiologic study conducted in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran in 2010. we evaluated the incidence of abnormal lesions of chest x-ray in patients with grade 1 and grade 2 ASA who had elective chest surgery . We examined 323 chest radiographs. The data gathering tool includes a questionnaire for the Features of the individual characteristics and the chest x-ray check list . Data were analyzed using descriptive-inferential statistics in SPSS version 20 Findings: Results showed that natural lesions were detected in 112 (34%) radiographs, 62 people of men (40%) and 50 people of women (29%) had an abnormal lesion in the chest radiography. Abnormal lesions were found in 14 patients (0.08%) with class 1 ASA and in 98 patients (63%) with class 2 ASA and it was higher in patients with the age of more than 65 years. Conclusion: This study suggests that chest radiographs before surgery are not useful for women under the age of 65 who have class 1 ASA. Keywords: Thoracic surgery, Abnormal lesions, chest x-ray, , ASA

3503-3509

Authors: Gayke Amol U* , Aglawe Sachin B, Thakare Girish, Kale Nitin, Gujarathi Tanmay, jagdale Ashok, Khandagle Sandip

Atorvastatin Calcium was microencapsulated using rosin by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The effect of three formulation variables including the drug:polymer ratio, emulsifier (polyvinyl alcohol) concentration and organic solvent (dichloromethane) volume were examined. The prepared batches were characterized for microspheres particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release behavior. The study reveals that drug:polymer ratio had a considerable effect on the entrapment efficiency, however particle size distribution of microspheres was more dependent on the volume of dichloromethane and polyvinyl alcohol concentration rather than on the drug: polymer ratio. Drug, polymer concentrations were varied to obtain optimum release profile for sustaining the action of the drug. Keywords: Atorvastatin Calcium. Rosin. Microspheres. Sustained release

3528-3831

Authors: Hesamedin Ramezani

The antifungal bacterial and essential features of essential oils have been reported in many sources around the world which illustrates the potential role of plant bioactive compounds in the various sciences. The identification of the main components of these natural herbal products can be very effective in the pursuit of research in the various fields of science, In this regard, the present research has been carried out to identify and introduce the main components of eucalyptus of the citriodora species. The volatile oil of young and adult eucalyptus leaves was extracted utilizing a Clevenger apparatus and after injection to the extent necessary to the chromatograph gas, using inhibition time and inhibition index, the essential oil composition was studied. From the decomposition of volatile oil of the young and mature eucalyptus leaves of the citriodora, 11 mixtures were extracted. The composition of the citronella in the volatile oil of mature leaves and young leaves were respectively 65.23% and 77.49% as the main composition of the volatile oil and the amount of compounds such as a-pinene, cineol and linalool were reported in the mature and young leaves' volatile oil. Keywords: Eucalyptus species citriodora, Citronella, Biological control, Chromatographic Gas

3536-3544

Authors: Neeraj Mishra*, Rani Rai and Chirag E Hayat

The aim of study is to assess the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of aqueous and alcohol extracts that were prepared from green leaves of Spinacia oleraecea, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus. The antimicrobial activities of the extract were tested bacteria against E.coli, P.aurignosa, S.aureus, and B.subtilis by the use of agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activities were tested by Reducing power assay method, Superoxide anion scavenging activity, Total antioxidant capacity. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, leaves of Spinacia oleraecea, Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus

3556-3560

Authors: Batool Ghorbani-yekta*, Ali Arab Kheradmand , AmirHossein Milani , Shahrzad Khakpour

Background: In pattern skin flap, distal flap necrosis happens as a result of insufficient blood reserve. Micro needling with a roller device is a new treatment. In this study, the we search micro needling to increase flap viability. Methods: 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups of 15. The study group was exposed to McFarlane flap elevation and repositioning. The microneedling procedure was performed four times: 3 days before, on the day of, and on the third and sixth days after surgery. The control group was only exposed to surgery. The skin flap necrosis area was measured on the seventh postoperative day topographically by digital imaging and scintigraphy. After determination of necrosis area, the amount of neovascularization and number of vascular structures within the papillary dermal layer were counted Results: The mean percentages of necrosis in the flap area as determined by the Digimizer analysis program were 37.51 ± 5.08 in the control group and 29.42 ± 7.37 in the study group. The comparison of flap necrosis percentages showed that the study group is equal to study group. Vessel counts in the study group also do not showed significantly with control group (p> 0.05). Conclusions: The authors’ study showed that the microneedling method applied directly on the flap could modality flap viability but we suggested microneedling method apply 1 week before operation. Keyword: Microneedling - roller device--flap viability-RAT

3567-3571

Authors: Naveen Kumar G S* 1and Srinivasa U

A new sensitive, accurate, precise and validated RP-HPLC method was developed for the concurrent assessment of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. The wavelength selected for quantitation was 276 nm. The method has been validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 2‑12 µg/ml for cefuroxime axetil and 6‑36 µg/ml for linezolid. For RP‑HPLC, the chromatographic separation was achieved by systronics C18 (250×4.6 mm) 5 µm column using phosphate buffer (pH 7): methanol (60:40 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 ml/min. The retention time of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid were found to be 3.127 min and 11.986 min, respectively. The developed method was simple, specific and economic, which can be used for simultaneous estimation of cefuroxime axetil and linezolid in tablet dosage form. Keywords: Cefuroxime axetil, Linezolid, RP-HPLC and Validation

3576-3582

Authors: . Rajesh Kumar , Shashi Kant Shukla , Afifa Qidwai , Anand Pandey and Anupam Dikshit

Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) L. belongs to family Lamiaceae which comprises the most employed medicinal plants as a worldwide source of spices and also as a consolidated source of extracts. The phytochemical constituents of sweet basil essential oil have been investigated for several therapeutic importance from many regions of the world. They include terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponin glycosides and ascorbic acid. These compounds have been reported to exhibit antibacterial and antifungal, antidyspepsia, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiulcer, antiviral, insecticidal, wound-healing etc. activities. The plant parts of O. basilicum have been widely used in preparation traditional medicine. The plants also been used as a folk remedy to treat various ailments such as feverish illness, poor digestion, nausea, abdominal cramps, gastro-enteritis, migraine, insomnia, depression, gonorrhea, dysentery etc. Externally, they have been applied for the treatment of acne, loss of smell, insect stings, snake bites and skin infections. The present review is aimed to cover the pharmacological investigations on this important medicinal herb. Key Words: Ocimum basilicum, phytochemical constituents, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, insecticidal.

3589-3595

Authors: Samira Adhami1 , Mojgan Tansaz2 , Amal Saki Malehi3 , Mojgan Javadnoori4*

Iranian traditional medicine is based on the concept of Mizaj (Temperament). Mizaj is the overall quality of body and any of its organs in terms of the amount and the proportion of combination of each of four elements, i.e. warmness, coldness, wetness, and dryness in it. If an organ or the whole body gets out of their natural temperament, a disease will be developed. Uterine infections are caused by the wet dys-temperament (Su'e Mizaj) of the uterus, from this perspective. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between uterine temperament and vaginitis. This case-control study was conducted on 223 women aged 20-40 years living in Tehran who referred to two clinics affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences by matching the age and contraceptive method. In the case group (n=112) one kind of vaginitis was detected and the control group (n=111) were healthy in this regard. The data were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-test, or Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression. Uterine compound temperament was cold-wet in most patients (62.5%). Uterine singular temperament was cold in 73.7% of the patient in terms of coldness and hotness and was wet in 74.6% of the patients in terms of dryness and wetness. There was a significant relationship between uterine singular and compound temperament and risk of vaginitis. It can be said that uterine dis-temperament is a predisposing factor to develop vaginitis and this finding validates the theory claimed in traditional medicine literature. Keywords: Temperament; Vaginitis; Iranian traditional medicine; Uterine

3599-3601

Authors: Fatemeparooei1 , Mahmood Anbari2, MortezaSalarzaei1*

Introduction: Trophoblastic tumor caused by ectopic pregnancy is a very rare occurrence, reported to be around 1.5 in one million births. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Gestationaltrophoblastic tumor following ectopic pregnancy. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Gestationaltrophoblastic tumor following ectopic pregnancy were selected. Results: GTT following ectopic pregnancy is a very rare phenomenon and 4-76% of these cases are reported to be caused by ectopic pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma , in which the function of tube is faked, has also been reported in some cases as one of the complications of EP. Discussion and conclusion:The most important part in interstitial ectopic pregnancy is timely diagnosis that will affect the course and outcomes of pregnancy. Key words: Gestational,trophoblastic tumor ,ectopic pregnancy

3605-3607

Authors: Fateme parooei1 , Mahmood Anbari 2 , Morteza Salarzaei1*

Introduction: Abdominal pregnancy is one of the rare cases of ectopic pregnancy and it occurs when pregnancy gums are located in places other than uterus, ovaries, and tubes. Abdominal pregnancy directly affects the frequency of ectopic pregnancy. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the abdominal pregnancy . In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Abdominal pregnancy were selected. Results: Abdominal pregnancy is a potentially dangerous condition that has been become more and more important in both underdeveloped and developing countries due to the use of assisted reproductive techniques in recent years. Discussion and conclusion: Clinical diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy is difficult due to the lack of specific symptoms and sings. Recurrent or persistent abdominal distension, vaginal bleeding and gastrointestinal symptoms can be the first evidence of a good diagnosis, especially if it is associated with an abnormal fetus or the patient has undergone infertility treatments or has a history of uterine surgery. Key words: Abdominal, pregnancy

3618-3624

Authors: Muhammad Muneeb*, Abid Ali, Anam Shaikh, Aatir H. Rajput, Qirat Modi Shaikh, Sadia Khan , Ali Muntazir Naqvi, Abeeha Batool

Objective: To determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in diabetic population presenting at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Methodology: This observation- cross sectional study was conducted over 510 diabetic patients at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Patients above 45 years of age, of either gender, diagnosed with diabetes for more than 2 years duration were evaluated for serum vitamin B12 level. The data was analyzed in statistical software (SPSS) and the p-value ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: During seven month study period, total 510 patients with diabetes were evaluated, Vitamin B 12 deficiency was found in 183 patients i.e. 35.88% with a level of <200 ρg/ml while 327 i.e. 30.6 % patients were having normal B-12 levels. Among Vitamin B12 Diabetic Population, 112 (61.2%) were males and 71 (38.8%) were females. Around 2/3rd of the patients were using metformin as hypoglycemic agent while the rest were on other oral hypoglycemic agents or on insulin. 81.17% patients were taking either H2 Blocker or Proton Pump Inhibitor, while around half (46.86%) were on multivitamins. Conclusion: The Vitamin B12 deficiency is diabetic population was found to be 35.88%. This leads a serious concern for the primary care physician to look for vitamin B-12 deficiency even if the patient is asymptomatic for B12 deficiency. Key Words: Diabetic population, Vitamin B12, Megaloblastic anemia.

3630-3634

Authors: Shaheda Sultana*, Shaheda Khatoon, Syed Umar Farooq, Dr. D Sudheer Kumar.

The objective of the present investigation was to develop an effective insitu proliposomal gel formulations for treatment of Non-insulin dependent diabetes.The proliposomes containing Miglitol was prepared by film deposition on carrier method using vacuum rotary evaporator. The optimization of Miglitol proliposomes was done by preparing the different formulations by varying the concentration of mannitol, phosphatidyl choline and cholesterol. Formulation prepared by using 50mg of miglitol, 1g mannitol, Phosphatidyl choline 150mg, Cholesterol 100 mg, chloroform 6ml and methanol 4ml was selected as optimized formulation. The cumulative amount of drug release of various proliposomal formulations and conventional Miglitol gel in 7.4 pH after 16hrs showed 80.5% and 95.1% for conventional gel. The drug release followed Peppas model.which confirms that release of proliposomal formulation was Fickian diffusion. Key Words: Miglitol proliposomal gel, Mannitol, cholesterol, phosphatidyl choline

3638-3640

Authors: Fateme parooei , Mahmood Anbari, Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth are among the most important events in every woman’s life. Although pregnancy is not a disease and is a physiological and natural process, it may be followed with complications, and pregnancy cares can prevent the incidence of many problems. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia were selected. Results: Hemoglobin hematocrit test is one of the common tests of pregnancy. Hematocrit includes the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the total volume of blood that is shown as a percentage or a decimal fraction. Discussion and conclusion: Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy is one of the most important complications of pregnancy that account for three most important causes of maternal mortality together with hemorrhage and infection. Key words: hemoglobin ،hematocrit ،first trimester ، pregnancy ،preeclampsia

3644-3646

Authors: Fateme parooei, Mahmood Anbari, Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction:. Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Although numerous studies have been conducted on this disease, its cause is still unknown. Although some risk factors have been reported for preeclampsia, this disease is only diagnosed with its own clinical presentations and it is often diagnosed late. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the relationship of the first and third trimester hematocrit levels and preeclampsia .In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study. The relationship of the first and third trimester hematocrit levels and preeclampsia were selected. Results: The studies indicate that hemodynamic changes during pregnancy have no effect on the increased plasma volume in the second trimester in women suffering from preeclampsia. Thus, it can be concluded that disruption in the increased plasma volume in the second trimester is likely to be a risk signal of suffering from preeclampsia in the subsequent weeks of pregnancy. Discussion and Conclusion: Determining hematocrit is one of the common and necessary measures taken during pregnancy. If hematocrit level of the first trimester is more than 43%, it has to do with the preeclampsia at the end of the third trimester. Every year, 75 thousand maternal deaths occur owing to hypertensive disorders. Key words: trimester hematocrit ، preeclampsia

3650-3654

Authors: Rajendra Mogal*, Madhavi shinde, Ashwini Shelke, Rahul Sable, Anil Jadhav

The main objective of present work was to develop simple spectrophotometric multicomponent method of analysis i. e. simultaneous equation method. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate & Emtricitabine was first approved in US in July 2003 and is indicated for adults aged > or =18 years. This method is used for dissolution study of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Emtricitabine in combined tablet dosage form. As per USFDA guidelines, dissolution study was carried out in 900 mL 0.01 N HCl. Dissolution study was carried out using a USP Type 2 (Paddle) apparatus at a stirring rate of 50 rpm for 45 minutes as per USFDA guidelines. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and Emtricitabine showed 258 and 286 nm as λmax in 0.01N HCl respectively. The drug release from tablet was evaluated by developed spectroscopic methods i. e. simultaneous equation method. At the end of 45 minutes, % Cumulative drug release of Emtricitabine & Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was found to be 104.9 & 98.8 % based on developed method. The developed method was found to be simple, rapid, less tedious & economical compare to other reported methods in literature. The developed method can be a good alternative method for quality control testing of Emtricitabine & Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combined dosage form. Keywords: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Emtricitabine, Simultaneous Equation method, Dissolution, USFDA

3661-3664

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian and Sepideh Amouzadeh*

Cardiovascular diseases are nowadays included as one of the factors threatening health of all humans. In many countries of the world, including our country, they are known as an important mortality cause. Given the importance of heart attacks diagnosis in the early hours, the present research aims at studying positive and negative cases of Troponin-I diagnostic test in patients referring to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 3 months from March to May 2015 on patients referring to the emergency department of Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test. Moreover, P<0.05 was considered as the significance level. From among 1420 patient studied, only 200 patients had the inclusion criteria for entering this study. From this number, 110 patients were male, and 90 patients were female with the mean age of 46.87±1.098. The job frequencies of the patients were as follows: 80 patients (40%) were office worker or had parttime jobs; 88 patients (44%) were either unemployed or housewives; and 32 patients (16%) were students. The incidence rate of positive troponin was four patients; three men and one woman. The findings of the present study indicate that over-prescription of Troponin test in unnecessary cases by the doctors is likely to impose high costs and stress on both the patient and the personnel of the laboratory. Thus, the doctors are recommended to be more cautious in prescribing this test. It is also recommended to change the method of the test from Troponin-I to Troponin-T. Key Words: Troponin-I, Diagnostic Test, Ilam, Iran

3665-3673

Authors: Ali Jan, Javid Iqbal, Marvi Blooch, Abid Hussain, Muhammad Akhlaq*, NisarShahwani Muhammad Siddique, Muhammad Younis

The current research was aimed to estimate and compare the antioxidant effect of selected medicinal plants collected from different areas of Balochistan, Pakistan. The antioxidant activitywas determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) a radical scavenging assay, lipid peroxidation assay and total antioxidant assay. Plant extracts demonstratedhangups alongside thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) tempted by pro-oxidant 10uM ferroussulphate (FeSO4) or sodium nitroprusside in the brain region of mice. Plants extracts showed significantferric reducing and free radical scavenging activity and also showed the higher concntration of both flavonoids and phenols. It was observed that higher thetotal polyphenolicand falavonoidscontentsbetter the antioxidant effect. All the plant samples showed the order of their antioxidant activity as SolanumNigram>Momordicacharantia>SolanumVillosum>TinosporaCordifolia> Ginkgo Biloba>Cuscutareflexa. The data obtained in the present study shows that all selected plants have inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant effect of the selected plants might be related to the higher concentration of phenolic. Contents,ferric reducing ability and free radical scavenging activity.In this study we tried to provide the scientific proof for the traditional use of the selectedmedicinal plants as antioxidants. Key Words: Antioxidant activity, Free radical, DPPH, Medicinal plants, Oxidative stress, Mice brain.

3673-3677

Authors: Saerah Simon, Sidhi Sunil, Mrs. Renuka R*, Dr. Elessy Abraham

SGLT2 inhibitors are a class of prescription medicines that are FDA approved for use with diet and exercise to lower blood sugar in adults with type II diabetes. When untreated, type II diabetes can lead to serious problems including blindness, nerve and kidney damage, and heart disease. SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood sugar by causing the kidneys to remove sugar from the body through the urine. These medicines are available as singleingredient products and also in combination with other diabetes medicines such as metformin. The safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors have not been established in patients with type I diabetes, and FDA has not approved them for use in these patients. Reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and is carried out by two isoforms of SGLT. SGLT-2 is located in the S1 and S2 segments of the PCT and has a high capacity but low affinity for glucose transport. In healthy individuals, it reabsorbs ~ 90% of filtered glucose. SGLT-1 governs glucose transport in the S3 segment and is a low-capacity, high-affinity glucose transporter that reabsorbs the remaining 10% of the filtered glucose.SGLT-2 inhibitors have a novel mechanism of action that is independent of insulin secretion and action. These agents block glucose reabsorption, leading to urinary glucose excretion. The advantages of this approach are reduced hyperglycemia without hypoglycemia, along with weight loss and blood pressure reduction. [2] Keywords: SGLT2 inhibitors, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Type II diabetes.

3678-3688

Authors: Natalia Vladimirovna Valitova*, Svetlana Fedorovna Kolosova, Mikhail Sergeevich Danilov, Sergey Sergeevich Lutai, Sergey Adamovich Weinberger

Objective: The study of mycobacterium susceptibility to the combined application of anti-tuberculosis drugs and "Alcohol Balsam" based on beekeeping products. Methods: The anti-tuberculosis activity of ATD (anti-tuberculosis drugs) and dietary supplements "Alcohol Balsam" combination was studied in in vitro experiment in 2016. The results of swabs microscopy were assessed by the amount of bacteria within microsopic view and intensity of the "curve". The growth of MBT (mycobacterium tuberculosis) surface culture in test tubes was determined visually according to the number of colonies on the surface of the breeding ground. The research scientists tested 11, 12, 13 and 14 days’ drug effects on mycobacterium culture. Findings: In case of the main anti-tuberculosis drugs and "Alcohol Balsam" combined application, the growth of drugsensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis bacterium is suppressed by 100% in earlier phases compared to the anti-tuberculosis drug application alone. Conclusions: Various dilutions of ‘Alcohol balsam’ based on beekeeping products being added to the breeding ground of the first and second line anti-tuberculosis drugs increase their drugs bactericidal effects. Moreover, in earlier phases they suppress the growth of drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis mycobacterium in 100 % of cases. Thus, the efficacy and expediency of Galleria mellonella larvae based drugs application for human tuberculosis prevention and comprehensive treatment have been proved. Keywords: Treatment and prevention of tuberculosis; beekeeping products; Galleria mellonella larvae; Galleria mellonella; Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

3689-3693

Authors: Dr. Rafi Ahmed Ghori , Dr. Tariq Zaffar Shaikh* , Dr. Mona Humaira, Dr. Syed Nadeem Shah , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Umair Ahmed Ghori , Dr. Sidra Ghori, Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To evaluate the demographical and clinical profile of patients with various hematological disorders. Patients and Methods: This one year cross sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospital for the evaluation of various haematological disorders. Complete clinical data were recorded including detail history, clinical examination and haematological study along with specific investigations and proforma filled. All the patients of ≥12 years of age, either gender presented with prolonged fever, repeated infections, unexplained weight loss, refractory anemia, recurrent bleeding episodes and on blood complete picture (CBC) had abnormalities of red blood cells /hemoglobin, white blood cells, platelet count for long duration along with abnormal peripheral smear shown the atypical / blast cells were recruited and enrolled in the study to had bone marrow aspiration & biopsy. The frequency and percentages was calculated while the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD. Results: During one year study period total thirty patients diagnosed with various haematological disorders were observed. The mean age ±SD for whole population was 42.92±7.97, of thirty individuals 18 (60%) were males and 12 (40%) were females. The common clinical presentation identified as Pallor(83.3%), fever with night sweats (66.6%), recurrent infections (63.3%), loss of appetite (76.6%) and weight loss (70%). Regarding hematological disorders, megaloblastic anemia (13.3%), aplastic anemia (26.6%), acute myeloid leukemia (13.3%), myelo-proliferative disorders (13.3%) and lympho-proliferative disorders (16.6%). Conclusion: The common hematological disorders detected were megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, myelo-proliferative disorders and lympho-proliferative disorders while the bone marrow biopsy is a safe and simple diagnostic procedure. Keywords: Hematological disorders, Bone marrow biopsy and Bone marrow aspiration.

3695-3700

Authors: Anna A. Peresypkina*, Anton L. Pazhinsky, Anna S. Pobeda, Alexander A. Dolzhikov, Nina I. Zhernakova, Olga A. Osipova, Alexander P. Grigorenko, Viktor A. Ruzhenkov

Introduction: It should be noted the relevance of developing an adequate model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy for further study of neuroretinoprotective properties of pharmacological agents. Research tasks: Development of the methodical approaches for evaluation of the neuroretino protective activity of pharmacological agents to objectively assess the degree of the protective activity of new and commonly used neuroretinoprotectors in ophalmology. Methods: To investigate the fundus of experimental animals a direct ophthalmoscopy was used on 29th day of the experiment. The eye drops Irifrin 2.5% were used to expand the pupil. To zoom a lens Osher MaxField 78D model OI-78M has been used. Electroretinography was performed at once after the ophthalmoscopy. To assess the degree of functional damage to the retina we evaluated the ratio of amplitudes of a- and b- waves - the coefficient b/a. For all data, the descriptive statistics were used, and data are checked for normal distribution. Distribution type was determined by using the criterion of Shapiro-Wilk. Betweengroup differences were analyzed by parametric (t-Student criterion) or non-parametric (Mann-Whitney test) methods, depending on the type of distribution. Differences were determined at 0.05 significance level. Results: The results of ophthalmoscopy have found that the optimal model of pathology was with single 5-minute intraocular pressure (IOP) increase to 110 mmHg on day 26 of the experiment on the background of daily intraperitoneal N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration in a dose 12.5 mg/kg within 28 days: «Optic disc is edematous, increased in size, edema extends to the retina. Slight blurring boundaries of optic disc. There are pockets of "cotton" exudate, indicating the growing ischemia. Veins are congested, crimped at the periphery. Arteries are narrowed. Vessel caliber is uneven. Retina is palely (ischemic). Symptom Salus-Hun I. In rare cases, the solid exudate deposits were observed». In this group ratio b/a was 1.9 ± 0.08 r.u. (p<0.05 compared with the group of intact animals), which is less than the value of intact animals by 27%. Conclusion: The study developed a model of hypertensive neuroretinopathy on rats of Wistar line, ophthalmoscopic picture and retinal electrophysiological status were assessed that allows to fully appreciate the formation of the changes in the modeling of pathology. This model makes possible to evaluate the retinotropic effects of pharmacological agents sufficiently objectively. Key words: hypertensive neuroretinopathy, ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography.

3701-3706 A

Authors: Artur Amirovich Almukhametov*, Alena Evgenievna Kormishina, Praskovia Georgievna Mizina, Natalia Sergeevna Eliseeva, Aleksey Vladimirovich Shulaev

Aim: At present, humanity is synthesized more than 80 mln of new chemicals and drugs on their basis. Constant contact with these substances is inevitable. More than 150 thousand of them are in constant circulation in production and daily life. The extensive use of them in the activities of modern man leads to an increased risk of acute exposure of chemicals (industrial, household and criminal poisoning) [1]. Attention is drawn to the rapid increase in the number of acute drug poisonings. This trend is due to the rapid growth of chemical production and pharmaceutical industries, poorly controlled sales and irrational use of medicines [2]. This situation is typical for such large regions of the Volga Federal District, as the Ulyanovsk region and the Republic of Mordovia. The aim is to compare the characteristic structures of acute drug poisoning, based on the statistics of Rospotrebnadzor in the Ulyanovsk region and in the republic of Mordovia; to identify common patterns and differences, for the planning of targeted detoxification and preventive measures. Materials and methods: Retrospective screening study, based on the statistical form 12-07 "Information on the results of toxicological monitoring" (in the revised version - 12-12) and emergency notifications about the cases of acute poisoning of chemical etiology, in the amount of 8975 - for the Ulyanovsk region, and 5164 for the Republic of Mordovia, was carried out. The design of the study was chosen - descriptive transverse (one-stage). The results of the study were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 20. To compare the values, Pearson’s Chi-square test was used. Results and conclusion: These studies show, that the drug poisoning occupies the second place in the general structure of chemical etiology poisonings. This necessitates in-depth study of the problem of acute drug poisonings. Keywords: acute poisoning, drugs, chemicals, mortality.

3706-3710

Authors: Dr. Kiran Hafeez *, Dr. Abdul Hafeez Memon, Dr. Nisar Ahmed Shah, Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur , Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the association between C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in relation to age gender and duration. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study of six months study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad from 01-July-2013 to 31-Dec-2013. All the patients of 20 to 60 years of age presented with symptoms of metabolic syndrome for more than 01 year duration were admitted and evaluated for C-reactive protein. The data was analyzed in SPSS and the frequency and percentage was calculated. Results: During six month study period, total 142 patients (93 females and 49 males) with metabolic syndrome were evaluated for C-reactive protein. Majority of patients were from urban areas 103/142 (72.5%). The mean ±SD for age of patients with metabolic syndrome was 42.63±8.82. The mean age ±SD of patient with raised CRP was 45.86±7.21. The mean circumference for males and female patients with raised CRP was 49.53±3.73 and 46.89±4.32 while the TG for males and female patients with raised CRP was 187.82±4.61 and 191.32±3.84 whereas the HDL-C for males and female patients with raised CRP was 30.74±2.31 and 26.75±2.51 respectively. The mean ± SD for systolic and diastolic blood pressure of males and female patients with raised CRP was 145±3.32 and 100.52±2.61 while the fasting blood glucose level for males and female patients with raised CRP was 135.42±2.53 and 146.53±6.54 whereas the CRP for male and female patients with raised CRP was 3.82±1.21 and 5.9±1.73 respectively. The majority of subjects from 40-49 years of age group with female predominance (p = <0.01) while the CRP was raised in 98(69%) patients in relation to age (p=<0.01) and gender (p=<0.01) respectively. Of 98 subjects with raised CRP 73 were females and 25 were males (p=0.01). Conclusion: The raised CRP was observed in patients with metabolic syndrome. Key Words: Metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein

3711-3715

Authors: Dr. Aisha Khalid *, Prof. Dr Mohammad Akbar Kazi , Dr. Ishrat Bibi , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Mehrab khan, Dr. Imran Karim, Dr. Samreen and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To evaluate the demographical and clinical profile of patients with acute organophosphorus poisoning at tertiary care hospital. Patient and Methods: The one year cross sectional study was conducted on patients with organophosphorus poisoning and beside immediate management the patients were explored for demographical and clinical survey by taken detail history and clinical examination. The data was saved and analyzed in SPSS 21 while the frequencies and percentages and mean ± SD were calculated. Results: Total one hundred patients were recruited and studied for demographical and clinical profile with mean age ±SD 22.82 ± 1.16 mostly from rural areas (77%). Majority of them belonged to low economic status and 69% and the precipitating problems identified were financial (36%), domestic (11%) and social (9%). Majority of cases were detected during winter (50%) and spring (39%) in morning (49%) and night (29%) as suicidal (86%) and route was infestation (100%) whereas the tachycardia (100%), elevated body temperature (82%), peri orbital dryness (74%) and conjunctival injection (56%) wee the common systemic findings observed in patients with OP poisoning. Conclusion: The acute and chronic poisoning by pesticides is a serious health problem; therefore, medical and health professionals should be aware and learn about the toxicology, prevention and proper management of OP poisoning. Key Words: Organophosphorus poisoning, toxicology and Insecticide

3716-3721

Authors: Dr. Saira Jafri , Dr. Shabnam Naveed , Dr. Zeeshan Ali *, Dr. Nadia Jawad , Dr. S. Masroor Ahmad, Dr. Rafia Shahid and Dr. Aisal Khan

Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression among the diabetics presented diabetic clinic and in-patient at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, over two months in 132 diabetic (type 1 and 2) patients. Information regarding Diabetes was taken through interview and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess for depression. Patients having a score of 5 and above were considered depressed Results: 64.5% of diabetics were found out to be depressed. Of those who were depressed, 84.4% had a bad diabetic control over the last 3 months, 71.7% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 66% had diabetes for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Depression in known diabetics can be lethal so it’s management, either supportive or with medications, should be started as soon as it is diagnosed. Also the factors which show a clear correlation with development of depression should be minimized as early as possible. Keywords: Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression among the diabetics presented diabetic clinic and in-patient at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, over two months in 132 diabetic (type 1 and 2) patients. Information regarding Diabetes was taken through interview and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess for depression. Patients having a score of 5 and above were considered depressed Results: 64.5% of diabetics were found out to be depressed. Of those who were depressed, 84.4% had a bad diabetic control over the last 3 months, 71.7% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 66% had diabetes for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Depression in known diabetics can be lethal so it’s management, either supportive or with medications, should be started as soon as it is diagnosed. Also the factors which show a clear correlation with development of depression should be minimized as early as possible. Keywords: Diabetes, Depression and Prime-MD Patient Health Questionnaire

3722-3728

Authors: Dr. Nadia Jawad , Dr. Shabnam Naveed , Dr. Zeeshan Ali 2*, Dr. Saira Jafri, Dr. S. Masroor Ahmad & Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To find an association between various anthropometric measures (Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist to Hip Ratio, Waist to Height Ratio) and glycemic control in Pakistani diabetics. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted over a period of six months that is from December 2015 to May 2016 on 332 Pakistani type 2 diabetic males and non-pregnant females irrespective of age presenting to the diabetic clinic at Medical Unit 3, Ward 7, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A form with incorporated parameters required for recording gender, age and anthropometric measurements was used. Statistical analyses were performed on SPSS version 22.0. Frequencies of abnormal anthropometric measurements under categorized variables were seen. Chi square testing was done to see if there is a significant correlation between the deviant measurements and deranged HbA1c values. For data expression, percentages were used. Results: More females (64.2%) of females were enrolled in the study and majority (72.7%) of the diabetics were having HbA1c value of more than 7 which pointed towards poor glycemic control. About 2/3rd of the diabetic population fell under increased and high risk categories while hardly 12.6% having a normal body mass index. A significantly high number of people had deranged circumferences of waist and hip as well as waist to hip and waist to height ratios. When seen in conjunction with poor diabetic control, none of these measurements showed a statistically noteworthy correlation in general. Conclusion: None of the anthropometric measurements became a statistically significant pointer towards deranged sugars. Hence the serological testing for glycemic control remains the gold standard. Keywords: Anthropometry, Diabetes mellitus and Body mass index

3729-3732

Authors: VISITING AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, KARACHI Dr. Dileep Kumar, Dr. Pooran Mal *, Dr. Dileep Kumar, Prof. Dr. Abdul Manan Junejo , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur, Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine frequency of sub-clinical hypothyroidism in chronic disease patients. Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study conducted through non-probability purposive sampling from March to September 2010 in the Department of nephrology at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical College (JPMC), Karachi. Total 158 patients aged ≥18years with stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney who not on maintenance hemodialysis were included and patients with history of thyroid surgery, known thyroid disease and on treatment or neck radiation were excluded. Chronic kidney disease defined as lower glomerular filtration rate (stage III 30-59ml/min/1.73m2), stage IV (15-29 ml/min/1.73m2) and stage V (<15 ml/min/1.73m2). Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was defined as elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level >4.05mIU/dl and normal thyroxine (T4) level (0.89-1.79ng/dl). Results: Mean age was 50.63 (range 19-85years), 76 (48%) were males and 82 (52%) were females. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 31 (20%) patients among patients with chronic kidney disease. Out of these, 16 patients (52%) were females and 15 (48%) were males (p=0.565). Most patients (52%) were aged between 45--59 years followed by 25% in ≥60yr and 23 % in aged 18-44years (p=0.371). Among severity of CKD patients; sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 38% in stage III CKD, 36% in stage IV CKD and 26% in stage V CKD (p=0.962). Among duration of CKD; sub-clinical hypothyroidism was found in 58% with less than 1year of CKD, followed by 39% between 1-2years and 03% of more than 2 years of CKD (p=0.107). Conclusion: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism is a common problem among patients with CKD and found in 20% of patients. SCH found in younger age group 45--59years and in patients with stage III and IV CKD. Key Words: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism, Chronic Kidney Disease, Glomerular filtration rate

3733-3735

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany*, Dr. Karishma Kumari, Dr. Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah, Dr. Imran Karim and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Breast tuberculosis is a very rare clinical entity, more common in tuberculosis endemic regions. It can be Primary tuberculosis of breast or Secondary tuberculosis. In this case report we report a case of secondary tuberculosis of breast presented with painless breast lump with a discharging sinus. The diagnostic workup and therapeutic approach is discussed and on follow up of patient after post anti tubercular therapy patient did not report any complications.

3737-3742

Authors: Irina V. Spichak*, Viktoria V. Platoshina, Alyona S. Spichak

The article presents the results of multifaceted research focused on the optimization of medicinal maintenance of children with weight problems. It deals with the sociological survey of the schoolchildren revealing the predisposition to overweight and underweight, the medical- social portraits of children with obesity and hypotrophy. The marketing analysis of the drug market for treatment of weight problems is carried out, the macrocontour of the Russian market and mesocontour of a regional market (by the example of the Belgorod region) is described. As a result of multidimensional examination the medical-pharmaceutical file of drug assortment for treatment of obesity at children is generated. Keywords: medicinal maintenance, overweight at children, market of medicinal preparations, medicalpharmaceutical file of medicinal preparations.

3745-3752

Authors: Howlader Saurav*, Rahman Mizanur, Rajbongshi Lata, Rahman Mahfuz

As part of our ongoing isolation of antihypertensive agents derived from natural sources, the bioactivity of the ethanolic extracts was screened for their inhibitory activities against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assays. Ocimum sanctum exhibited promising inhibitory activity against ACE and Total ROS. Among the different solvent-soluble fractions obtained from the ethanolic extract, the dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) fraction was found to cause the most potent scavenging, or inhibitory activities, against total ROS with the respective IC50 values of 3.21 ± 0.03 µg/mL. Likewise, the dichloromethane fraction also exhibited potent inhibitory activities against ACE with IC50 values of 16.19 ± 0.12 µg/mL. Silica gel column chromatography of the dichloromethane fraction yielded two flavonoids, Cirsilineol and Isothymusin, based on the comparison with reported 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data. All of the compounds displayed concentration dependent in vitro inhibitory activity toward the ACE and Total ROS. Among them, Cirsilineol exhibited the potential inhibitory activity toward ACE with the respective IC50 values of 12.64 ± 0.02 µM. Further inhibitory kinetics analyzed from Lineweaver-Burk plots showed Cirsilineol to be a competitive inhibitor with a Ki value of 8.2 × 10−5 M. In conclusion, we identified significant ACE inhibitors from Ocimum sanctum that could have value as new multitargeted compounds for antihypertensive agents. Keywords: O. sanctum; Hypertension; Antioxidant; Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE); Total Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).

3753-3756

Authors: Nadezhda P. Yachina*, Albina M. Imamutdinova, Rezeda K. Khurmatullina

The research urgency is due to the fact that the number of students with diabetes is increasing annually. Diabetes affects physical health, like any serious chronic disease; diabetes affects the development of personality, interpersonal relationships with peers, and the nature of learning activities of a student. Diabetes can lead to serious consequences, if you do not follow the diet, day regimen, physical activity. The research was aimed at: studying Russian and foreign experience in the development of health-protection technologies of organization of educational activity of students with diabetes; determining the conceptual bases of the organization of educational activities in higher education focused on the health protection of students with diabetes; at developing the health protection technologies of organization of educational activity of students with diabetes. The object of research is health protection technologies in the organization of educational activity of students with diabetes. 10 students with diabetes from a major Russian University participated in this study. The following methods were used: sociological study, the medical study of the diabetes mellitus problems, the theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific-pedagogical literature on the problem of health protection of students with diabetes; questionnaires, observation, processing methods of materials research. Scientific novelty of the research is to determine the most effective health-saving technologies in teaching students with diabetes. The results of this study offer new ways to approach the problem of complications prevention in students with diabetes during the period of study at the University. Keywords: health protection technologies, mixed-technology, higher education, University, student, diabetes.

3757-3762

Authors: Natalia A. Chukhareva*, Roman A.Bontsevich,Kristina V.Shchurovskaya, Sergei B. Nikolaev, Galina A. Lazareva, Alexander A. Stepchenko,Sergey V. Povetkin, Vladimir I.Shutov

The article is devoted to the essential problem of allergic diseases treatment in pregnant women, in particular, allergic rhinitis. The obstetrician-gynecologists (OGs) and general practitioners’ (GPs) pregnancy follow-up tactics was analyzed during the research in Belgorod region. We compared the obtained results with the results of the All-Russian Pharmacoepidemiological Study, 2d stage- ‘The Epidemiology of Drugs Use in Pregnant Women’ (February-April, 2015). Key words: pregnancy, allergic rhinitis, glucocorticosteroids, antihistamines

3763-3769

Authors: Natalya Vladimirovna Stepanova*, Suryana Faritovna Fomina, Daria Sergeevna Elagina, Dmitry Aleksandrovich Semanov

The investigation was conducted with the aim to study regional (local) exposure factors for assessing the intake of chemical substances with drinking water by children (3-6 years old) and adults (18-21 years old) in Kazan, in the Republic of Tatarstan. The analysis of levels of non-carcinogenic risk, using local factors and age differences in the exposure of chemical substances, ingested with drinking water, showed that the use of standard values in the risk assessment methodology led to underestimation of the actual health risk for children and adults by the factors of 1.5 and 1.57 at the median level, and by the factors of 1.9 and 1.98 at the level of 95-th percentile. The HI value, in case of chemicals ingestion with drinking water, indicates a health hazard for children, living in the 2ndand the 4th zones (HIме= 11.8 and 9.9; HI 95perс= 14.8 and 12.4) and adults (HIме= 5.52 and 6.64; HI 95perс= 4.42 and 5.59). The main pollutants of drinking water, which cause an increased risk to the health of the population in all zones of Kazan, are oil products, chloroform, nitrates (in NO3) magnesium and fluorides. Keywords: health risk assessment, impact factors, drinking tap water, children, adults

3770-3775

Authors: Oleg A. Zemlyansky*, Elena B. Tyurina, Elena V. Kalyuzhnaya, Olga A. Zemlyanskaya

Purpose of the Study: To estimate the prevalence and association with multiple drug resistance of strains of M. tuberculosis of various genetic families in the Belgorod region, to reveal the contribution of strains of the genetic family Beijing to the epidemic process of tuberculosis; evaluate the role of strains of M. tuberculosis of various genetic families in the formation of "rural foci of tuberculosis" in the region. Materials and Methods: Spoligotyping of 311 strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the Belgorod Region in 2015-2017 has been carried out. Results.Among the strains studied, strains of the families Beijing and T. are most widely represented. The shares of other genetic families (H, X, LA. U) are insignificant. The strains of the Beijing family are much wider than others presented in previously treated patients; in patients of middle and young age, as well as among strains with multiple drug resistance. Some prevalence of strains of Beijing and T in "chronic" foci of tuberculosis was revealed. Results and Discussion: Despite the favorable epidemic situation, one can not exclude the danger of forming "chronic" foci of tuberculosis with a decrease in attention to preventive antituberculous activities in the settlements of the region. The genotyping of strains of M. tuberculosis should be included in the monitoring program of foci of tuberculosis on a regular basis, which will allow predicting the risk of forming chronic «foci» and differentiating approach to antiepidemic measures in the foci of tuberculosis. Key words: mycobacterium tuberculosis, genetic families, foci of tuberculosis.

3776-3779

Authors: Oleg Esin*, Elena Gorobets, Elena Kurtasanova, Maria Ilchenko, Anatoliy Chudinov

The article is devoted to the actual problem of clinical linguistics, namely, the problem of verbalization of pain in gynecological patients. The problem of pelvic pain evaluation is very acute in medicine. The authors analyze this problem in the world clinical practice and determine the ways of its solution in Russia where at the moment there is a lack of corresponding diagnostic tool that allows patients with specific pains to adequately and fully describe their sensations. Special attention is paid to the linguistic specificity of the diagnostic toolkit. Pain is a complex, multidimensional sensation that combines elements of different types of sensitivity. Pain is described as an emotional state (terrible pain, excruciating pain, etc.) – the protopathic components of sensations; by analogy with auditory, tactile, visual sensations and by determining the localization, intensity, duration –epicritic elements. Pelvic pain in women has specific characteristics due to localization and its causes, and also due to gender factor. The article regards this problem from the point of view of linguistics, medicine (neurology, obstetrics and gynecology) and psychology. Keywords: clinical linguistics, neurology, obstetrics, gynecology, pelvic pain, test, questionnaire

3780-3785

Authors: Oleg S. Gudyrev*, Alexander V. Faitelson, Mikhail V. Pokrovskii, Tatyana G. Pokrovskaya, Mikhail V. Korokin, Alexander P. Grigorenko, Olga A. Efremova

In an experiment on female Wistar white rats, the osteoprotective effect of atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin was studied in a model of experimental osteoporosis caused by bilateral ovariectomy. It was found that after ovariectomy in female rats develops endothelial dysfunction, including the vessels of the microcirculatory of the bone, leading to a deterioration of blood supply to bone tissue and the occurrence of osteoporosis. It was found that atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin, possessing endothelioprotective activity, prevent deterioration of blood supply to bone tissue and thinning of bone trabeculae, thus having anti-osteoporotic activity. Key words: osteoporosis, endothelial dysfunction, statins, atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, strontium ranelate.

3792-3797

Authors: Pavel D. Kolesnichenko*, Sergey V.Nadezhdin, Yuri E. Burda, Elena B. Artyushkova, Natalya A. Bystrova, Galina A. Lazareva,Vladimir Y. Provotorov

The article presents the results of a potential mutagenicity studying of a new drug from the group of erythropoietin, carbamylateddarbepoetin. The study was performed using DNA-comet assay in mice, and in micronucleus test. As a positive control there were used mice which had been injected with genotoxicantmethylmethane sulfonate at a dose of 40 mg/kg and as a negative control there were mice after administration of equivalent doses of a placebo. The results showed that the mutagenic effect of the drug in single (3.59±1.02) dosing and three times (4.0±0.78) dosing had not been different from the mutagenic effect of placebo (4.39±1.34). Micronucleus test was performed using a cytogenetic damage of bone marrow cells and checking the appearance of polychromatophil cells, containing micronuclei. It was established that carbamylateddarbepoetin within stated doses according to the used test, has no a potential carcinogenic effect. Key words: DNA-comet assay, mutagenicity, carbamylateddarbepoetin, cytogenetic damage.

3803-3809

Authors: Vladimir F. Kulikovsky*, Natalia V. Oleynik, Arina P. Krivchikova, Dmitry A. Storogilov, Andrey V. Naumov, Natalia N. Bratisheva, Maria S. Alenicheva, Olga S. Yumatova

Pelvic descending syndrome for the first time was described by A.G.Parks in 1966. But in our days the problem of it surgical treatment is not completely solved. Large number of complications and recurrence, unsatisfactory functional results forced surgeons to develop new surgical techniques. The aim of the research was to improve the results of surgery treatment of posterior compartment of pelvic floor using abdominal sacrocolpopexy and stapled trance-anal resection (STARR). 59 patients underwent abdominal sacrocolpopexy with syntheticl mesh as apical support and in 52 patients this method was complementary with STARR. The post-operative outcomes were assessed in 6 months and in 2 years. The following diagnostic methods were used: POP-Q classification, defecography, anorectal functional tests with Polygraf ID device. The quantity of post-operative complications depended of mesh graft was few and didn’t increase because of simultaneous STARR. Vaginal mesh erosion was in 2 (3.4%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy and in 1 (1.9%) patient underwent sacrocolpopexy and simultaneous STARR, mesh contraction in 1 (1.9%) patient of the 2nd group, vaginal shrinkage in 1 (1.7%) patient of the 1st group, dispareunia de novo was noted in 3 (5.1%) patients of the 1st group and in 2 (3.8%) patients of the 2nd group (p ˃0.05). With POP-Q classification stage 0 of rectocele was achieved in 22(38.9%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy and in 25(48.1%) patients underwent sacrocolpopexy with simultaneous STARR. In the other patients of both groups stage I was diagnosed. Defecography showed the lifting of the perineum body in all patients of two groups without significant difference, but absolute figures were closer to normal value in the group underwent combined surgery: in the rest -3.7±0.5cm and - 3.5±0.6 cm, in the straining -5.9±0.6 cm and -6.2±0.7 cm in the 1st and 2nd groups accordingly. The anatomical normalization of posterior anorectal angle measurement rentgenologically was noted in both groups and didn’t differ statistically on surgery methods. Rentgenological absence of rectal mucosal prolapse has been noted in 15 (25.4%) patients of the 1st group and in 47(90.4%) patients of the 2nd group (p ˃0.05). Voiding was better in the 2nd group patients. Voiding normalization noted 12(20.3%) and 15(28.8%) patients, voiding improvement 28(47.4%) and 30(57.7%) and didn’t change in 19(32.2%) and in 7(13.4%) patients of the 1st and 2nd groups accordingly (p<0.05). But in spite of these we observed the constant worsening of the results over time. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy with surgical mesh demonstrated satisfactory anatomical results with low complications rate for rectocele reconstruction in patients with perineum descending, including incontinence improvement. Together with STARR procedure they became even better as revealed good functional results in respect to voiding normalization, as rectal mucosal prolapsed is incised simultaneously, which is not corrected by sacrocolpopexy along. In the end our experience showed that abdominal sacrocolpopexy combined with STARR is a safe enough procedure. Keywords: Rectocele, perineum descending, rectal mucosal prolapse, sacrocolpopexy, stapled trance-anal resection, constipation

3815-3820

Authors: Debadrito Das, Animesh Kumar Datta *, Divya Vishambhar Kumbhakar , Bapi Ghosh and Ankita Pramanik , Sandip Halder

A total of 23 phenotypic mutants were screened in M2 plant population (7112) of Sesamum indicum L. (Family: Pedaliaceae) affecting seedling colour, leaf traits, stem characteristics, branching nature, floral colour, fruit characteristics and maturity following dry seed (moisture content – 7.40%) treatments with nanoparticles (copper, cadmium sulphide, copper oxide and zinc oxide – 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 µg/ml, 3 and 6h durations), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS – 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%, 3 and 6h) and gamma irradiations (50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 Gy). Viable mutation frequency is found higher in gamma irradiation followed by ZnO-NPs, CuO-NPs, CuNPs, CdS-NPs and EMS. A total of 9 different macromutants types are found in Cu-, CuO- and ZnO-NPs, 11 in EMS and 13 in CdS-NPs and gamma irradiations. Excepting viridis (non-viable), all macromutants bred true at M3. Reciprocal crossings performed between mutant and normal plant types suggest that the mutant traits are controlled by nuclear genes (monogenic recessive and digenic) and they segregated in accordance to Mendelian pattern of segregations. Meiotic analyses reveal that normal and mutant plants were cytologically alike (2n=26) suggesting that mutation is not the consequence of chromosomal disturbances. Results highlight mutagenic potentiality of NPs alike to that of the conventional mutagens used as positive controls. Key words: Sesamum indicum, macromutation, nanoparticles, EMS, gamma irradiations, cytogenetical studies

3830-3837

Authors: Ebrahim Naghibi, Amin Torabipour*, Farzad Faraji Khiavi, Bahman Cheragian

Quality of work life is one of the key factors affecting employees’ performance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the quality of work life and performance of employees in community health centers and selected hospitals affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. In this cross-sectional study, 210 employees were randomly selected as the statistical samples of community health centers and hospitals of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Data were collected by the validated questionnaires of employees’ quality of work life (Walton’s questionnaire) and the employees’ work performance (Patterson’s questionnaire). The results showed that the quality of work life of the administrative staff was significantly higher than hospital nurses and health care workers (P=0.011). There was a significant relationship between the components of quality of work life and work performance. Based on the regression analysis, the quality of work life significantly results in improving the employees' performance (B=0.164; [95% CI: 0.091-0.237]). In other words, for each unit of increase in the quality of work life for employees, the performance will increase significantly. There is a positive and direct relation between the quality of work life and performance. The social integrity leads to creation of a work environment in which the employees feel a sense of belonging. In case of having such integrity, it is possible to achieve the organizational goals. Since the higher quality of work life is associated with higher performance, managers can improve some important components of quality of work life for the employees by adopting appropriate solutions, thus providing the necessary conditions to improve performance. Key words: Quality of work life, Performance, Community health centers, Hospital.

3843-3848

Authors: Muqtader Mohammad*, Farhat Fatima , Saad Abdullah Alharbi, Fahad I Al-Saikha, Saad Maria Alshahrani, Ahmed Alalaiwe, Abdullah Saud Alshetaili , Bader B. Alsulays, Abdel-Kader MS, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Mohammad Khalid Anwer, Mohamed Hassan Fayed, Prakash Katakam

The aim of the present investigation was to develop the ciprofloxacin gastroretentive floating capsules by using hydrophilic rate retarding and swellable polymers. The different concentration and combination of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and carbopol 947P polymers influenced the release of the drug, the swellable matrix retained in the stomach by imbibing the CO2 gas released. The effervescence of CO2 generated by the sodium bicarbonate and citric acid added in 2.70 - 6.0 and 2.70 - 4.0 % w/w respectively except for formulation F4&F8. Formulation F1-F8 were prepared by adding 27 – 43.86% w/w of HPMC (F1-F4) and same % weight for carbopol swellable polymer (F5-F8). The combination of these polymers was used to prepare F9 & F10 formulation contained with 20.83% w/w of HPMC and carbopol polymers. 2.08 % w/w Sodium carbonate and 4.17% w/w of citric acid for F9 whereas F10 formulation composed of with 30.00% w/w of HPMC and 10.00 % w/w carbopol polymers, 04% w/w Sodium carbonate and 06% w/w of citric acid. The floating capsules evaluated for weight variation, content uniformity showed the acceptable results as per standards. In vitro gastric buoyancy was acceptable for the selected formulations, the order of drug released was as follows for the selected formulations F4>F10 >F9>F3>F8>F7. The optimized F9 formulation showed (70.85% drug release within 12 hours) with non –Fickian diffusion release pattern as per the applied release kinetic models. Further XRD studies revealed compatibility for the drug and polymers used in the optimized formulation F9. Thus F9 floating capsules could be a model for sustained release of the ciprofloxacin from the narrow absorption window in the stomach thereby achieving the maximum antibacterial activity and patient compliance. Keywords: Swellable, Floating, Ciprofloxacin, Buoyancy study, Release Kinetics.

3855-3858

Authors: Mohamad Reza Havasian, Sepideh Amouzadeh, Jafar Panahi*

D-Dimer Plasma Level Measurement is an easy and effective way of rejecting deep vein thrombosis in patients with lower limb defects, pulmonary embolism, and coagulation test disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the positive and negative cases of D-Dimer diagnostic test in patients referred to Mustafa Hospital in Ilam. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 3 months from March to May 2015 on patients referring to the emergency department of Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS version 18 through using descriptive-analytical statistics and chi-squared statistical test [8- 10]. Moreover, P<0.05 was considered as the significance level. From among 638 patients studied, only 100 patients had the inclusion criteria for entering this study. From this number, 57(57%) patients were male, and 90(43%) patients were female with the mean age of 44.71±1.077. The job frequency of the patients were as follows: 37(37%) patients were office worker or had part-time jobs; 51(51%) patients were either unemployed or housewives; and 12(12%) patients were students. The results of the study showed that the D-Dimer test is important if the patients refers with heart problems; however, the over-administration of this test in unnecessary cases by general practitioners can be an additional burden of cost and stress on the patient, patient's family and laboratory staff. It is recommended that doctors use this test more cautiously and use the ELISA method to perform this test. Keywords: Positive, Negative, D-Dimer, Ilam, Iran.

3864-3868

Authors: Gogakar Yadilal, Manda Manisha, Eda Pavani, Malladi Navya, Chappala Alekhya, G.Hema Chandini and Chandaka Madhu

Crude fiber consists largely of cellulose (60-80%) and lignin (4-6%) plus some mineral matter. These Fibers are beneficial in treating or preventing constipation, hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, coronary heart diseases, and some type of cancer. A rapid method was developed for the quantitative estimation of crude fiber present in different natural food stuff by using Hennerberg, Stohmann and Rauterberg method. The following fruits Citrus Sinensis, Vitis Vinifera, Beta Vulgaris, Ziziphus Jujube, Musa Balbisiana and Malus Domestica show the ascending order of crude fiber percentage. The following spices Elettaria Cardamomum,Foeniculum Vulgare,Illicium Verum, Syzgium Aromaticum, Cuminum Cyminum and Cinnamomum Verum shows descending order. Key words: Crude fiber, Fruits, Spices, Hennerberg, Stohmann and Rauterberg method

3874-3878

Authors: Valentina S. Orlova*, Irina V. Kalashnikova, Mikhail I. Churnosov, Ovezmurad Ataev, Dar'ja A. Maslova

Study objective: To evaluate the functional state of the central nervous system in adolescent girls on the background of dysfunctional uterine bleeding by the electroencephalography method. Materials and methods of study. We examined 30 adolescent girls. The mean age was 14.7 ± 2.0 years old. We gave the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the alpha rhythm: regularity, zonal distribution, modulation, index, amplitude, frequency. To assess the degree and nature of the reactivity of cortical and subcortical brain structures, we performed some functional tests with the opening and closing of the eyes, rhythmic photostimulation and dosed hyperventilation. Results. It is statistically significant that the violation of almost all criteria of alpha rhythm has been confirmed. Most of the patterns indicated the presence of diffuse cerebral nonspecific changes in the regulatory plan. The changes revealed mainly concerned the middle brain structures and were of a mild to moderate functional nature. Summary. The bioelectric brain activity in patients with functional disorders of menstrual cycle was within the age limit. The deviations were of a functional nature. Key words: adolescent girls, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, puberty period, electroencephalography, alpha rhythm.

3890-3894

Authors: D.T.Tayade* R. D. Thombare, S.A. Waghmare

A novel series of 3-{4-Amino-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamido-5-yl}amino-5-substitutedimino-1,2,4- dithiazole was synthesized by the oxidative cyclization of 4-amino-5-substituteddithiobiureto-N-[2- (dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamide in chloroform medium by making the use of liquid bromine as oxidizing agent. The products were characterized and justified on the basis of elemental analysis, chemical characteristics and spectral studies. Keywords:3-{4-Amino-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamido-5-yl}amino-5-substituted -imino-1,2,4-dithiazole, 4- amino-5-substituteddithiobiureto-N-[2-(dithethylamino)ethyl-o-anisamide, Bromine in Chloroform.

3907-3912

Authors: Zaynab Bakhtiari, Shahnaz Rostami*, Bijan Keikhaei, Bahman Cheraghian

Background: Lack of awareness of mothers on the nutrition of infants’ is a major cause of malnutrition. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the effect of training mothers about complementary feeding on the growth indicators of 4 to 8 month-old infants in Dezful. Materials and Methods: This semi experimental enrolled 270 infants and their mothers from healthcare centers in Dezful, in 2015. The mothers were randomly assigned to intervention [n=135] and control [n=135] groups. Participants in the intervention group in three one-hour sessions received training programs on process of complementary feeding, familiarizing with growth and growth curves. The control group received none training programs. Anthropometric measures [body weight, height and head circumference] were assessed at baseline and after three months. Data were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test with p≤0.05. Results: A percentage of 46.4% of mothers in the intervention group and 42.4% of mothers in the control group fall within the age range of 25 to 35 years. Similarly, loss to follow up was observed in the two studied groups [10 participants]. Compared with baseline, the body weight, height and head circumference increased more in the intervention group than in the control group, but changes were statistically significant for body weight and height [p≤0.05]. Conclusion: The findings of the current study suggest that training programs can result in an increase in body weight and height but not head circumference. Therefore, it is recommended that educational programs should be allocated in healthcare centers to increase growth indicators and improve the health of children. Keywords: Complementary feeding, growth indicators, infancy.

3919-3922

Authors: Naira Nayeem

The present study deals with the variations observed in quantity of phyto constituents in the leaves of Tectona grandis which were collected from different altitudes; Chikmagalur (3,400 feet)(TGC) and Mangalore (72 ft)(TGM) representing the higher altitude and lower altitude respectively. Phytochemical variations due to different regions were studied by quantification of total phenolic acids and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity of the two extract was carried out using DPPH .The results reveal that the amount of total phenolic acids and the flavonoids was more in case of the leaves collected from the higher altitude. The leaves collected from the higher altitude exhibited better antioxidant activity, which was attributed to the difference in the quantity of phytoconstituents in the two extracts. This study, to a certain extent gives proof that altitude is one of the environmental factors that can influence the quantity of phytochemicals. Key words: Tectona grandis, altitude, anti-oxidant, DPPH.

3928-3934

Authors: Azam Sinaei, Zahra Abbaspoor*, Seyyed Esmaeil Hashemi, Nahid Javadifar

Introduction: Birth method selection is one of the most important choices of a woman's life. As a result, a study of the factors affecting this choice is essential. In recent years, the effect of different psychological factors on the attitude of childbirth has been considered. One of the most important of these factors is mother’s personality traits. Based on the division of Friedman and Rosenman, people fall into two groups of personality types A and B, each with specific characteristics. So this research aimed to determine the relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth and the choice of delivery method. Method: This prospective cohort study was performed in 2016 on three hundred and twenty pregnant women referring to selected health care centers of Ahvaz that were selected through simple non-randomly sampling. The data collection tools were “demographic information”, “Friedman & Rosenman personality trait” and “Attitude to the choice of delivery method”. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient statistical tests, and considering significance level p<0.05. Results: The average score of attitude to birth method selection in persons with type 'A' were 158.77 and with the type 'B' was 159.37. The most selected birth methods in type A [%88.0] and type B [%87.1] personality groups were normal delivered. There was no statistically significant relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth [p=0.45] and birth method selection [p=0.81]. Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between personality type with attitude to childbirth and choice of delivery method. However, definitive conclusions in this field require more studies. Key words: Birth method selection, personality type, attitude to childbirth

3946-3649

Authors: A.H. Sneharani

Zinc is an essential mineral playing a pivotal role in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism. Zinc deficiency affects all age groups, but the effect on growing children is very severe. Zinc deficiency is known to cause stunted growth and development in children. However, there are no reliable biomarkers of zinc status to assess health risk. Without a specific, sensitive biomarker to determine the zinc nutritional status, zinc intervention program is a struggle. Sensitive and specific analysis of zinc status is hence cardinal to defining optimal zinc status and setting evidence-based reference intake level. Given the lack of an accurate, sensitive zinc biomarker that reflects zinc nutrition across various populations and situations, research is needed to identify new biomarkers. Presently, the biochemical marker for measuring the zinc status is analyzing the plasma zinc. However, zinc homeostasis depends on many factors complicating the detection of marginal zinc deficiency. Key words: Zinc; homeostasis; markers; under nutrition; deficiency

2724-2727

Authors: Iniya Udhaya, C. and John Peter Paul, J.

In the present study, anti-oxidant activity of methanol extract of Gracilaria fergusonii J.Ag. collected from Hare Island, Thoothukudi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was screened. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and a reducing power by Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) assay. The percentage of scavenging activity of DPPH by methanol extract at 100μg, 200μg, 300μg, 400μg and 500μg were 31.35, 45.23, 61.76, 79.54 and 82.93% respectively. At a concentration of 100μg, 200μg, 300μg, 400μg and 500μg of methanol extract, the absorbance were 0.295, 0.302, 0.328, 0.367 and 0.384 respectively. These results similar to those obtained from the DPPH assay in which 500μg showed the highest total anti-oxidant capacity, followed by 400μg, 300μg and 200μg, and lastly 100μg. The results showed that both DPPH scavenging activity and absorbance were increased when the concentration of methanol extract was also increased. Vitamin C, a strong anti-oxidant was also used as control, and the anti-oxidant potential was compared to all tested samples. Keywords: Seaweeds, Gracilaria fergusonii, anti-oxidant, methanolic extract, Hare Island.

2735-2740

Authors: Pamula Reddy Bhavanam*

Drug is used for the treatment of insomnia and some brain disorders. The purpose of the present work is to formulate and enhance the drug release of zolpidem tartrate by the incorporation of suitable polymer in the oral dissolving films (OTF) for use in specific populations viz. geriatrics and patients experiencing difficulty in swallowing. The oral dissolving films loaded with zolpidem tartrate were prepared by solvent evaporation method using sodium CMC by adding suitable plasticizer glycerin. The prepared oral dissolving films were evaluated for drug content, weight variation, thickness, pH, folding endurance, In vitro drug release and stability studies. The evaluation parameters of zolpidem tartrate were found to be satisfactory in terms of drug content, thickness and pH. Comparison of the dissolution profiles of zolpidem tartrate oral dissolving films in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Effective drug release was achieved for zolpidem tartrate by way of preparation of oral dissolving films by solvent evaporation method. ZOL7 showed the highest drug release at the 10 min time point.The ZOL7 oral dissolving film with higher amount of superdisintegrant CCS and SSG showed fastest onset of drug release. Keywords: Zolpidem tartrate oral dissolving films, solvent evaporation method and Dissolution rate.

2745-2747

Authors: Razieh Behzadmehr1 , Morteza Salarzaei

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is the most common disease that affects human joints. This disease is one of the major causes of joint pain and also the most important cause of rheumatoid disability. Despite its high prevalence, the definition of illness is less consensual among scholars. However, what all definitions have in common is that osteoarthritis involves several scaling disorders that may have several etiologies, but have similar biological and clinical outcomes. Findings:Since osteoarthritis affects all individual components of the joints, and given that MRI has the power to show all the components of the joint, consequently, MRI has become quite common in the attempt to detect this bone disorder. This feature helps to discover the connection between building components and pain, as well as the source of pain. A precise and accurate scoring system was considered necessary to assess the accuracy of arthroplasty and the severity of osteoarthritis though MRI findings. Discussion and conclusion:The majority of studies conducted in this area have used MRI techniques as a modern and complete method for evaluation. MRI imaging technique is quite effective in examining cartilage damage in patients with osteoarthritis. Key words: MRI , osteoarthritis , review article

2755-2761

Authors: Umair Ahmed1,2*, Khalid Mehmood2 , Zohra kaneez 3 , Shahjahan Shabbir Ahmed4 , Imran Ali Sani4 , Nazeer Ahmed 4 , Ashif Sajjad2 , Zahid Mehmood2 and Mohammad Azam2

Amygdalus spinosissima also known as Prunus spinosissma belongs to the genus Prunus, its subgenus is Amygdalus. A. spinosissima is a wild thorny almond found in approximately 600 to 1500 metres above sea level. Due to its medicinal value it is used as traditional medicine all over the world. The objective of present work was to evaluate the physiochemical characteristics, total phenolic content and fatty acid composition of crude oil extracted from A. spinosissima. In this study physicochemical properties and free fatty acid value of seed oil were studied to evaluate the compositional quality of oil. The phenolic content of oil extract was found 15mg/L Gallic acid. Fatty acid composition has shown that it has high monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid, C18:1 (61.8%) followed by palmitoleic acid, C16:1 (0.36%). The content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid C18:2 was (23.32%) and saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid C16:0 was (8.19%), stearic acid, C18:0(2.07%), erucic acid, C22:0(0.21%) and myristic acid C14:0 (0.20%) were respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that the seed oil of A. spinosissima is rich in oleic acid which may be a good potential source for industrial applications. Key words: Amygdalus spinosissima, seed oil, physiochemical, phenolic compounds, GC-FID fatty acid.

2772-2776

Authors: Arezoo Sabbagh Hadi*

Cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle, is associated with cardiac dysfunction and results to severe heart failure, arrhythmias, and death. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a familial cardiomyopathy that is characterized by localized movement disorder in the wall of the right ventricle. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is typical cardiac arrhythmia that causes hereditary or acquired cardiac arrest in patients with long QT interval and can be identified by electrocardiogram. It has been elucidated that R1193Q Polymorphism (R1193Q GGG> CAG, rs41261344)) is a functional substitution in sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 (SCN5A) gene, and correlates with cardiac arrhythmia syndromes such as ARVC and LQTS. This case-control study was conducted to consider the correlation between SCN5A rs41261344 and cardiac arrhythmia syndromes in Iranian population. In the present study, 40 patients with LQTS, and 40 patients with ARVC, and 80 healthy subjects as controls were analyzed for SCN5A rs41261344 by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) and 10 samples from each group were sequenced. The SCN5A rs41261344 C allele with a frequency of 100% was present in all the patients and the healthy subjects. However, we did not observe SCN5A rs41261344 T allele in our enrolled subjects. In fact, the frequency of T allele was calculated zero. Regard to very low frequency of the R1193Q polymorphism minor allele, SCN5A rs41261344 T allele, in our cohort, it can be suggested that other mutations may be associated with cardiac arrhythmia syndromes such as ARVC and LQTS in Iranian population. Key Words: Cardiomyopathy, RFLP PCR, R1193Q polymorphism, SCN5A, ARVC, Long QT.

2783-2788

Authors: Zahra Khalili , Mostafa Farahbakhsh, Shahla Damanabi

Since mental health is directly related to individual and social performance and psychosocial harm, and upgrading it requires the availability of appropriate information systems and the collection of data and indicators, it has become, nowadays, one of the most important topics within the realm of healthcare services. The present study was conducted using descriptive-applied method. Initially, an interview was conducted with a number of mental health professionals to identify the status of the information system and mental health indicators in the primary care setting. Then, required mental health indicators were identified within primary healthcare through questionnaire and the results were formulated in the form of information system model and mental health indicators in primary care by using Delphi method. A total of 55 mental health indicators were selected in the primary care system; of these total number, 35 indicators were accepted by the panel of experts, which are categorized into four main categories of context, inputs, processes and functions, and result and output; finally, obtained findings were presented as mental health information system model..This research has identified the current state of the Mental Health Information System (MIS) and suggested practical information domains for planning useful managers in order to provide appropriate mental health services in the primary health care system. Key Words: Presenting a Model, Mental Health, Healthcare,primery care

2796-2798

Authors: Morteza salarzaei , Shahram Salehi-Rad , Ali Alidadi 3 , Fateme Parooei *

Introduction: Cataract is one of the underlying causes of poor vision and blindness. Quality of life and increased longevity have led to the prevalence of cataract in developed and developing countries. Based on the results of different studies, the incidence of cataract doubles with a 10-year-increase in age after the age of 40 in Australia; so, by a rule of thumb, all people are suffering from cataract at the age of 90. Methodology: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Cataract surgery in children. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Cataract surgery in children were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigated Cataract surgery in children. Findings: Surgical procedure, the unique physiological response to surgery, and the improvement of visual acuity are the most common, and possible, problems with cataract surgery in children. Although cataract therapy in children requires group work, the role of surgery is undeniable in achieving desirable visual outcomes, and experience with the awareness of the differences and challenges of cataract treatment in children compared to adults is the basis of this role. Discussion and conclusion: Pre-operative eye examinations are appropriate for, and off course different in, each stage during operation, and ultimately, the post-surgical procedure and follow-up considerations in general, especially in children. An ophthalmologist's surgeon should be aware of the details of the issues as a head of the group in cataract surgery in children. Having knowledge about these differences leads to better surgical results, better vision and less complications. Key word: Cataract , surgery , children

2805-2807

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Morteza Salarzaei 1 , Mahmood Anbari *2, Alireza Abrishami 3, Ali Alidadi 4, Dadkhoda soofi

Introduction:Tuberculosis is the most common cause of death from single-agent infectious diseases in the world, and it is considered to tenth cause of death all over the world; according to estimates, this disease will keep occupying the same position in regard with mortality rate and it might even rise up to the seventh place by 2020. Method:In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies TB diagnostic methods and involved responses. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the TB diagnostic methods and involved responses were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had iTB diagnostic methods and involved responses. Findings: Most common diagnostic methods for tuberculosis include clinical suspicion, response to treatment, chest torsion, direct measles tuberculin test, mycobacterium culture, and Nucleic Acid Amplification methods. The ideal test for active pulmonary tuberculosis should be easy to apply, with highly sensitive and accurate findings; it should be cheap and have the same results under different conditions. Discussion and conclusion:Thus, the presence of complex defense systems in the body is the main cause of resistance against this fatal disease. Medical knowledge can identify the immune response network to this pathogen, which, in turn, helps the development of new-generation vaccines and more effective treatment for fighting as well as possible against this deadly disease. Key words:TB, diagnostic ,involved response

2817-2829

Authors: K.Ramanji Reddy*1 , Dr.Chandaka Madhu 2 , Dr.J.Balaji Chandra Mouli3 , Dr.B.Jagan Mohan Reddy3 , Penumala Joshi 2 , Ballavarapu Sharanya 2

The present study was undertaken to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity of alcoholic extract of musa acuminata and mangifera indica . Method and methodlogy: The total Phenolic content was determined using folinciocalteau method while the total flavanoid content was determined using aluminum chloride method. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the Reducing power assay , Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, and DPPH scavenging activity. Result: In the present study we have conclude that Mangifera Indica has a significant activity than Musa Acuminata Key words: Mangifera Indica, Musa Acuminata, DPPH Scavenging Activity, Nitricoxide Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Activity.

2833-2844

Authors: Kousar Begum*, Sathyabratha Jena, Konatham Monika ,B.Jagadeesh Babu,M.Reshma and A.Aravanthi

Nano technology is an innovation for the drug targeting to release the drug in short duration of time at a specific site. Nano sized particles are having the more dissolution velocity to increase the drug action and these are majorly useful for the poorly solubilised drugs to increase its solubility and enhance the bio availability. This article explains about the nanosuspensions, in which drug particles are distributed uniformly throughout the vehicle. Which exhibit its maximum solubility and ready to use through any route of administration? Recently nanosuspensions are ment for oral route for administration. This review explains about the stability of nano suspensions compared to other oral liquid dosage forms, classification, methods of preparation with its major advantages, limitations, properties of nanosuspensions, evaluation methods and its pharmaceutical applications. Key words: Nano technology, nano suspension, classification, methods of preparation, evaluation parameters

2853-2859

Authors: Azam Meyari, Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani, Mahdi Biglarkhani, Roshanak Mokaberinejad5, Mojgan Tansaz*

Wet-cupping is an old procedure used for treating different disorders in ancient and nowadays it used for managing of pain, some dermal disorders and metabolic disorders. In this study we aimed to assess effectiveness of wet-cupping on blood sugar in clinical trials. A comprehensive literature search for all published studies using PubMed, Science direct, Medline, Ovid Google scholar and three Iranian Medical Databases was performed for English and Persian language studies from inception through to October 2016. The studies included should be clinical trials, cohort and case-control studies by using combinations of the terms including “Wet-cupping”, “Hijamat”, “diabetes”, “glucose” and “blood sugar”. All authors independently extracted information and evaluated methodological quality according to 'CONSORT' assessment checklist. The full manuscripts of all citations that were likely to meet our study objective were selected and obtained. In cases of duplicate publication, we selected the most recent and complete versions. From the 252 citations identified from electronic searches, at beginning, we found 25 related articles. Out of these articles 5 ones including 367 subjects meet our study objectives. These articles were not highly qualified. There was no significant difference on fasting blood sugar of those with normal blood sugar after wet-cupping; while the blood sugar of diabetes cases was decreased for a short period time; however it was not remained after a long term follow up. Although there is a diminished blood sugar of diabetes participants after wet-cupping, considering small number of clinical trials and methodological poor quality, the more studies is needed to confirm these changes. Key Words: Wet-Cupping, Hijamat,Fasting Blood Sugar, A Review.

2866-2871

Authors: Zahra Reisi, Bayan Saberipour , Mohammad Adineh*, Elham Abdolahi Shahvali

Background and Purpose: Understanding the various methods of triage in different situations and locations is one of the most important needs of the training staff, especially nurses. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of nurses working in the emergency department. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study was carried out with the participation of 73 nurses working in the emergency department of Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals who were enrolled in the study in 2017. The data gathering tool includes a questionnaire for the Features of the individual characteristics and the knowledge and practice of emergency personnel from triage systems in Iran [α = 0.3]. Data were analyzed using descriptive-inferential statistics in SPSS version 20. Findings: Results showed that 87.7% [64 people] had poor knowledge, 12.3% [9 people] had moderate knowledge about different methods of triage, and 93.2% [68 people] had moderate performance and 6.8% [5 people] had poor performance to use different methods of triage. The mean total score of nurses 'knowledge was 20.55 ± 8 and the mean score of nurses' performance was moderate [44.64 ± 8.82]. Statistical analysis showed a significant statistical relationship. Conclusion: Considering the low level of knowledge and practice of nurses working, it is necessary to organize training courses for triage, to implement interventions and educational research in this field and equip the emergency ecological environment and staff performance from different systems of triage to improve and promote treatment services. Keywords: triage, nurse, awareness, performance

2876-2880

Authors: Ali Afshari, Arash Khalili, Saeedeh Almasi, Neda Ali Mohammadi, Nastaran Pourkhorshidi, Leila Bozorgiyan, Maryam Malmir*

Musculoskeletal injuries are major part of occupational injuries in various nursing workforce is allocated. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of occupational injuries among nurses in intensive care unit in health education hospitals of Hamadan. In this cross-sectional study, nordic standard questionnaire to all nurses in the intensive care unit in Hamadan city were distributed. The collected data analyzed by SPSS version 16 to compare the statistics of occupational injuries and chisquare test and Fisher's exact test was used. 94 of nurses working in intensive care units, 57.1 percent of the participants were between 30 and 40 years of age and 80% were female. There is no significant relationship between workers and the number of sites with skeletal problems in areas shoulders, wrists, hands and fingers, elbow and arm and leg was found (P <0.05). The most frequent injury of the neck, spine and legs. Greater awareness of risk factors and how to adjust them to the nurses should be given to healthy and non-injured personnel is better this training before the arrival of medical personnel to be available to this group. Key words: Occupational Injuries, Injury, Nurse

2887-2889

Authors: Morteza Salarzaei , Fateme Parooei , Mahmood Anbari *

Introduction: Pregnancy is a common and prevalent medical condition in the field of carbohydrate intolerance which affects the phenomenon of pregnancy and can lead to undesirable outcomes and high-risk childbirth and affect the mother and the fetus. The most important concerns are overgrowth of the fetus, maternal damage following fetal macrosomia, as well as other fetal and maternal complications, especially preeclampsia. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes in women were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigated Control and treatment of pregnancy diabetes. Results:. According to studies conducted in this area, nutritional interventions along with close monitoring of blood glucose levels are considered as a primary treatment option, and drug therapy will start in the event of a failure of dietary changes in controlling blood sugar levels. Discussion and conclusion: Along with global prevalence of obesity, lifestyle has led to an increase in the weight of pregnant mothers. Obese and overweight pregnant women are at higher risk for pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes. Treatment for patients with gestational diabetes provides an ideal context for implementing primary interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes. Key words: Pregnancy, diabetic patients, Control, treatment

2893-2897

Authors: V.Mrudula*, Prof T.Vijaya, Dr.K.Chandra Mouli

Heavy metals are effecting the environment have been increasing continuously as a result of industrial activities and technological development and possess a significant threat to human beings, plants, animals and environment. Heavy metals causes liver and lungs damage, bone generation and blood damage. The metals can be removed by various technological methods but they are costly and possess less accurate results. To overcome from these a research study was carried out to biologically approach the accumulation of heavy metals by endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi was isolated from Terminalia Palida an endemic plant of Tirumala hills and pure cultures of endophytes were isolated and stored at 28±1°C and was screened with different concentrations of selective heavy metals and the heavy metal resistance endophytic fungi was evaluated and molecular identification of endophytic fungi was carried out by 18S rRNA gene amplification and Sanger’s nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using NCBI Clustal W. Keywords: Endophytic fungi, heavy metal, endemic plant and screening.

2901-2907

Authors: Dr. Nadeem Naeem*, Dr. Anwar Ali Jamali, DR. Muhammad Akram Bajwa, Dr. Abdul Salam Dal

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of death due to elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP ≥20 IU/ml) in HCV patients suffering from HCC in Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro MATERIAL & METHODS: This case series study was conducted in the department of department of Medicine Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad/Jamshoro, with six months from 4TH October 2014 to April 2014. All the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis C virus, raised alpha fetoprotein levels (20IU/ml), HCC newly or recent diagnosed i.e. diagnosed within last 6m, tumour size more than or equal to 3cm, adult population (if they are having underlying HCV related HCC) either gender were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 165 HCC patients were enrolled in this study with average age + SD 55.8+10.112 years.152(92.1%) were male and 13(7.87%) were female. 92(55.7%) were middle class, 51(30.9%) patients were from rich families and 22(13.3%) consisted to poor class of socio-economic status. Mean duration + SD (range) of HCC was 12.53 + 7.23 (1 to 48 years). 29(17.5%) patients had tumor size < 3 cm, 66(40.0%) had tumor size 3 to 5 cm whereas 70(42.4%) patients had tumor size > 5 cm. 32(19.3%) patients had normal serum alpha fetoprotein level (< 20 IU/ml), 38(23.0%) moderately elevated alpha fetoprotein level (20 to 399 IU/ml) while 95(57.5%) patients had markedly elevated serum alpha fetoprotein level(≥400 IU/ml). Overall mortality was seen in 68(41.1%). Tumor size > 5 cm and markedly elevated AFP (≥400 IU/ml), duration of HCC were found to be significant causes and biomarkers of mortality in HCC patients respectively (p value 0.01, < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: HCC patients with elevated AFP levels determine a higher mortality rate, which appears to be attributable to the growth promoting properties of AFP. Key words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Alpha feto-protein, HCV

2920-2932

Authors: Vinutha Kommineni, K.P.R.Chowdary* and S.V.U.M.Prasad

A new stability indicating RP HPLC method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Saxagliptine and Dapagliflozin in bulk and dosage forms. The method involves separation on XTerra C 18 column (150mm x 4.6mm x5µm particle size). The optimized mobile phase consists of phoaphate buffer (pH 4) and Acetonitrile (50:50v/v) with a flow rate of 1ml/min and UV detection at 225mn. Retention time was 2.1min (Saxagliptine), 2.8min (Dapagliflozin). Linearity range was 20-60ug/ml (Saxagliptine), 40-120ug/ml (Dapagliflozin). Accuracy was in the range of 99.99-100.50% for both drugs. Precision was 0.78% and 0.44% for Saxagliptine and Dapagliflozin. LOD and LOQ are 1.63ug/ml and 5.39ug/ml for Saxagliptine, 1.94ug/ml and 6.50ug/ml for Dapagliflozin. The method developed is more sensitive, accurate and precise than the methods reported earlier. Retention time and run time were also less and hence the method is economical. When applied for tablet assay, drug content was within 100.24-100.43 % of labeled content. Forced degradation studies indicated the suitability of the method for stability studies. Key Words: Saxagliptine, Dapagliflozin, RP-HPLC Method, Simultaneous estimation, Validation as per ICH guidelines, Forced degradation studies.

2939-2948

Authors: Maria Tahir*, Dr.Noman-ul-Haq, Aqeel Naseem, Sohail Riaz, Ghulam Razzaque

Objective: The study intends to determine Health Related Quality of Life of diabetes out-patients by using EQ-5D scale. Methodology: A questionnaire based, cross sectional study design was used to evaluate the HRQoL of diabetic patients in different outpatient clinics of Quetta, Pakistan. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data. A sample of 332 diabetic patients was selected for participation in the study. Euro-QoL-5D instrument was used to measure HRQoL of diabetes patients. Coded data was entered in SPSS version 20. Inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis tests, p < 0.05) were used to assess the significance among study variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate how well clinical characteristics initially statistically significant variables predict health status measured by EQ-5D scores or how much each variable affect health state. Results: The mean age of study subjects was 53.8±11.9 with majority had matriculation as their education status. The cohort was predominantly represented by Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients 321(96.7%) with uncontrolled diabetes 191 (57.5%) and with an average of their diabetes duration of 8.38±6.66 years. All demographic and disease characteristics were found to be statistically significant to affect HRQoL whereas upon regression educational status, type of therapy and glucose control were influencing factors. Conclusion: The study concluded treatment types, complications and glucose control have been some important factors in predicting the low health related quality of life of diabetic patients. It is recommended to change treatment modalities towards single and/or oral anti-diabetic drugs and without insulin therapy to make better the patients’ quality of life. Measures regarding the prevention of blood glucose control should be educated to patients to avoid the complications in future life of diabetic patients and it would enhance their health related quality of life. Key words: Health Related Quality of Life, Diabetes Mellitus, out-patients, Pakistan, EQ-5D.

2959-2967

Authors: Mohammad Shooriabi , Abdolreza Gilavand *, Seyed Ali Emam

Background and Objective: Infection control is among the most important priorities of dentistry profession that is related to the health of dentists, assistants, and patients. Thus, this study has been performed in order to evaluate the awareness and performance ratio of dental assistants working in the dentistry centers of the city of Ahvaz in southwest Iran, about infection control in 2015. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 217 dental assistants working in dentistry healthcare centers were selected in a stratified random way. The awareness and performance ratio of dental assistants about infection control was evaluated by research made questionnaire. The data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: Among the total dental assistants participating in the study, 1.9% were male and 98.1% were female. In respect of workplace, 69% were working in private clinics, 29.6% in personal clinic, and 1.4% in public clinics. From the maximum 20 scores of awareness, 25.9% had the score 8 of awareness, and 24.5% had the score 10 of awareness. The mean score of assistants’ awareness has also been 8.69±2.903. There was a positive and significant relationship between the awareness ratio and work experience, and by work experience increase, the awareness ratio increased too. The highest mean of awareness ratio of assistants was in the personal clinics and after it in the private clinics. Conclusion: Considering the low level of dental assistants’ awareness and performance about infection control, it is suggested to offer necessary trainings in a more effective way to them in this regard. Keywords: Awareness, Performance, Dental Assistants, Infection Control, Iran.

2976-2980

Authors: Gouri Kumar Dash*, Mahendran Sekar, Syarifah Syamimi Putri Adiba and Afzan Mahmad

Traditional medicinal plants often offer suitable drug candidates as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Plant extracts may be formulated to a suitable dosage form to treat the disease in an effective way. In the present study, we report the antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of M. koenegii leaves against few selected Staphylococcus spp. such as S. aureus and S. epidermidis, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) together with formulation and evaluation of a topical cream containing M. koenigii extract. The antibacterial activity of the extract was performed by disc diffusion assay using vancomycin (30 µg) as the standard. The extract revealed good antibacterial activity against tested organisms in a concentration dependant manner. The cream was formulated by incorporating 10% w/w of the ethanol extract in the base. Physical evaluation of the cream revealed ideal characteristics of an ideal cream. Further studies may be recommended to isolate the bioactive principles from the leaves to develop newer drug moiety against MRSA and MRSE. Keywords: Murraya koenigii L. Spreng, Antibacterial, MRSA, MRSE, Topical cream

2994-2999

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany*, Dr. Muhammad Salih Channa, Dr. Muhammad Akbar Memon, Dr. Adnan Ali Khahro, Dr. Rabail Bohio, Dr. Farrukh Bohio, Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch and Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B disease stages in different age groups of the patients which first visited at Asian institute of Medical Science hospital Hyderabad. Matirial and Methods: This observational and descriptive study was conducted at AIMS Hospital Hyderabad during the time of January 2010 to December 2012. In this study all patients’ presentation was noted on the proforma who first visited with HBV, all age groups were included in this study. Results: All patients of this study mostly infected with HBV were with young age group with the percentage of 32.25% between the 26- 35 year. Mostly patients were found in HBV phase of chronic hepatitis inactive carriers. Only 12.2% patients were found with co-infection with HCV. Conclusion: We concluded in this study according to hepatiis B phases, mostly patients were found in chronic hepatitis inactive phase and very poor percentage of the patients with HCV positive in the HBV infected patients. Keywords: Hepatitis B; Stages; Different ages; Phases of disease; Co-infections

3004-3007

Authors: Dr. Rafi Ahmed Ghori *, Dr. Salma Kadir, Dr. Kamlesh Kumar, Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon, Dr. Najeeb Ullah Ansari, Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur, Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch and Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz

Objective: To study the demographical, clinical and etiological profile of patients with non traumatic coma (NTC) at tertiary care hospital. Patients and Methods: This study of cross sectional type was conducted at tertiary care hospital and included patients of ≥11 years of age, either gender with history of or presentation with non traumatic coma were further explored and evaluate for its etiology. After detail history and clinical examination the relevant and specific examination were advised includes blood complete picture, sugar level, liver function test, thyroid profile, malaria parasite test / ICT malaria, drug / intoxication screening, electrolytes, urea and creatinine, CT and MRI scan, CSF analysis, EEG, electroencephalography, viral hepatitis profile and blood, urine culture and sensitivity while the data was collected on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16. The frequency and percentages was calculated while the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD. Results: In this study fifty consecutive patients of non traumatic coma were recruited and studied. The mean ±SD for age (years) and duration of illness (days) for whole population was 25.98±8.85 and 15.83 ± 4.63 with male gender predominance 32 (64%). The cerebro-vascular accidents was the commonest causes of non-traumatic coma 17 (34%), other etiological factor found were cerebral malaria 10 (20%), hepatic coma 4 (8%) and diabetic ketoacidosis 4(8%). Conclusion: The cerebro-vascular accidents were the commonest causes of non-traumatic coma, thus the adequate knowledge for common causes of NTC and proper work-up for the evaluation of NTC may improve the outcome. Key words: Non traumatic coma, COMA, Cerebrovascular accident, Malaria and Glasgow coma scale.

3011-3014

Authors: Yuvaraj, P. and John Peter Paul, J

The anti-ulcer potential of methanolic extract of Lobophora variegata (Lamour.) Womersley ex Oliviera (Phaeophyceae) collected from Hare Island, Thoothukudi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was studied in aspirin induced ulceration in Wistar albino rats. Anti-ulcer effect was evaluated by measuring ulcer index and percentage of ulcer healing. The methanolic extract of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of Lobophora variegata was found significant antiulcer activity as evidenced by the data obtained. Among the two concentrations studied, 200mg/kg methanolic extract showed more effective compared to 400mg/kg. The present experimental findings suggested that methanol extract of Lobophora variegata can be useful for treating peptic ulcers. Key words: Brown seaweeds, Lobophora variegata, anti-ulcer, methanolic

3024-3032

Authors: H.N Khan*, Kodli Puja, Sana Javeria, MD Zameeruddin, A. G Mangulkar, V.B Bharkad

The aim of this work was to develop validate a dissolution test for Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide in combination tablets using spectrophotometric method. The dissolution established conditions were 900 mL of 0.1M HCl pH 1.0 as dissolution medium, using a paddle apparatus at a stirring rate of 50 rpm. The drug release was evaluated by UV spectrophotometric method the areas of solution were recorded at 274-284 nm and266-276 nm for Methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively. It can be concluded that the method developed consists in an efficient alternative for assay of dissolution for tablets. The method was validated to meet requirements for a global regulatory filing which includes linearity, precision, accuracy robustness and ruggedness. In addition, filter suitability and drug stability in medium were demonstrated Keywords: In vitro release, Stability, Dissolution study of methyldopa and Hydrochlorothiazide, Spectrophotometry, Area under curve method, Validation.

3040-3043

Authors: A.V. Izosimova*, I.H. Vakhitov, T.L. Zefirov

The specific features of the excretion of catecholamines in parachutists at various stages of preparation for and after performing the jump have been studied. It was revealed that the beginners engaged in parachuting, i.e. parachutists inexperienced in jumps react with a significant release of epinephrine and cortisol before boarding during the jump. At the same time, the excretion of norepinephrine in these athletes under the same conditions does not change significantly in comparison with the initial data. Mass class parachutists, i.e. athletes having a certain experience in jumping during preparation for and in the process of the jump react with a significant release of epinephrine, cortisol and norepinephrine. At the same time, these athletes had significantly higher level of excreted norepinephrine than adrenaline and cortisol. Highly skilled parachutists (masters of sports and masters of sports of the international class) react with a significant release of only norepinephrine during the preparation for and performance of the jump. Consequently, the excretion of catecholamines in sportsmen regularly engaged in parachuting depends on the level of athletes' qualification. The higher the level of training of parachutists is, the less changes occur in the values of excretion of catecholamines. Keywords: parachutists, systematic training, level of training, excretion, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol

3050-3054

Authors: Alekcei Anatolevich Zverev*, Alevtina Vasilevna Krulova, Tatiana Andreevna Anikina, Marsel Muratchanovich Zaineev, Timur Lvovich Zefirov

Controlled physical activity of moderate power working capacity (50% of PWC170) causes a marked change in the cardiovascular system (stroke volume and minute blood volume, heart rate) in 11-16-year-old girls at different stages of puberty (stages 1-5). The reaction of urgent adaptation of girls’ cardiovascular system to physical activity during the pubertal period depends on the level of their sexual maturity. The pronounced chronotropic effect of cardiovascular system is revealed in girls at the 1 st and the 2 nd stages of puberty in response to a functional test, during the academic year. The inotropic effect is more pronounced in girls at the 3 rd -5 th stages. There are moderate changes in the studied parameters in response to a functional test and their relatively rapid recovery to the background level in girls at the 1 st and the 2 nd stages of puberty. A long period of wave-like recovery of the studied parameters to the baseline level, with the appearance of "negative phase" of the heart rate recovery, was revealed in girls at the 3 rd and the 4th stages of puberty, at the maximum reactions of stroke volume and minute blood volumes to physical activity. This is regarded as a sign of uneconomic response, unfavorable reaction of the cardiovascular system to the physical activity, the most pronounced at the end of the academic year. The reactions of urgent adaptation of the cardiovascular system to the controlled physical activity during the academic year are characterized by relative stability and economy in girls at the 5 th stage of puberty. There are moderate changes in the heart rate, stroke volume and minute blood volume, and rapid recovery of these parameters to the background level, that indicates good functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system. Keywords: cardiovascular system, stroke volume, minute blood volume, heart rate, puberty stages, pubertal period of ontogenesis, adaptive reactions to physical activity and study load, controlled physical activity

3060-3065

Authors: Andrey A. Tretyakov*, Vladimir V. Drogomeretskiy, Vladimir A. Voronkov, Igor U. Voronin, Galina L. Nesterenko

The article presents the results of the study of motion activity of students from different health groups and students of the Faculty of Physical Education, distinguished by prolonged motion regime during the school day. The survey was conducted among the students, who were included in the study, with the purpose of revealing the attitude of girls and boys towards their motion activity. Practical determination of the scope of motion activity with the help of pedometers was carried out at the next stage. This equipment allowed to define objectively the level of student’s motion activity. In addition, in girls and boys, who took part in pedometer investigation, the level of somatic health was measured, according to the rapid assessment method of G.L. Apanasenko. Assessment of the level of physical health allowed to know how motion activity affects the body of students. Obtained data indicates the need for students to develop a positive attitude toward motion activity and to increase its level. Keywords: students, motion activity, somatic health, educational process.

3075-3079

Authors: Felix A. Pyatakovich*, Lubov V. Khlivnenko, Tatyana I. Yakunchenko, Kristina F. Makkonen, Olga V. Mevsha

The article deals with a comparative analysis of the efficiency of an artificial neural network (ANN) trained with the help of algorithm back propagation, and of that trained by combining a back propagation algorithm and a variant of Cauchy stochastic training, in detecting the degree of activity of an autonomous nervous system. For the purposes realization of the project has been developed a biotechnical system, including technical device for input electrophysiological information in mode on-line. To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the classification, records of interpulse intervals in 139 healthy students of Belgorod State University have been analyzed. All of them were part of the same age and social group from 17 to 24 years old. In practice, the ANN training algorithm using the back error propagation method enabled a correct recognition of 96.0% of the samples. The analysis of the clinical effectiveness of combining the back error propagation algorithm with Cauchy stochastic training showed that 100% samples were detected correctly both: as in training statistical samples so and in examination sampling. Classification errors amounted to 0 %. Keywords: interpulse intervals; electrophysiological information input block; neurocomputing; neural network classification algorithm; method backward propagation algorithm; Cauchy stochastic training; combined methods of training.

3085-3089

Authors: Galina Alexandrovna Pavlova*, Alexander Vladimirovich Gerasimov

Among the issues of paramount importance, a special place is given to the problem of children's health preservation. A modern metropolis with a developed chemical and petrochemical industry has some chemicals in the air that often exceed the maximum permissible norm, and the impact of even a small concentration of harmful substances causes a change in the functioning of body organs and tissues. The danger lies in the fact that a cumulative effect is observed at a relatively low level of biochemically active substance content, leading to the imbalance of organism functioning. This trend of research is of practical importance and is of great scientific and practical interest, since it reflects the general state of morphofunctional indices of children at the age of 7-9 years living in different environmental conditions. Thus, they conducted a comprehensive study of the cardiorespiratory system functions, the anthropometric indicators of seven-year-old girls studying at the first grade of a comprehensive school living in different environmental conditions. The following methods were used in the study: physiological, biochemical, statistical and the method of directed selection of the studied contingent. Based on the results of the study, the comparative analysis was carried out concerning the results of children living in different environmental conditions. In the process of the performed study, they found out that environmental pollution is one of the causal factors reducing physical development and adaptability of individual systems (cardiovascular, external respiration system) among seven-year-old girls. Keywords: heart, anthropometry, cardiorespiratory system.

3095-3100

Authors: Garipova Albina Zufarovna*, Zotova Firuza Rakhmatullovna, Askhamov Ayrat Albertovich

Student youth represents the potential of the future of the country and the constructive basis of many social processes: politics, economy, science, sports. Therefore, preserving and augmenting students' health, forming a healthy lifestyle, and developing student sports are of significant importance for society in general. One of the components of a healthy lifestyle of young people is the optimal regimen of physical activity, the systematic use of physical activity throughout life. At present, the students’ interest in traditional sports shows a certain decrease in their popularity amid the high appeal of athletic gymnastics, bodybuilding, aerobics, and powerlifting. In order to determine the attitude of student youth to the introduction of powerlifting in the educational process of a higher educational institution, we conducted a questionnaire survey among students, which gave a positive result. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey of students aimed at studying their attitude to the introduction of powerlifting in the educational process of physical education at higher educational institutions. The preliminary results of the introduction of the pilot powerlifting program are described in the process of physical education of the students studying pedagogy. Keywords: powerlifting, sport, student, interest, health, development, physical culture complex

3107-3111

Authors: Ilia Vladimirovich Petrov*, Marina Olegovna Novikova, Gulshat Rashatovna Khasanova, Artur Amirovich Almukhametov, Firuza Salavatovna Petrova

This paper deals with the analysis of the incidence of the disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV infection), the dynamics of the incidence of this nosology have been traced, and the HIV-incidence of the population of the Republic of Mari El (RME) has been characterized in comparison with this indicator in the Russian Federation (RF). HIV is a socially significant disease, tends to increase in cases both in the RME and in the Russian Federation. This issue is a matter of concern and has been under consideration at the state level. In 2016, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the State Strategy for Counteracting the Spread of HIV Infection in Russia for the period to 2020 and further prospects. Implementation of this strategy requires a detailed approach, taking into account modern technologies, the capabilities of which should be used in an accurate and step-by-step manner. The study analyzed the epidemiological maps of the patients of the state budgetary institution of the Republic of Mari El “Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases” (SBI RME RCPC AIDS and ID), calculated the incidence and prevalence of the population of the Republic using statistical methods (calculations of relative and average values, building of dynamic series and estimation of statistically significant differences), used graphicalanalytical methods and a retrospective epidemiologic analysis. According to the results of the study for the period 2007-2016, an increase in the incidence of 2.2 times was revealed in the RME. The cumulative number of HIV-positive patients in the RME during the study period increased 3.3 times. The prevalence index in 2016 in the RME is 1.7 times lower than the Russian average. The results of the study will help to conduct a comprehensive epidemiological diagnosis of the situation of HIV incidence in the RME, including mathematical simulation of the prognosis of the HIV incidence and prevalence of the population, which will allow diversifying approach to creating a "single preventive space" on the territory of the republic. Keywords: HIV infection, preventive space, epidemiological analysis, incidence

3117-3121

Authors: THE INITIAL STAGE OF MUSCULAR TRAINING. Liliia E. Aliasheva1* , Ildar Kh. Vakhitov1, Aidar R. Madiarov1

As our research showed, women being systematically engaged in fitness for one year had lower indices of heart rate and higher indices of stroke blood volume at rest, compared with women just starting their muscle training. In women who start muscle training the performance of the standardized muscular exercise in the form of the Harvard step test during the first two minutes results in the stroke volume and heart rate reaching the maximum values, and during the third minute - in a decrease in these indices. During the recovery period after the completion of the muscular exercises, the stroke volume and heart rate in this group of women do not decrease to the initial values within five minutes. The women of the experimental group engaged in fitness for one year, when performing a standardized muscular exercise, show a significantly higher response of the systolic blood volume than in the women of control group, and the frequency of the heartbeats undergoes less changes. After completing the muscular exercise these women have a significant decrease observed in the cardiac pump function of the heart and reach the level of the initial values by the fifth minute. Keywords: fitness, women, cardiac pump function, stroke volume, heart rate, systematic training

3128-3133

Authors: Olga А. Volkova*, Oksana V. Besschetnova , Elena I. Mozgovaya , Valentin P. Babintsev, Mihail S. Zhirov

The article presents the results of a sociological research conducted in 2016 in the Belgorod, Saratov regions and the Trans-Baikal Territory and includes two stages. On the first stage there was the expert survey (n=25), where the informants were employees of the guardianship authorities; social services; education, health care and law institutions. The research could examine the most typical causes which reproduced social orphanhood such as poverty, unemployment, mass labor migration from rural areas to big cities; increasing number of families at risk; placement of children in out-of-home care, and as a consequence, the termination of parental rights (TPR). On the second stage there was a survey of parents whose parental rights were terminated (n=350) in the above regions in order to identify the main causes of TPR, as well as the parents’ attitude to TPR preceding and their life trajectories after it in the context of life course theory. The vast majority of parents lost custody on their children due to substance abuse (80.0 %); inappropriate parenting (12.0 %); child abuse and neglect (6.0 %); poor health and voluntary refusal. The results of the survey could help to divide all informants into four main groups referring to their life trajectories after TPR: (1) in the first group most of parents (87.1 %) did not have clearly articulated goals for the further life perspective and did not make any attempts to change their life style and return the custody of their children; (2) parents of the second group showed the intention to change the situation in the next marriage, parenting other children; (3) in the third group informants demonstrate the potential to return their children, making positive personality changes; (4) respondents of the fourth group, whose children were in kinship care had very low motivation to restoration of their parental rights. Keywords: life course; life trajectories; termination of parental rights (TPR); children left without parental care; sociological research.

3141-3147

Authors: Roman Evgenievich Petrov*, Iulia Konstantinovna Zhestkova, Viktoria Aleksandrovna Martynova, Sharifullina Svetlana Rafaelevna

Currently, badminton gains more and more popularity among the students of generally education schools. This paper contains the conclusions and recommendations resulted from the empirical studies, the research results have been summarized and presented in charts. Competitive actions of badminton players involve the performance of technical and tactical maneuvers during the platform game. As is known, competitions can be won due to the ability to focus attention and thinking on the current situation in the game, to increase the speed of reaction of a single movement using the enemy's weak points and applying a variety of counter shots. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn that will allow the badminton trainer to apply his/her experience in selecting schoolchildren for badminton training, including with the use of these tests. It will likely be possible that the badminton athletes can use the results obtained in analyzing tactics of upcoming games, and will optimize their sports activities in the future, especially in the competitive period. It is thought that the result of the study can be used in selecting children for badminton training at children's and youth sports schools (CYSS). Keywords: Schoolchildren, sports selection, competitions, badminton, speed of action, single movement, badminton game, reaction time.

3155-3161

Authors: Svetlana D. Chernyavskikh, Do Hyu Kuet, Lyudmila N. Trikula, Lyudmila K. Buslovskaya, Aleksey Y. Kovtunenko, Yuliya A. Makarova

The hematologic profile of the representatives of the bony fishes inhibiting the Belgorod region - common carp Cyprinus carpio is studied. By means a light microscopy method definition of the blood type cells for fishes on the basis of metachromasy of cytoplasm and core, as well as sizes, forms of cells and their cores after fixing and coloring of dabs by Romanovsky method is carried out. It is established that the hemacytrate profile of common carp Cyprinus carpio is presented by the erythrocytes prevailing by quantity, platelets and leukocytes. Nongranulocytes include monocytes and lymphocytes, granulocytes - eosinophils, basophiles, neutrophils, as well as other uniform blood cells which are at different development stages: progranulocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, stab cell and segment cell leukocytes. In a leukocyte formula of the Cyprinus carpio the most part is occupied by lymphocytes. Among polymorph cell leukocytes neutrophils prevail, quantity of eosinophiles and basophiles at the studied species of bony fishes is rather low. The revealed hematologic profile of the Cyprinus carpio can be used for assessment of their functional state, health and extent of adaptation to environment conditions. Keywords: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, common carp, hematologic profile.

3165-3169

Authors: Zhanna Yu. Chephranova, Oleg A. Zemlyansky*, Andrey A. Bashkirev. Elena V. Kalyuzhnaya, Lyudmila O. Zemlyanskaya

Purpose of the study: Analysis of the prevalence of etiologic structure and antibiotic resistance profile of pathogens associated with health care (HAI) in surgical and intensive care units of the Belgorod Regional Clinical Hospital of St. Joasaph in dynamics for 2014-2015. Materials and methods: The material provided by the results of clinical observation of purulent inflammatory infections (PII) and bacterial complications in patients over the last 2 years. We used conventional microbiological methods for isolating a pure culture of the pathogen and determine its sensitivity to the antibiotic disk diffusion method and by bacteriological analyzer Walk Away. Studies have blood cultures performed on the analyzer BACTEC Becton Dickinson. We used data qLIS laboratory information system containing information about pathogens HAI in dynamics for 2014-2015 years. Results: In the etiological structure of catheter-related infections were the dominant pathogens S. aureus (15.6%) S. epidermidis MRSA (9%). S. epidermidis (1.7%) and K. pneumoniae (11.3%). and Ent. aerogenes (3.5%). In the microbial landscape of respiratory infections and lung leading microflora were Str. species (31.6%), S. aureus (7%) and P. aeruginoza (6.5%). K. pneumoniae (6.3%) as well as fungi of the genus Candida (8.8%). The etiology of skin and soft tissue infections were problematic pathogens P. aeruginoza (11.7%) E. coli (6.6%) K. pneumoniae (3.9%) and Gr + bacteria S. aureus (20.7%) S. epidermidis (8.8%). Urinary tract infections were mainly caused by E. coli (28.5%). K. pneumoniae (9,1%), Ent. aerogenes (7,5%) and E. faecalis (7%). E. faecium (11%). The etiology intraabdominal infections were problematic pathogens P. aeruginoza (10.7%). E. coli (6.9%). K. pneumoniae (4.9%) and S. aureus (17%) S. epidermidis (8.6%) All cases of nosocomial infections caused by CNS .nt. aerogenes (33.3%) K. pneumoniae (16.7%) A. baumannii (16.7%) and S.epidermidis (16.7%). S. haemolyticus (16.7%). Selected strains of microorganisms characterized by multidrug-resistant to most used antimicrobials in the hospital. Conclusion: The problem of the development of rational treatment algorithms for each hospital remains quite relevant. Without predicting microbiological monitoring, the effectiveness of treatment HAI, it is quite difficult. The study of patterns of spread of pathogens epidemiologically important species allows to predict the intensity and nature of patient infection. Status HAI resistance of pathogens to antibiotics is an important parameter for the rational empirical and then the causal treatment and prevention foundation PII in critically ill patients. Keywords: Nosocomial infections, infectious agents associated with medical care, antibiotic resistance.

3176-3184

Authors: Sri.Srikanth1 *, Dr. Somashekar Shyale1

Hypertension is a major disease caused by mental stress and work tension. To duplicate the benefits of intravenous drug infusion without its potential hazards, the novel drug delivery system has brought renaissance into the pharmaceutical industry for controlled drug delivery.Transdermal drug delivery systems are also known as patches, containing dispersed or dissolved drug with plasticizers, polymers etc., are intended to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across the skin. In this investigation it was planned to formulate transdermal formulations containing Valsartan (hydrophobic) using two natural gums viz.., Xanthan gum and Almond gum as a reservoir gels planned to characterize the candidate drugs for physico-chemical properties. Membrane-moderated TTS was prepared with rate controlling Eudragit RL 100 polymer, with reservoir gels, and provided with a backing laminate. The films was characterized by WVT studies and SEM photomicrographs. Further, in vitro permeation of the candidate drug was conducted in keshary-chien diffusion cells across depilated abdominal skin of male Swiss albino rat. The data was corrected with Hayton-chien equation, to remove any sample induced bias. Also the data was subjected to regression analysis and ANOVA. A value of p<0.05 shall be considered statistically significant. Various permeation parameters like, flux, diffusivity, and permeability coefficient was determined. Stability of the TTS of Valsartan also studied at 40 ºC / 75 %RH Keywords: Valsartan, Xanthan gum, Almond gum, Eudragit RL 100, Transdermal Systems

3193-3201

Authors: Perumalla Ashok Kumar1* , Dr.Deenanath Jhade2

Orally fast dissolving films (OFDFs) have been introduced in the market recently as they provide convenience and ease of use over other dosage forms such as orally disintegrating tablets. This technology evolved over the past few years from the confection and oral care markets in the form of breath strips and became a novel and widely accepted form by consumers, so OFDFs are gaining the interest of large number of pharmaceutical industries. Orally fast dissolving film is the type of drug delivery system which when placed in the oral cavity, disintegrate or dissolve within few seconds without the intake of water. OFDFs are very similar to postage stamp in their shape, size and thickness. These films have a potential to deliver the drug systemically through intragastric, sublingual or buccal route of administration and also has been used for local action. This type of technology offer a convenient way of dosing medication, not to special population groups like pediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients, mentally ill patients, but also to the general population. The present review provides an account of various formulation considerations, method of preparation and quality control of the OFDFs. Keywords: Fast dissolving films, Fast disintegration, Oral strips, Tensile strength.

3210-3218

Authors: P.Umadevi 1* , I.Nagaraju 2 and K. Ravi kumar 3

In present study transdermal drug delivery of Rivastigmine was developed to overcome the first pass metabolism and to reduce frequency of dosing compared to oral route. Matrix type of transdermal patches was developed by using polymers HPMCk4M and HPMCk15M.Transdermal patches were prepared by employing solvent casting method. Propylene glycol and Tween80 were selected as permeation enhancer and plasticizer. Formulations were prepared with the varying concentrations polymers ranging from F1-F12.Moisture content and Swelling study and all the results were found to be were found to be with in the pharmacopeial limits, invitro drug release studies by using dialysis membrane. Among all the 12 formulations F6 formulation which contain HPMC K4M 300mg and Eudragit L-100 60mg had shown 94% cumulative drug release with in 12 hours. And compared to HPMC K15M, HPMC K4M showed better drug release profile. For F6 formulation release kinetics were plotted and the Regression coefficient value was found to be high for Korsmeyer-peppas release model i.e., 0.9892. Key words: Rivastigmine, transdermal patches, HPMCk4M and HPMCk15M

3230-3242

Authors: K. Ramanji Reddy*1 , Dr.Chandaka Madhu2 , Dr. Mohammed Omar3 , Sachin Vanji Ahirrao3 , P.Jhansi Lakshmi4

In the present work, mouth dissolving tablets of fexofenadine HCl were designed with a view to enhance patient compliance by direct compression method. The present work studied the effect of superdisintegrants on release rate of fexofenadine HCl in the form of fast disintegrating tablet. For the present study range of superdisintegrants in their different concentrations, were used. The superdisintegrants used were Magnesium stearate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Cross Povidone, Sodium Starch Glycolate,and Cross Carmellose Sodium. The blends were prepared by direct compression technique. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, drug content, weight variation and in-vitro drug release studies in pH 6.8. Keywords: Fexofenadine hydrochloride, Mouth Dissolving Tablets, Magnesium Stearate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Cross Povidone, Sodium Starch Glycolate,and Cross Carmellose Sodium

3248-3253

Authors: Madhukar. A 1 *, Y. Ganesh Kumar2 , K. Usha 3 , M. Srilatha

This paper describes the analytical method suitable for validation of Felodipine by reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. The method utilized RP-HPLC (Water 2695 with PDA detector) model and a column ODS C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5m). The mobile phases were comprised with Acetonitrile and Water (80:20 V/V) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. UV detection at 305 nm MTS were eluted with retention times of 3.155min. The method was continued and validated accordance with ICH guidelines. Validation revealed the method is rapid, specific, accurate, precise, reliable, and reproducible. Calibration curve plots were linear over the concentration ranges 15-75 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9998). Limit of detection (LOD) was 0.19µg/ml and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.6µg/mL. The method showed good recoveries (98.9 - 100.4%). Statistical analysis was proves the method is suitable for the analysis of Felodipine as a bulk, in tablet dosage form without any interference from the excipients. It was also proved study for degradation kinetics. It may be extended for its estimation in plasma and other biological fluids. Keywords: Felodipine, RP-HPLC, Method Development and Validation

3264-3267

Authors: Gouri Kumar Dash*, Nur Anis Amira Mohd Anas and Shahnaz Majeed

The use of lipsticks has gained considerable importance in recent years and several cosmetic industries have geared up their marketing with different shades of colors to meet the demands of women. Many lipsticks often contain synthetic chemicals that are known to cause serious side effects upon prolonged use. In the present study, we have made an attempt to formulate lipsticks that contained only natural ingredients using extracts of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, juice of the roots of Beta vulgaris and mica powder as colourants. Four different formulations (AA-1, AA-2, AA-3 and AA-4) were prepared and evaluated. Among the prepared lipsticks, formulations AA-1 and AA-4 revealed ideal characteristics of lipsticks with properties like shining, spreading and smoothness of lips after application. Further studies through a detailed clinical trial may be suggested to ensure safety of these formulations. Key words: Lipsticks, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Beta vulgaris, Mica powder, Formulation, Evaluation

3278-3282

Authors: Dr. Rafi Ahmed Ghori *, Khuda Bux Mangrio , Dr. Salma Kadir , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon , Dr. Umair Ahmed Ghori , Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the frequency of peripheral vascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: The present study was undertaken at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. Total fifty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied which were admitted to medical wards and all these cases fulfilled our inclusion. while the data was collected on pre-designed proforma and analyzed in SPSS 16. The inclusion criteria of the study were diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of ≥35 years of age, either gender and ≥ 3 years duration of diabetes mellitus. The ankle brachial index (ABI) were measured for clinical evaluation of peripheral vascular disease and calculated by using non invasive colour Doppler study to measure ankle & brachial systolic blood pressure and ABI less than 0.9 was taken as a marker of peripheral vascular disease in present study. The frequency and percentages was calculated while the numerical statistics were used to compute mean ±SD. Results: Total fifty patients with type diabetes mellitus were recruited and enrolled during six months study period, majority of the patients were males 32 (64%) and from rural population 35 (75%). The mean ±SD for age and duration of disease for whole population was 54.83+7.82 and 7.93±3.52. The peripheral vascular disease was identified in 36 (72%) patients as had low ABI while the other risk factors observed were hypertension (69.4%), dyslipidemia (61.1%), smoking (66.6%), previous history of CVA (75%), history of ischemic heart disease (69.9%) and sedentary life style (55.5%) respectively. Conclusion: the ABI is reliable, cheap and non invasive procedure to detect PVD in Type–2 DM and can be used as initial screening test for early detection of peripheral vascular diseases. Keywords:

3288-3291

Authors: Dr. Ishrat Bibi *, Prof. Dr Mohammad Akbar Kazi , Dr. Aisha Khalid, Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon , Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur , Dr. Syed Nadeem Shah, Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To determine the frequency of psychiatric diagnosis in patients involved in crime. Patients and Methods: All cases in CSJIP inpatient and outpatients referred from civil surgeon for psychiatric assessment, above 18 to 60 years and who are consenting to interview. All the patients involved in crime brought by law enforcing agencies of Pakistan through a valid legal documentation with history of offender crimes. The data was collected on semi structured proforma designed with the help of demographic variables and psychiatric diagnosis. Results: Age group 20-30 year was most common 75(38.3%). Out of 196 cases married patients were in the majority 130(66.3%). According to the psychotic diagnosis, Psychotic disorder, Bipolar disorder, Personality disorder, Substance related disorder and Development disorder were found with percentage of 35.71%, 22.95%, 20.40%, 12.75% and 08.16% respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that psychiatric diagnosis diagnosis are the most important criminal acts in the patients involved in crime and the present study detect the psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder and personality disorders with majority were between 21-30 years age group. Key Words: Psychiatric disorders, crime and Bipolar disorders

3300-3302

Authors: Fateme parooei, Sara Zamanpour and Morteza Salarzaei

Introduction:. According to published statistics by the World Health Organization in 2011, cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases throughout the world. The American Cancer Society announced in its latest report that out of every eight women, one is diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer were selected. Results: Chemotherapy alongside radiotherapy and surgery is one of the oldest and most commonly used methods for treating breast cancer. Chemotherapy is employing anti-neoclast agents attempting to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions and their reproduction. Discussion and conclusion: Since nausea is a mental symptom, the patient himself is the best person who could provide the health team with precious and precise information about the presence and severity of the symptoms. Key words: Nausea, Chemotherapy, Breast Cancer

3306-3308

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Mahmood Anbari 2, Morteza Salarzaei 1*

Introduction: According to published statistics by the World Health Organization in 2011, cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases throughout the world. The American Cancer Society announced in its latest report that out of every eight women, one is diagnosed with breast cancer. The rate of cancer in developed countries is increasing from 1 to 0.2% and in developing countries about 0.5% annually. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the Prognostic factors of breast cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Prognostic factors of breast cancer were selected. Results:. the identification of factors affecting the metastasis and death of the patient can help make a better decision for selecting the treatment method and arranging an appropriate planning for the prevention of highrisk patients and reduction of recurrence costs. Discussion and conclusion: early diagnosis and adopting proper treatment methods by the doctors have a significant role in preventing the undesirable effects of this disease on the individuals’ lives, improving life quality, and increasing the patients’ longevity. Key words: Prognostic factors, breast cancer

3312-3314

Authors: Fateme parooei , Mahmood Anbari *, Morteza Salarzaei1

Introduction: According to published statistics by the World Health Organization in 2011, cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases throughout the world. The American Cancer Society announced in its latest report that out of every eight women, one is diagnosed with breast cancer. The rate of cancer in developed countries is increasing from 1 to 0.2% and in developing countries about 0.5% annually. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify The Role of Progesterone in the Prognosis of Breast Cancer. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study The Role of Progesterone in the Prognosis of Breast Cancer were selected. Results:. Progesterone and its receptors connect to the nucleus of the cells of the target tissue to cause a series of changes in the expression of responding to the relevant hormone. The free hormone in the serum goes through the membrane without receiving help from any special protein to connect to its special receptors in the nucleus. Discussion and conclusion: Investigating these receptors are of more importance especially in patients with breast cancer who have developed the disease at ages prior to menopause and also in high risk groups, because knowing the status of these receptors in these groups of patients increases two to three times the chances of choosing hormone treatments in patients that have the highest level of responding to hormone manipulation. Key words: Progesterone, Prognosis, Breast Cancer

3326-3332

Authors: Gopika B, Keerthana Kripa R R, Renuka R*, Dr. Elessy Abraham

Tuberculosis is emerging globally with an estimated prevalence of 8.7 million cases annually and 1.4 million deaths. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Since it is highly drug recessive, treatment is at the peak of threat and development of drugs against multi-drug resistant TB is still in progress. Management of tuberculosis seems more challenging when the patient develops drug resistant TB and with coexisting HIV. Despite the rise in incidence of MDR-TB worldwide over the past few decades, no TB specific drug has been discovered in last 40 years. Emergence of some new anti-tubercular drugs is a scope as they promise high efficiency and shortens the duration of treatment. Delamanid is one of such promising drug. High potency, least chance of drug-drug interactions, better toxicity profile, and post antibiotic effect against intracellular bacilli are the advantages with Delamanid which will be helpful in reducing the treatment duration and risk of toxicity in MDR-TB. Delamanid appeared to be a safe drug with less side effects. EMA has issued a conditional marketing authorization for Delamanid. It should be used as a part of an appropriate combination regimen for pulmonary MDR-TB in adult patients in whom the current approved regimen cannot be used because of resistance or intolerability. The emergence of this new drug can improve treatment status of TB and thus a hope for the better control of the disease. Key Words: Mycobacterium, Anti-Tubercular drugs, Delamanid, MDR- TB

3342-3346

Authors: Maheshwaram Laxmi*1and S.Vijayalaxmi2

Natural remedies are more acceptable in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than the synthetic ones. Herbal formulations have growing demand in the world market. Herbal face packs or masks are used to stimulate blood circulation, rejuvenates them muscles and help to maintain the elasticity of the skin and remove dirt from skin pores. It is a very good attempt to establish the herbal face pack containing different powders of plants. Thus in the present work, we found good properties for the face packs and further optimization studies are required on this study to find the useful benefits of face packs on human. Key words: Face packs, Natural remedies, Herbal formulations etc.

3357-3370

Authors: Thiruchendil Muthu K1 , Iyyam Pillai S1 , Subramanian S2 and P. Venkatesh

The macrocyclic complexes of pharmaceutical importance with transition metals have been synthesized by condensation of condensation of the 1,2-Di(2-thienyl)-1,2-ethanedione (Thenil), ethane-1,2-diamine and curcumin. The structure of the synthesized ligand and complexes was characterized by, elemental analyses, Mass, IR, UV–Vis., measurements. The binding properties of these complexes towards DNA have been investigated using electronic absorption, competitive fluorescence titration, viscosity measurements and circular dichroic analyses. The results obtained indicated that the complexes get bonded with DNA via an intercalation binding mode with an intrinsic binding constant, Kb 6.76 x 104 M-1 , 5.13 x 104 M-1 and 4.18 x 104 M-1 respectively and Kapp of 5.33 x 105 M-1 , 4.04 x 105 M-1 and 3.29 x 105 M-1 . Keywords: Thenil, DNA binding, Curcumin, Intercalation, hydrazine hydrate.

2223-2227

Authors: Asra Jabeen* 1 , Dr. S. Rani2 , Dr. Mohammed Ibrahim3 , Abdul Saleem Mohammad

Lepidium sativum plant and seeds are considered one of the popular medicinal herbs used in the community of Saudi Arabia, Sudan and some other Arabic countries as a good mediator for bone fracture healing in the human skeleton. A number of recent studies pointed out the traditional uses of Lepidium sativum seeds extract in controlling many clinical problems. They were used as anti-asthmatic antiscorbutic, aperient, diuretic, galactogogue, poultice and stimulant. The traditional plants may represent new sources of drugs with stable, biologically active components that can establish a scientific base for the use of plants in modern medicine. These local ethnomedical preparations and prescriptions of plant sources should be scientifically evaluated and then disseminated properly. Key Words: Seeds, garden cress, hydroponic, phytochemicals, nutritional

2234-2248

Authors: Md Akram*1 , Abdul Sayeed1 , Mohd Waseem Akram2 , MD Ather Ali Soherwardi

Abstract: The synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds has always drawn the attention of medicinal chemist over the years mainly because they possess diverse biological properties. The literature survey on 1,2,4-triazoles revealed that they are endowed with wide variety of biological activities .During the present investigation a series of new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives N-(3-(2-(3- hydrazinyl-3-oxoalkanoyl)hydrazinyl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)isonicotinamide(6a- 6e)were synthesized by reacting withN-(5-mercapto-3-(phenoxymethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4- yl)isonicotinamide (5) and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid hydrazides (a-e). The structures of the newly All the compounds synthesised 6a to 6e were evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus Niger was carried out and MIC values were determined synthesized compounds were estblished by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and MASS spectral analysis. The compound 6a (n=0) was found to be the most potent antifungal agent. Keywords: 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, antifungal, Candida albicans, Aspergillus Niger

2255-2263

Authors: Sara Rahimi1 , Dr.Mehrdad Shariati

Cyclophosphamide is an antineoplastic drug that has many useful effects in cancer treatment, but it has toxic effects due to induced free radicals. In this study the effects of L-carnitine as an antioxidant drug on testis tissue and its sexual hormones was investigated. 48 adult male wistar rats were selected randomly and divided to 6 groups including :control, sham (received normal saline) , cyclophosphamide received group ( 5 mg/kg), and experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 (receiving 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg doses of L-carnitine, respectively). L-carnitine and normal salin were administered as gavage. After dissection, the rats' testes were removed and put in 10% formalin for fixation and slides preparation processes were carried out. Also their serum samples were separated in order to measure the LH,FSH and testosterone with eliza. The results revealed a significant decrease in number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatids, sertoli, leydig cells, LH, FSH and testosterone hormones in rats that received cyclophosphamide in compared to control and sham groups(P≤0.05). So the results revealed an increase in the number of sexual cells, and sexual hormones in the under treatment with L-carnitine high dosage groupes compared to cyclophosphamide group (P≤0.05). The concurrent use of cyclophosphamide and L-carnitine can decrease the cyclophosphamide toxic effects on testes tissue and its sexual hormones. Key words: L-carnitine, cyclophosphamide, Testis, Rat.

2274-2279

Authors: N.Tirumalesh1 , K. P. R. Chowdary

Telmisartan, a widely prescribed antihypertensive drug belongs to class II under BCS and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. As such it needs enhancement in the dissolution rate and bioavailability to derive its maximum therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study is to prepare and evaluate solid dispersions of Telmisartan in Starch 1500 and Soluplus alone and in combination for enhancing the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan. The individual and combined effects of the two carriers, Starch 1500 and Soluplus in enhancing the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan were evaluated in a 22 factorial study. Solid dispersions of Telmisartan in Starch 1500 alone were prepared using four ratios of drug: carrier namely 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 by solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions of Telmisartan in Soluplus alone were prepared at three concentrations namely 0.5, 1.0 and 2% by common solvent method. Solid dispersions of Telmisartan in combined carriers namely Starch 1500 and Soluplus were prepared as per 22 factorial design. All the solid dispersions prepared were evaluated for drug content uniformity, dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency in comparison to Telmisartan pure drug. The dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan could be significantly enhanced by solid dispersion in Starch 1500 and Soluplus alone and in combination. The individual and combined effects of Starch 1500 and Soluplus in enhancing the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan are highly significant (P < 0.01). Soluplus gave significant enhancement in the dissolution rate of Telmisartan at very low concentrations where as a large proportion of Starch 1500 is required for a similar enhancement in the dissolution rate of Telmisartan. Combination of Starch 1500 and Soluplus resulted in a much higher enhancement in the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan than is possible with them individually. Combination of Starch 1500 and Soluplus is recommended for enhancing the dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of Telmisartan. Key words: Telmisartan, Solid dispersion, Dissolution Rate, Starch 1500, Soluplus, Factorial study

2284-2290

Authors: Vustelamuri Padmavathi and Thatavarthi Padmini*

Most of the developing countries like India depend on the groundwater as source of drinking water that may be contaminated by natural sources or by industrial effluents. One such contaminant is fluoride that possesses adverse effects on human health. When people consume water having fluoride (F– ) concentration >1–1.5 mg/L for a long period of time, various ailments that are collectively referred to as fluorosis occur. Various defluoridation technologies are being used to remove fluoride from water but still the problem has not been rooted out. This paper describes the review on the utilization of agricultural wastes, plant biomass and readily available biodegradable materials for adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution under different experimental conditions and their practical defluoridation efficiency. Key Words: Defluoridation, coconut shelt carbon, corn cob, cashewnut shelt carbon, tamarind seed pulp, drumstick seeds.

2295-2303

Authors: Md. Rageeb Md. Usman*, Neelesh Choubey1

The objective of present studies deals with the Pharmacognostic and antioxidant studies of stems of Pyrostegia venusta Pres. Some distinct and different characters were observed with section of young thin stems. Physiochemical parameter ash value and LOD of powder of stem was 1.85% w/w and 6.53 % w/w respectively. The phytochemical investigation of extracts of stem of Pyrostegia venusta shows the presence of sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids and tannins. Total phenolic content of total methanolic extract was determined by using folin Ciocalteu method. The total phenolic content in methanolic extract was found to be 5.55 % w/w equivalent to Tannic acid. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate soluble, ethyl acetate insoluble and methanol exract was found to be scavenger of DPPH radical. The present study on Pharmacognostical investigation of Pyrostegia venusta Pers. stems might be useful to supplement information in regard to its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario lacking regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs. Key Words: Pyrostegia venusta Pers., Stems, Pharmacognostical, Physiochemical, Antioxidant, DPPH.

2308-2320

Authors: P.Eswaramma*, M.Vijaya kumari, G.Sruthi, V.Yamini Saraswathi, A. Naveen Kumar , G. Rajasekhar, M. Raja Rathnam.

The objective of the present study was to formulate and develop extended release drug delivery system of antihypertensive drug Metoprolol succinate . The major indications of Metoprolol succinate is treatment and management of hypertension, angina, acute myocardial infarction, supraventricular tachycardia, congestive heart faiure, and migrane. Hypertension (HTN)is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. High blood pressure is said to be present if it is persistently at or above 140/90 mmHg pressure . The dosage for adults is 2-3 times a day, to reduce the dosing interval to one time a day Metaprolol succinate developed as extended release capsules. Which reduces the dosing interval. Preliminary studies with different polymers such as Surelase, Ethyl cellulose N22, Kollicoat SR 30D were performed. The results of in-vitro release data showed that Kollicoat SR 30D can Extend the drug release upto 24hr. The drug content was within the range, 98.23±0.25 to 102.03±2.45%. The in-vitro metoprolol succinate release from the capsules was found Extended over 24 hours with korsmeyer-peppas kinetics of drug release and release pattern followed Super case- II transport. The Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses indicated that there was absence of any chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients. Thus the objective of extended release drug delivery system of antiHypertensive drug Metoprolol succinate with extended release profile was achieved. Key Words: Metoprolol succinate, kollicoat SR, surelase, ethyl cellulose N22,extended release.

2334-2343

Authors: A. Shylaja Rani1 and D.V. R. N. Bhikshapathi

The current investigation objective was to fabricate Esomeprazole loaded microspheres for the treatment of gastritis. The microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique using sodium as alginate polymer and calcium chloride as cross-linking agent. The effect of polymer and cross-linking agent on particle size, shape, % yield, entrapment efficiency, and drug release were studied. The prepared microspheres morphology and physicochemical properties of were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among the total 14 formulations, S12 formulation was optimized at 1.8% of sodium alginate, 10% of calcium chloride maintained 100rpm for 10min at room temperature. The optimized formulation (S12) In vitro drug release studies were conducted up to 12h in 0.1N HCl showing 95.3% drug release which followed the zero order and Higuchi model (R2 = 0.994, 0.944) respectively, indicating the possible drug release mechanism to be by diffusion. The optimized S12 formulation subjected to stability studies for 6months as per ICH guidelines. Concluded that before and after stability studies no appreciable difference was observed hence the S12 formulation found stable. The data obtained thus suggest that a microparticulate system can be successfully designed for sustained delivery of Esomeprazole and to improve its bioavailability. Keywords: Microspheres, Esomeprazole, release order kinetics, sodium alginate.

2350-2361

Authors: S.R.Sivakumar*, V.Sridhar1 and K.Abdul2

In present study silver nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous leaf extract of Hygrophila auriculata plant leaf extracts will be collected were used and compared for their extracellular of metallic silver nanoparticles. Stable silver nanoparticles formed to be treated aqueous by solution of AgNO3 with the plant leaf extracts as reducing agent Ag-to Ag+ . UV spectroscopy is used to monitor the quantitative formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles is characterized with FT-IR, XRD, SEM and EDX Characterization by the ab ove said instrument analysis confirmed the presence, size and stability of the silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with particle size range from 5 to 40 nm. After characterization, the silver nanoparticles were tested at various concentrations to check their bactericidal activity against clinical isolates of five bacterial pathogens. The silver nanoparticles exhibited good bactericidal activity at all concentration against all the tested organisms. Maximum zone of inhibition was of observed against Vibrio cholera (18mm at 400 g) and minimum level of antibacterial activity was observed against Proteus mirabilis (8mm at 100 g). This result suggested the potential use of silver nanoparticles against other clinical pathogens.

2368-2373

Authors: Abdolkarim Shadmehr1 , Ebrahim Hajizadeh2* , Anoshirvan Kazemnejad2 , Ahmadreza Baqestani3 , Moein Yoosefi

Human skeletons are among the most important data in archaeological records; it is important to study these data in order to extract biological and cultural information. One of the most widely used statistical methods for analyzing such data is the survival analysis. In this paper, we try to compare the two models of survival analysis for estimating age at death in presence of covariates in an ancient site. This is a retrospective cohort study based on the findings from twelve seasons of excavation at the site of Shahr-i-Sokhta in southeastern Iran, from 1997 to 2008. Out of the 758 discovered skeletons, 349 were complete and measurable, which were selected based on an estimated age of over 12 years at the time of their death. For the analytical purposes we used a Two-parameter Weibull regression model as well as a generalized Weibull regression model, both with Bayesian approaches for estimating their relevant parameters. Out of 349 study subjects 206 (59%) were female. The fitting results of both models showed a significant relationship that could be between age at death and the number of buried objects along with skeletons. In other words, for individuals who were associated with more than five objects, the risk of death might have been lower. The other exploratory variables including sex, the presence of sacrifices, and the existence of prestigious goods did not show any significant relationship. The fitting results of these two models on the basis of the data showed that the estimates of the generalized Bayesian model had smaller standard deviations than the corresponding ones from two-parameter Weibul model. The model's adequacy index “Deviance Information Criterion” (DIC) in the generalized Bayesian Weibull model was also smaller than that of the other model. As a result, in this case study, the generalized Bayesian Weibull model was found as more efficient. Key-Words: Excavated Skeleton, Shahr-i-Sokhta, Weibull Model, Bayesian Approach.

2377-2379

Authors: Fateme parooei 1 , Zohreh Mahmoodi 2 , Morteza Salarzaei 1 , Mahmood Anbari * 3 ,Alireza Abrishami 4 , Ali Alidadi 5 ,Dadkhoda soofi

Introduction:Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent and most important diseases. The incidence of cataracts in diabetic patients is 2-5 times more likely than non-diabetics; it, also, occur in much a lower age. Epidemiologic studies show that cataract is the most common cause of visual impairment in adults suffering from diabetes. Methodology:In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Cataracts and diabetes mellitus. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Cataracts and diabetes mellitus were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigat Cataracts and diabetes mellitus and it's complications. Findings:Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disorder that has, also, multiple non-ocular symptoms. Diabetes affects morphological, metabolic, physiological, and clinical aspects of the eye. Changes in the cornea associated with diabetes, called "diabetic keratopathy", is present in over 70% of patients. Conclusion:Taking appropriate measurements against cataracts in diabetic patients requires special attention to the systematic condition of other parts of the eye. For now, many previously untreated patients would benefit from acceptable results. It is, unlike the past, recommended to perform surgery earlier than usual to provide proper treatment of retina complications. Key words:Cataracts , diabetes mellitus ,review article

2383-2385

Authors: Fateme Parooei 1 ,Zohreh Mahmoodi 2 ,Raziyeh Behzadmehr 3 ,Mahmood Anbari 4 ,Morteza salarzaei 1* ,Dadkhoda soofi

Introduction: The most common metabolic bone disease in the world is osteoporosis, the most prominent feature of which is the reduction of minerals and bone marrow matrix. This disease is one of the major health problems in the world. Methodology: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Osteoporosis and exercise in women resuscitation. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Osteoporosis and exercise in women were selected. Findings: A combination of weight bearing and strengthening activities can increase bone density; however, these exercises must be both intense and permanent and, then, they will be extremely useful in preventing osteoporosis in both young people and the elderly. It must be noted that these exercises are impractical for most women at menopausal age who have degrees of osteoporosis. These patients are more likely to tolerate a gradual, progressive exercise program, including aerobic exercises and light exercises. Conclusion and discussion: Pressure on the bone can change its curvature, increase the tone of the bone surface, and ultimately stimulate the activity of the osteoblasts. Maintain a normal amount of physical activity is enough for preserving bone density prior to menopausal period; however, the threshold of the minimum effect on the bone increases after menopause and, under such conditions, even if a person has the same physical activity as before, a false message is sent to the bones about physical inactivity. Thus, increasing the intensity of exercise is an important factor in order to achieve the goal of maintaining bone mass density in postmenopausal women. Key words: Osteoporosis, exercise, women

2393-2398

Authors: Lakshmanarao P 1 , Chowdary K.P.R.2* , Prasad S.V.U.M.3

Telmisartan, a widely prescribed anti hypertensive drug belongs to class II under BCS classification and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. Because of poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate it poses challenging problems in its tablet formulation development. It needs enhancement in the dissolution rate in its formulation development. The objective of the present study is to enhance the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets by two techniques namely i) Complexation by β CD alone and in combination with Tween 80 and ii) Solid dispersion in Primojel alone and in combination with Tween 80. The individual and combined effects of β CD, Primojel and Tween 80 in each case were evaluated in 2 2 factorial experiments. A comparative evaluation of the two techniques was also made. Telmisartan (40 mg) tablets were formulated in each case i.e.CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques as per 22 factorial design. The two factors in CD complexation are β CD and Tween 80 and the two factors in solid dispersion technique are Primojel and Tween 80. The two levels of Factor A (β CD or Primojel) are 0 and 1:3 ratio of drug: carrier and the two levels of the Factor B (Tween 80) are 0 and 4% of drug and carrier content. Four telmisrtan tablets (40 mg) were formulated in each technique using selected combinations of the levels of the two factors. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and the prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time, drug content and dissolution rate and efficiency. The dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of telmisartan tablets were markedly enhanced by CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques. In both the techniques the individual and combined effects of the factors involved i.e. β CD and Tween 80 in CD complexation and Primojel and Tween 80 in the case of solid dispersion technique, are highly significant (P < 0.01). Solid dispersion technique gave higher enhancement in the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets than CD complexation technique. In both the techniques combined carriers gave higher enhancement in the dissolution rate than the carriers individually. Formulations CDab and SDab gave respectively 7.14 and 9.10 fold increase in the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets. The dissolution efficiency of the telmisartan tablets was also significantly enhanced by CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques. Key words: Telm

2409-2416

Authors: Dolly Gupta* 1 , Yamini Shah2 and Dushyant Shah1

Now a day oral route is the easiest and most prominent route for drug delivery. More than 40% of new chemical entities exhibit poor aqueous solubility result in unsatisfactory oral drug delivery. Cefpodoxime Proxetil is a Class IV drug, possess lower solubility and lower bioavailability. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate a Micro emulsion to overcome these issues. Capmul MCM was selected as an oily phase, tween 80 as a surfactant and PEG 400 as a co-surfactant. The batches of emulsion were formulated by spontaneous emulsification method. Different concentrations of Surfactant and Co. Surfactant were used to formulate micro emulsion. Evaluation parameters such as Globule size, pH, Viscosity, Clarity, Dilution test, Centrifugation and Freeze Thaw method were tested. %CDR, Drug content and Anti-microbial assay were also calculated. Keywords: Micro Emulsion, Cefpodoxime Proxetil, Globule size, Freeze Thaw, Anti-microbial

2425-2429

Authors: P. Pravalika Reddy* and Dr.G.Tulja Rani

In the present work a simple, accurate and precise UV Spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of Apixaban1-2 in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The optimum conditions for the analysis of drug are established and Apixaban is found to exhibit maximum absorption at 282 nm with DMSO as a solvent. The present method is validated as per guidelines of the International Conference on Hormonization (ICH) guidelines3-5 including parameters like linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Drug obeyed Beer's law in concentration range of 5-20 µg/ml and the regression equation is found to be Y=5.741X-0.071 with correlation coefficient 0.999. From the results it is observed that good correlation exist between drug concentration and absorbance. The percent recovery of Apixaban is found to be 98.5-99.5. The precision is evaluated and relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 2%, LOD & LOQ are 0.295 & 0.895 respectively. The method is applied to marketed formulation (Eliquis) and Apixaban content is found to be 99.35 with respect to labeled claim. The results suggest that this method can be employed for routine analysis of Apixaban in bulk and commercial pharmaceutical formulations. Key words: Apixaban, DMSO, Spectrophotometric method and Validation

2438-2443

Authors: Munir Ahmed*, Muhammad Younis, Shafi Muhammad, Tanzeel Ahmed Mohammad Siddique, Ghulam Sarwer, Mohammad Arslan

Objectives:The objective of the research was to evaluate lung feature amongst students who smoke and nonsmokers. Material and Method:The exploration was led in the University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. The self-planned examination form and Spirometer were utilized. The total 100 male student’s age amass between 20-45 years who smoking one year or more were chosen. The students were isolated into two gatherings as takes after; (1). Test/Case Group; which comprise of 50 students. (2). Control group; this gathering additionally comprise of 50 students. The meeting was led and Spirometry test was performed for both gatherings' students of University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. The spirometer considerations; FVC, FEV1, PEFR, FEV1/FVC proportion and FEF25-75% were originated and investigated. The frequency, percent, mean and standard deviation were perceived for smokers and the non-smokers by methods for SPSS 22. Result:The anticipated mean±standard deviation estimation of FVC for smokers was 62.54±17.048 and estimation of FVC for non-smokers was 66.56±12.654. The estimation of FEV1 for smokers was 46.00±13.595 and FEV1 for non-smokers was 74.60±12.638. The estimation of FEV1/FVC proportion for smokers was 74.20±11.433 and FEV1 for non-smokers was 113.58±12.634. The estimation of PEF for smokers was 61.42±19.037 and the estimation of PEF for non-smokers was 87.10±13.368. The estimation of FEF2575 for smokers was 81.16±28.287 and the estimation of FEF2575 for non-smokers was 104.44±23.213. Conclusion:Smoking deleteriously affects the wellbeing, essentially on aspiratory capacities. Consequently, the danger of respirational mortality or dismalness is extraordinary by way of smoking. The investigation inferred that the smoker's students were on more danger of lung illnesses than the non-smokers students and along these lines elevates smoking suspension endeavors to lessen the weight of COPD in the group. Keywords: Spirometry, Lung Function, Smokers, Non-Smokers, Students, University of Balochistan, Pakistan

2449-2460

Authors: Dr.Faizan Sayeed*, Abdul Sayeed, MD Akram, Mohd Waseem Akram

4-thiazolidinones are among t h e most extensively investigated class of organic compounds. Thiazolidin-4-one has been considered as magic moiety, which is a core structure in various synthetic pharmaceuticals displaying a broad spectrum of biological activities.They are widely used as anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antimicrobial,anti-HIV,CNS depressant, carcinostatic, antihypertensive and cytotoxic. In view of the wide spectrum activities of condensed 4-thiazolidinones, itwas thought worthwhile to undertake the synthesis of heterocyclic systems in which 4-thiazolidinone nucleus is linked to another biologically active moiety.Semicarbazide/Thiosemicarbazide was reacted with b e n z o y l chloride to obtain N-hydrazinocarbonyl benzene-1-carboxamide/N-hydrazinocarbothioyl benzene-1 carboxamide respectively.These were then condensed with various aldehydes to yield the intermediate Schiff bases. Thiazolidin-4-ones were prepared by the reaction of Schiff bases with mercaptoacetic acid in dry benzene by refluxing for 16-18 hours. The purity of the compounds synthesized was established by TLC.The synthesized derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, 1 HNMR and Mass spectral analysis. All the derivatives synthesized were screened for their a n a lg e s i c a n d a n t i in f l a m ma t o r y potency. The compounds 3A3, 3A5,3B2, 3B6 have shown equipotent analgesic activity when compared to standard Ibuprofen. The compounds 3A2, 3A5, 3B2, and 3B3 have been evaluated for their antiinflammatory properties at a dose of 50 mg/kg using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. All the tested compounds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammatory models in rats.Compounds 3A2, 3A5, 3B2, and 3B3 exhibited s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n e d e m a volume w h e n c o m p a r e d t o s t a n d a r d Ibuprofen. Keywords: Schiffbases,Thiazolidin-4-one,Analgesic,Anti- inflammatory

2473-2478

Authors: Saeideh Rezaei and Iman Jokar

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between bonds of mass devoted to Iran's macroeconomic indicators (including economic growth, employment and investments) respectively. To achieve this aim, a questionnaire in relation to the three macro-economic variables include: 1. Economic growth 2. Unemployment 3. The investment was designed. To assess the reliability and validity of the questionnaire was approved by Cronbach's alpha coefficient has-been The rate for the entire questionnaire obtained 0.77 and this number is indicative of the extent appropriate and acceptable reliability. The population consisted of professors and economic elite, familiar with the field of endowment management and financial management and organization at the University endowments are in Fars Province This number has been estimated that about 58 people. Considering the population size of the sample using a sample of 50 people. In this study, a questionnaire was distributed among all members of society, and finally 50 questionnaires (to the participants) were returned The sampling method in this research is available sampling method. To assess data normality KolmogorovSmirnov test was used to assess the association of papers devoted to collective direction With macroeconomic indicators at 95% single sample t-test was used, The results revealed a significant positive correlation between bond is endowed with three macroeconomic variables. The bonds can be devoted to economic recovery in the variables of economic growth, unemployment and investment foundations. Keywords: Dedicated, devoted to collective security, economic growth, unemployment, investment

2485-2491

Authors: Soheyla Motallebi1 and Iman Jokar2*

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the area dedicated to using innovative financing and economic development indicators. To achieve this goal, twenty-three-item questionnaire in relation to the seven macro-economic variables such as human capital, physical capital accumulation, reducing the government budget deficit, equitable distribution of wealth, productivity, elimination of poverty and social welfare was designed. Validity this questionnaire by five professors of economics and financial management training in the field of endowment was approved and Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure the reliability of statistics used in this study consisted of professors and elite economic and financial management in the universities and the endowments were familiar with the area devoted to the research in the province according to population size (58), using a sample of 50samples were obtained. The sampling of samples was selected. To assess data normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to measure the direction of dedicated field communication using new financing macro-economic indicators of the one-sample t-test were used at a significance level of 5%, the results showed significant sphere endowed with modern methods of financing the macro-economic variable was seven. The area dedicated to using innovative financing methods can improve the economic variables, economic development, human capital, physical capital accumulation, reducing the government budget deficit, equitable distribution of wealth, productivity, and elimination of poverty and social welfare caupoverty cause accumulation of physical capital. Keywords: Endowment, economic development, equitable distribution of wealth, the accumulation of physical capital, human capital accumulation, productivity, deficit, poverty, social welfare.

2497-2501

Authors: Seyed Afshin Hashemi1 and Dr. Seyed Ahmad Mirjafari2

To investigate the predictive role of organizational health (OH) and hardiness in job satisfaction of Shiraz Special Economic Zone personals. The statistical population consisted of all employees of the special economic zone of Shiraz, whose number was 270 people this year. An available sample of 159 based on Gerjcie- Morgan (1970) table, voluntarily answered Ahwaz hardiness inventory (AHI), Hoy et al. OH questionnaire and JDI. Data were analyzed using pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results showed significant positive correlation between AHI, all components of OH, Expect institutional uniqueness with JDI. Regression analyzed indicated that hardiness and only academic emphasis and consideration components of OH were predictive job satisfaction, with academic emphasis having the highest and consideration the lowest role in this regard. Findings were discussed in high of previous research, their implication was presented and suggestions for further research were proposed. Keywords: hardiness, organizational health, job satisfaction

2513-2520

Authors: Shanti Sagar*, Sara Lavanya, Vaishali Sagar, Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade

The aim of the study is to develop a proniosomal gel of Capecitabine, used for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer , that is capable of efficiently delivering entrapped drug over an extended period of time. The results showed that the type of lipid incorporated altered the entrapment efficiency of proniosomal gel and higher entrapment efficiency of 61.2 ±2.1 % was obtained with the proniosomal gel prepared from Span 40. Different formulations of Proniosomal gel using Span 40 as surfactant were prepared by changing the ratios of surfactant: lecithin and the optimized formulation was further characterized. SEM studies revealed uniform size and spherical shape of proniosomal gel, FTIR studies revealed that there was no interaction between the drug and excepients, in vitro experiments of the A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6 formulations showed a release of 76.01, 55.4, 55.5, 80.5, 69.8, and 60.5 respectively. Hence formulation A4 was optimized as the drug release was found to be highest i.e. 80.5in 7 hours. Keywords: Capecitabine, Pronisomal gels, Anti-cancer, Breast cancer.

2526-2533

Authors: Swapna.Goday*, S.K.Abdul Rahaman, A.Prameelarani

A Stability-indicating reverse phase – high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of Elbasvir and Grazoprevir in tablet dosage forms using C18 column Discovery( 250x4.6 mm, 5 µ) with a mobile phase consisting of orthophosphoric acid and methanol (45:55% v/v). The pH was adjusted to 3.8 with dil. NaoH.The mobile phase was sonicated for 10min and filtered through a 0.45µm membrane filter at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min.The Detection was carried out at 220nm and retention time of Grazoprevir was found to be 2.3min ,and retention time of Elbasvir was found to be 4.8min.Linearity for Grazoprevir was observed from 25-150 µg/ml,coefficient of determination R2 was 0.999, with equation y=6488x+6259.Linearity for Elbasvir was observed from 12.5-75µg/ml ,coefficient of determination R2 was 0.999,with equation y= 9099x+383.3.Elbasvir and Grazoprevir was subjected to stress conditions including acidic,alkaline,thermal,oxidation, photostability,neutral degradation,solution stability and the results showed that it was more sensitive towards acidic and alkaline degradation.The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Key words: Elbasvir, Grazoprevir, RP-HPLC, stability indicating, validation

2538-2542

Authors: Orogu J.O.* and Akpobire, D.

Dried fish and stock fish are largely consumed as a source of nutrient by man. It has been established that fish food can act as vehicle for transmission of some mycological pathogens especially in immune compromised individuals. Sixteen (16) different samples of fish were bought from Ozoro central market in four different locations. The samples were labeled sample A (dried fish) and sample B (stock fish). A total of four (4) fungi species were isolated from the test samples: Aspergillus niger, Candida albican, Penicillium species and Rhizopus oryzae. Aspergillus niger has the highest plate count of 7.7x103 , and 5.6x103 and 0.3x103 for both samples. While Penicillium species has the least plate count of 0.3x103 Aspergillus niger have the highest percentage (%) occurrence for both samples of 52.275%, while penicillium species have the least percentage (%) occurrence of 08.33%. The total mean cfu/g count for sample A is 10.08cfu/g while for sample B is 09.08cfu/g. the occurrence of Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, and Candida spp could lead to mycotoxin Elaboration and when consumed, they induce gastrointestinal and metabolic disturbance. Key words; Mycological, dried fish, stock fish, Assessment, Market

2548-2554

Authors: Mahendran Sekar*, Afikaah Sha An Ali, Ganesh Sundaram Subramanian, Vengata Subramani Manoharan, Isaac Jason J, Phan Ai Yean

Commercially available ultrasound gel contains lot of chemicals like carbapol R 940 polymer and phenoxyethanol which are allergenic to skin, expensive and not available in enormous quantities. The demand for ultrasound gel is due to its wide range of applications medical and paramedical fields. Hence, our objective was to formulate and evaluate the ultrasound gel made from natural starch powder. The gel was made by heating water with corn starch. The formulated gel was used for physiotherapy ultrasound treatment with the addition of Aloe vera gel to get fast pain relief in the affected area. The results showed that the formulated ultrasound gel and its ingredients were consistent in quality and can be easily used. The formulated ultrasound gel was found to be superior to commercially available gel in part of pain management score. It is concluded that the formulated ultrasound gel can be used for ultrasound physiotherapy treatment. However, further studies are warranted to confirm its effectiveness and also to develop into commercial standards. Keywords: Physiotherapy; Ultrasound Gel; Aloe vera; Analgesic; Pain Management

2564-2573

Authors: Ankita Bhardwaj*and Suruti Rawat

The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Glimepiride in Streptozotocin and Scopolamine induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats. Memory enhancing activity of glimepiride in STZ and scopolamine induced learning and memory impairment in rats was investigated by using Morris water maze. SOD, lipid peroxidation, glutathione level of brain homogenate was performed.Rats were randomly assigned to 9 groups (n = 6 each group): (1-5 Groups): control, STZ (60 mg/kg i.p.), insulin (0.5 Units insulin per 100gm body weight), Glimepiride (5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Again, (6-9 groups): Scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p) was administered 30 min before the evaluation of memory impairment for 5 days daily), Rivastigmine (2mg/kg, p.o.) and Glimepiride (1 and 2 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 days.Administration of Glimepiride significantly restored learning and memory impairment induced by STZ and scopolamine in the Morris water maze, increased activity of brain antioxidant enzyme such as SOD, glutathione and also reduced the increased activity of lipid peroxidation. The Results concluded that glimepiride has improving effect on learning and memory impairment produced by STZ and scopolamine and it may have beneficial effect in the treatment of dementia. Keyword: Glimepiride, AchE, antioxidant, Alzheimer’s disease, Oxidative stress.

2583-2590

Authors: Sanaz Mehrabani*, Mohammad Reza Esmaeili-dooki ,Hassan Tadayoni, Mohammad Pornasrollah

Background: There are controversies regarding relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and upper gastro-intestinal bleeding (UGIB) in children. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between H. pylori infection and UGIB in Northern Iranian children. Material and method: One hundred children who had UGIB indicated for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 100 children without UGIBwho were candidate for upper endoscopy because of chronic abdominal pain considered as their controls. After stabling vital sign, nasogastric tube inserted and washing was done then within 24 hours of admission, endoscopy conducted for all children in the case group (under general anesthesia). Upper endoscopy was done for all participants by a children gastroenterologist. A single pathologist reviewed all specimens. Results: Mean age of cases was 6.2±3.2 years and mean age of controls was 7.1±2.9 years respectively. There was no relationship between H. pylori and UGIB .Erosion in fondus was significantly higher in cases (0.001) and erythema in antrum was significantly higher in controls( p<0.001). Inactive gastritis was significantly higher in H .pylori negative cases (0.006) while moderate gastritis was present in all H .pylori positive ones(0.009). Conclusion: We found no relationship between H. pylori infection and UGIB in children. More studies are needed. Key words: H pylori, children, Gastro intestinal bleeding

2599-2606

Authors: Dr. Sumair Memon*, Prof. Ikram Din Ujjan and Dr. Shaima S. Memon

OBJECTIVE: To determine the common mutations in patients with Beta thalassemia major at LUMHS Jamshoro/Hyderabad, Sindh. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was held in the department of Genetics and Molecular Biology/Pathology department at LUMHS Jamshoro, and Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, Sindh from: 06-02-2015 to 06-08-2015. All Patients of Beta thalassemia major diagnosed on the basis of clinical history Hb Electrophoresis, and their parents Hb Electrophoresis were included. CBC was done for initial assessment. DNA extraction (Nucleic acid purification) was done with inorganic method. All specimen were tested through the modified technique of ARMS PCR as described by Newton et al, 1989 (10) . 1.5. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 11.02+3.93 years. 68.0% of affected were males. According to this study mean of Serum Ferritin, Haemoglobin, HbA2, HbF and HbA levels were found as 2824.39+300.60ng/ml, 7.52+1.67 gm/dl, 4.05+0. 25ng/ml, 91.14+1.26ng/ml and 34.41+1.15 ng/ml respectively. Most common gene mutation found was IVS 1 - 5 (G-C) in 25% of the cases, following by the IVS 1 - 1 (G-T), Fr 8 – 9, CD 30 (G-A), Fr - 16 (-C), Fr 1 – 42, Del 619 and CD 5 (-CT). CONCLUSION: We concluded that the most common gene mutation were IVS 1 - 5 (G-C), IVS 1 - 1 (G-T), Fr 8 – 9, CD 30 (G-A), Fr - 16 (-C), Fr 1 – 42, Del 619 and CD 5 (-CT).

2612-2621

Authors: Shaikh Siraj Nawaj*, Md. ZuberPatel,,G. J. Khan, Patel M Siddik,ZakirShaikh

The present investigation concerns design and evaluation of bilayer floating tablets of Diltiazem HCl Diltiazem HCl is Class I drug, though its reported bioavailability is only 40 %. It is having very short half life of 3 to 4 hrs. Hence many sustained release formulations were developed for Diltiazem HCl. A direct compression method was used to formulate all batches. 32 factorial design was applied to study % cumulative drug release and hardness. Super disintigrants like Sodium starch glycolate was used for immediate release layer and HPMC K200 M, Xanthan gum like polymers were used in floating layer for sustain release layer.Optimisation study was performed by using design expert software. Successful formulation was developed having floating lag time as low as 14 sec and drug release was sustained up to 12 hrs. A biphasic drug release can be obtained by using bilayer tableting technology which involved compression of immediate and sustained release layer together. The variables HPMC K200M and Xanthan Gum evaluated in this study exhibited significant affected the release profile. Keywords: Bilayer floating tablets, Diltiazem HCl, HPMC K 200 M, Xanthan gum, % drug release.

2627-2634

Authors: Ravindra K. Patil*, Kundan. P. Chaudhari, Bharat W. Tekade, Umesh T. Jadhao, Vijay. R. Patil

The aim of present study was to develop sustained release tablet of atenolol by using natural polymers. Physicochemical properties of gum Moringa oleifera was studied like loss on drying, pH,viscocity, Sustained tablet of atenolol was prepared by using gum Moringa oleifera, Gaur Gum, Xanthan Gum in various concentrations by direct compression using 8 mm concave punch. Precompresion parameter was studied. All the observations are within the prescribed limits. Prepared Atenolol tablets were evaluated for post compression parameters which are in acceptable ranges. The drug content of the tablets was found between 98.23-98.75 %.The in-vitro drug releases studies showed that formulation containing lower concentration of polymer had earlier drug release. As concentration of polymer increased, drug release was found to be retarded. F7 showed good result overall as compared to others that is 89.19%. FTIR Studies shows there was no interaction found between any excipient and drug. Keywords: Atenolol, Moringa oleifera gum, Guar gum, Xanthan gum, Sustained release tablets.

2643-2651

Authors: Bhavya Sri N V1 * and Nallakumar Ponnu Swamy

A Simple and rapid bioanalytical high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of Bosentan using Losertan as an internal standard was developed and validated as per regulatory requirements. Sample preparation was accomplished through liquid phase extraction and chromatographic separation on a reverse phase column. The mobile phase consists of mixture of methanol and water in the ratio of 50:50 at a flow rate of 1ml/min. The wavelength used for the detection of bosentan was 225nm with a total run time of 6minutes. The retention times of bosentan and losertan were found to be 2 and 4 respectively. The method was developed and tested for the linearity range of 250-750ng/ml. The method was validated for accuracy,precision,linearity, and recovery in compliance to international regulatory guidelines. Keywords: Bosten, HPLC, Validation,

2661-2670

Authors: Pawar Kirteebala*, Singh Shweta, Kalamkar Priyanka, Yevale Rupali

CNTS are basically allotrope of carbon with one or more grapheme sheets rolled to form hollow cylindrical tubular structures. CNTs possess various novel properties. Their unique surface area, stiffness, strength and resilience have led to much excitement in the field of Pharmacy. The important features of these structures are their electronic, mechanical, optical and chemical characteristics, which open a way to future applications. These properties can even be measured on single nanotubes. Nanotubes truly bridge the gap between the molecular realm and the macroworld, and are destined to be a star in future technology. With the prospect of gene therapy, cancer treatments, and innovative new answers for life-threatening diseases on the horizon, the science of nanomedicine has become an ever-growing field that has an incredible ability to bypass barriers. Keywords: CNT’S, SWCNTs), Nanomedicines Graphene sheets, ballistic conduction.

2681-2683

Authors: Leili Rezaie kahkhaie , Khadije Rezaie keikhaie , Morteza Salarzaei *

Introduction:The number of microbes in the air varies based on the extent of industrial activities going on in a specific place; the more industrial a city is, the more susceptible to permanent pollution it is [more than 10000 per mm square].Hospital operation rooms must be free from any kind of microbe and, even, the number of phytochemicals should not exceed 20; however, each gram of hospital dust contains about 1,200,000 streptococcus pathogens. The densely populated areas of hospitals that are poorly ventilated and lighted are favorable conditions for the transmission of microbes. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies Investigating the incidence and control of Air pollution and hospital infection. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that were conducted to study the Investigating the incidence and control of Air pollution and hospital infection were selected. Findings:It is difficult to determine the main sources of pathogenic flora; but, in general, it can be said that the population density of a specific spot, the presence of patients and the equipment used by them, and, any transport of objects causes the spread of pathogenic flora. Discussion and conclusion:Air pollution in hospitals is several times as important as other places. It often leads to the deaths of sick patients in hospitals. Therefore, we have to try to prevent the air pollution of hospitals by using air conditioning and health measures. Key words: Air pollution , hospital infection , control

2692-2701

Authors: Hamid Kassiri*, Masoud Lotfi , Atefe Ebrahimi

Objective: Scorpion envenomation is an important health challenge in southern part of Iran with 75% yearly mortalities of scorpion sting in Iran. The aim of this descriptive-analytical study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes among humans in Abdanan County, western Iran during 2009- 2013. Methods: In this study, all patients with scorpion sting reviewed and our needed data recorded. A questionnaire including demographic and epidemiologic data was completed for the patients. The frequencies of entomo-epidemiological parameters were converted to the percentage rank. Results: There were 780 scorpion victims. Scorpion stings were more prevalent in July [19.4%]. The most relative frequency of scorpion stings were in rural areas [58.1%]. The most stung organs were hands, with 50%. . Most of the cases were females [55%] in the 21-30 age groups [25.2%]. About 73.7% of the sufferers slept indoors and on the ground. Nearly 74.1 % of envenomed cases were due to yellow scorpions. The majority of cases [43%] were housewives. The stings mainly occurred between 12-18 [28%]. Conclusion: Due to serious signs of scorpionism, it is offered that members of families be in instructed about observing safety plans, taking care people and applying appropriate shoes and clothes all day long . Key Words: Scorpion Sting, Epidemiology, Iran

1798-1804

Authors: Hadis Sourinejad1 , Mina Homauni2 , Hasan Ahmadinia3 , Parisa Najari4 , Fatemeh Bodaghi4 , Arezoo Shayan5*

Considering the fact that women's physical, emotional and psychological safety in society is considered as an important factor in the stability of family and society, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between domestic violence and severity of menopausal symptoms and quality of life in postmenopausal women. Women of menopausal age make up the majority of women in our society. This descriptive-cross sectional study is conducted on 356 of postmenopausal women referring to Fatemiyeh who had inclusion criteria by sampling method. The questionnaires used in this study were demographic variables, the standard questionnaire on violence against women and the questionnaire of SF-36 standard of quality of life and Greene Climacteric Symptoms Scale. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and frequency distribution tables) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test and one way ANOVA) were performed. The results showed that the severity of menopausal symptoms is increased by increasing the four dimensions of violence (psychological, economic, physical and sexual) and the quality of life is reduced by increasing psychological and physical violence (P<0.05). In addition, increasing the level of education leads to increase the quality of life score and reduce the severity of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Other findings include the association of age increase with the decrease in the quality of life score of women and the increase in the severity of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal. According to the findings of this study, there is a significant relationship between the various dimensions of domestic violence and the quality of life of postmenopausal women. As the quality of life of postmenopausal women is reduced by increasing the score of all four dimensions of violence (psychological, physical, sexual and economic). In addition, the severity of menopausal symptoms is increased by increasing psychological, physical, and sexual violence. Keywords: domestic violence, quality of life, symptoms of menopause, postmenopausal women.

1812-1817

Authors: Pardis Hosseinpour *

Introduction: The physical environment can contribute to children’s wellbeing, happiness, creativity and developing independence. It can contribute to and express the quality of children’s learning and experiences. As such, this study sought to investigate the condition of lighting of educational spaces in Masjed Soleyman schools [SouthWest of Iran] regarding ergonomic principles in the educational settings. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study and uses a survey instrument. The population included all teachers at elementary, junior and high schools of Masjed Soleyman in the academic year 2015-2016, of whom 267 people were selected as the sample of the study based on cluster sampling. The instrument of the study was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the observation checklist, consisting of 3 items, ranging in 5 degrees, and quantitatively graded from 1 to 5. The highest score and the lowest score were regarded as the most desirable and the least desirable condition of the schools’ restrooms, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive [frequency, percentile, mean, and standard deviation] and inferential statistics [univariate t-test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test] using SPSS 21. Results: The results indicated that the condition of lighting of educational spaces in Masjed Soleyman schools regarding ergonomic principles is unfavorable in appropriate use of natural and artificial light in the classroom [48%].But appropriate composition of natural and artificial light in the classroom is appropriate. [61%]. Discussion and Conclusion: The choices made in an education and care service about resources, materials, spaces, layout, air and light quality and access to a range of experiences in the indoor and outdoor, have a direct impact on the quality of learning opportunities available to children. Keywords: Ergonomics, Schools, lighting of educational spaces, Iran.

1823-1829

Authors: Rehana Yasmeen* 1 , Nizam Baloch** 1 , Tamoor Khan2 , Farida Behlil4 , Murad Bibi3 , Mohammad Faheem1 , Samina mengal1 , Maryam Hanif2

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) belongs to the family of chenopodiaceae, Beets are being used commercially for sugar production. In Baluchistan red sugar beet can grow in eight districts such as Lasbela, Kalat, khuzdar, Jaffarabad, Mastung, Quetta, Pashin, and killa Abdullah but white variety grow mostly in Lasbela district. Current study was carried out the Comparative Phytochemical studies of sugar beet cultivated at different agronomical traits in lasbela district. 6 samples were collected from different harvests of Lasbela district of Baluchistan. Phytochemical parameters (moisture quantity, Length, weight, Diameter) were determined on different samples. Determinations of brix degree % were carried out using refractometer. Determination of sugar and Sucrose were carried out by polarization method, and moisture content determination was carried out using hot air oven method .Result showed that Sugar beet having significant deference in the moisture %which was statically proved probation value was less then <0.05 as with moisture % using Nitrogen fertilizers is soil. but in this case the of brix%, Sucrose % and fibre% was increases according to increase in Doses ,brix % showed 84.00 then brix % of sugar beet having fertilizers in soil which showed 17.60%. But also sugar beet showed significant difference in sucrose % which was statically proved probation value was less then <0.05 as with sucrose % using Nitrogen fertilizers is soil. Result showed that sucrose % is 15.00 which is higher than sucrose % of sugar beet having fertilizers in soil which is 13.60. Thecurrent study need farther research on sugar beet to increase better quality yield. Key Words:Phytochemical studies of sugar beet, Sucrose %, Brix% of sugar beet, moisture quantity.

1836-1840

Authors: SaminaMengal* 1 , Nizam Baloch1 , Tamoor Khan**2 , Farida Behlil3, Mohammad Faheem1 , Murad Bibi1 , Rehana Yasmeen1 , Hafsa2 .

Present study was carried out in order to evaluate the chemical changes in the grape varieties i.e. Kishmishi, Sandokhani, Sahibi and Haita, which were grown in grape areas of the Balochistan province. The results reveal that best fruit quality on the basis of biochemical analysis was observed in Kishmishi and Sandokhani varieties in Quetta district. While Sahibi and Haita variety were the best varieties in Pishin district. Averaging best quality data were observed in Mastung district, while lowest quality fruits were observed in Kalat district. Key words: Biochemical Evaluation, Grapes varieties, Chemical changes

1845-1849

Authors: N. Yellasubbaiah1٭ ,B. Nagasudha1 Sujit Kumar Mohanty1 and C. Ayyanna2 1

The plant R. minima (Linn) DC (Fabaceae) is an indigenous medicinal plant used traditionally as abortifacient, anthelmintic, used in the treatment of wounds, asthma and piles. In the current study aqueous, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of this plant were compared and evaluated for antiulcer activity by pylorus ligation model. All these extracts also subjected for the phytochemical analysis for the investigation chemical constituents and toxic potential. Aqueous extract was found to be presence of flavanoids, tannins and glycosides; alcohol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates and isoflavanoids; while ethyl acetate extract was found to be the presence of tannins, flavanoids and alkaloids. The aqueous and et hyl acetate extracts were found to be nontoxic up to 4000mg/kg dose level while ethanol extract was found to be toxic at the dose level of 3000mg/kg after single dose administration of the extracts. During the comparison of anti-ulcer activity, treatment with aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant reduction in ulcer index, free acidity as well as total acidity in pylorus ligated rats. However, ethanol extract showed relatively less reduction in ulcer index, free acidity as well as total acidity. The anti-ulcer activity observed in aqueous extract treatment group was nearly equivalent when compared with standard Ranitidine Hcl. Keywords: R. minima (Linn.) DC, Aqueous, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts, toxicity, anti-ulcer activity, Ranitidine Hcl.

1855-1861

Authors: M.Rama Krishna 1* , A. Prameela Rani 2 and V.Saikishore 3

In the present study, an effort was made to develop a novel dosage form by using a chronopharmaceutical approach for the treatment of nocturnal asthma using Montelukast sodium as a model drug. A time delayed capsule was prepared by sealing the microspheres inside the insoluble hard gelatin capsule body with erodible hydrogel plug. The microspheres were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Optimized microsphere formulations were selected based on dissolution studies. The entire device was enteric coated, so that the variability in gastric emptying time can be overcome and a colon-specific release can be achieved. Hydrogel plug (HPMCK4 and lactose in 1:1 ratio) having 4.5kg/cm2 hardness and 100 mg weight was placed in the capsule opening and found that it was satisfactory to retard the drug release in small intestinal fluid and to eject out the plug in colonic fluid and releasing the microspheres into colonic fluid after a lag time criterion of 5 hours. In order to simulate the pH changes along the GI tract, three dissolution media with pH 1.2, 7.4 and 6.8 were sequentially used. FTIR study confirmed that there was no interaction between drug and polymer. Among all the formulations Montelukast sodium micropheres prepared with Eudragit L100 in 1:2 ratio shown prolonged release for a period of 12 hours. The obtained results revealed the capability of the system in delaying drug release for a programmable period of time and can prevent a sharp increase in the incidence of asthmatic attacks, during the early morning hours, a time when the risk of asthmatic attacks is the greatest Keywords: Montelukast sodium; Asthma; Pulsatile; Microspheres; Hydrogel Plug; Solvent evaporation

1867-1872

Authors: Abdolreza Gilavand*

Background: Compliance with environmental health of schools is a basic right of the students. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the effect of school environment health on the learning and academic achievement of elementary school students of the city of Ahvaz, at the southwest of the Islamic Republic of Iran year 2015-2016. Methods: At a cross-sectional study [2015-2016], a total of 210 students were selected randomly as sample of study. Cluster sampling was done by appropriate allocation and questionnaires were randomly divided among students. Data collection tools included Hermance’s achievement motivation questionnaire and researcherconstructed questionnaire [observation checklist to examine the physical parameters of school environment health in educational institutions] and interviews with students. Data of study were analyzed using SPSS- 21 software. Results: The results of this study showed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the school environment health and the learning and academic achievement of elementary school students. [P>0.05]. The health status of the schools in Ahwaz is undesirable in terms of ergonomic principles. Conclusion: Although there was no statistically significant relationship between school environment health and learning and academic achievement of elementary school students, favorable physical and psychological conditions should be provided for the education of students by paying much attention to school environment health in order to improve the quality of education and prevent their academic failure. Key Words: School environment health, Educational institutions, Elementary school, Academic achievement, Students.

1878-1882

Authors: Shahla Hojjat1* , Alireza Rahimi1 , Sahar Yadi2

CPR inflammatory index is closely associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease, which can affect the response to this indicator. The main objective of the present study was investigating the effect of different doses of omega-3 supplementation on pre-inflammatory and post-traumatic CPR index following one session of resistance training in passive women. In this study, 40 patients with inactive women in Karaj, with an average age of 28.16±2.45 years, height 161.58±3.45 cm and weight 59.97±4/30 kg, randomly targeted in four groups of 10 patients (dose groups 2000, 3000, 4000 and placebo) were enrolled. Initially, the subjects participated in a place of resistance training and then practice immediately and 24 hours after their blood samples to estimate the rate of 5cc, CRP serum was used (pre-test). After a period of thirty days omega-3 supplementation in the form of two doses of thousand mg (for 2000), three doses of thousand mg (for 3000), and four doses of thousand mg (for 4000) per day received in capsule form. During this period, the control group received omega-3 free capsules. One day after the supplementation period, the test subjects were taken. For data analysis used from SPSS version 18. The results showed that omega-3 supplementation at a dose of 2000 no significant effect on the level of CRP in women, disabled, immediately after resistance exercise had (P>0.05). But the effect of supplementation with doses of 3000 and 4000 had a significant effect on the level of CRP in non-active women immediately and 24 hours after a resistance training (P<0.05). The effects of doses higher than the dose in 2000 was 3000 and 4000. According to the results, we can say that omega-3 supplementation for a month with a daily intake of 3000 or 4000mg/day for disabled women to be effective. Key Words: Omega-3, CRP, Resistance Training, Untrained Women.

1888-1897

Authors: Kousar Begum* , Naziya Begum, Shaik Reshma, Wajiha Fatima, Mariyanaaz Ali and Ayesha Sultana

Herbal medicines are considered to offer gentle means of managing chronic diseases at a lower cost. Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world’s population. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Pterocarpus marsupium. (PM) heartwood and bark have been majorly used as antidiabetic remedies in many cultures for thousands of years. The aim of this research is to address the existing evidence on antidiabetic Neuropathy effects of the P. marsupium by tail flick method and Eddy’s hot plate method by Thermal hypoalgesia. In this research work , Experimental Study Design for Diabetic neuropathy screening the animals were divided into Group-I: Rats served as normal control group. Group-II: served as diabetic/disease control. Group-III: Diabetic rats treated with PM , at a dose 50mg/kg (low dose).GroupIV: Diabetic rats treated with PM at a dose of 100mg/kg (high dose). Group V: Diabetic rats treated with Diclofenac sodium (standard drug) at 100mg/kg. Diabetic neuropathy alterations were tested using thermal hypoalgesia and Tail flick responses. By the results Pterocarpus Marsupium is having Neuro protective activity in diabetic animals. Keywords: Anti diabetic neuropathy, Pterocarpus marsupium, Standard drug, Tail flick method, thermal hypoalgesia method

1902-1907

Authors: Dr. Suhail Ahmed Almani1* , Dr. Muhammad Iqbal1 , Dr. Majid Ali Soomro1 , Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur1 , Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon2 , Dr. Sumera Bukhari3 , Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch

Objective: To study the demographical evaluation of hypertension in young individuals at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. Patients and Methods: The cross sectional descriptive study of one year was conducted at tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. All the patients of, 12-40 years of age, either gender have history of hypertension or diagnosed as case of hypertension according to criteria of JNC VIII guidelines were enrolled and evaluate for the existent suspicious factor responsible for hypertension. The frequency and percentages was calculated while the mean ±SD was computed for numerical variables. Results: During one year study period total, total fifty young patients were studied for hypertension and its cause. The mean ±SD of age for whole population was 34.82±7.73 while the mean ±SD for systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 160.32±8.93 and 100.53±9.95 respectively. The family history was existence in 15 (30%), smoking and alcoholism in 20(40%) and 12 (24%). The common symptoms observed were headache 40 (80%), dyspnoea 35 (70%) and visual disturbance 30 (60%) while the identified common factors responsible for hypertension were essential hypertension 22 (44%), chronic glomerulonephritis 8(16%) and diabetic nephropathy 7(14%) with male gender predominance 30(60%). Conclusion: The hypertension is prevalent in young population and in present study the essential hypertension occupied 22 (44%) while the common causes detected for secondary hypertension were chronic glomerulonephritis 8(16%) and diabetic nephropathy 7(14%) Keywords: Hypertension, essential hypertension, secondary hypertension

1914-1917

Authors: Fateme Parooei1 , Zohreh Mahmoodi2 , Mahmood Anbari3 , Mohammad Behnampoor4 , Mohamad Reza Havasian5 , Morteza Salarzaei1*

Coronary heart diseases are the main reason of mortality in most of the industrial countries. At present, the most important cause of mortality is the cardiovascular diseases on top of which one can find coronary artery disease. The present research aims at studying the clinical symptoms of myocardial infarction in men and women hospitalized in the CCU of Imam Ali Hospital in Zahedan. The present study is an analytical cross-sectional study in which 210 patients were studied; they were diagnosed with acute myocardial infraction that was confirmed by a cardiologist. The patients were hospitalized in Imam Ali Hospital in Zahedan in 2016. The information of the patients was collected through the researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire includes demographic information and symptoms of acute myocardial infraction. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18 and chi-square test. Moreover, in the present study p<0.05 was determined as the significance level. In the present study, 59 percent of the female participants and 72 percent of the male participants were married. Junior high school (middle school) was the most frequent educational level for both genders: 35 percent of the females and 45 percent of the males had this educational level. Moreover, with respect to symptoms such as anorexia, nausea, indigestion, heartburn, stomach flatulence, tinnitus, and vertigo, no significant difference was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). However, symptoms such as vomiting, dyspnea, fatigue, and anxiety were significantly more in women than men were. The findings of the present study indicate that atypical symptoms especially in women are likely to cause women’s delay to visit the doctor and delayed decision of diagnosing and treating by the medical team. Thus, it is essential and recommended to provide programs to teach the whole society as well as the healthcare workers especially in the emergency units of the hospitals. Key Words: Clinical Symptoms, Myocardial Infarction, CCU, Zahedan.

1924-1928

Authors: Nasreen Noor1* , Atif Ahmed2 , Muhammad Suhail Baig3 , Muhammad Iqbal Shah4 , Hamid Nawaz Ali5 , Aatir H. Rajput6 and Muhammad Muneeb

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The definition applies whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and whether or not the condition persists after pregnancy. It does not exclude the possibility that unrecognized glucose intolerance may have antedated or begun concomitantly with the pregnancy. Objective: Approximately 7% of all pregnancies are complicated by GDM, resulting in more than 200,000 cases annually. The prevalence may range from 1 to 14% of all pregnancies, depending on the population studied and the diagnostic tests employed. This study hopes to investigate the rate of presentation of patients with gestational diabetes at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Methodology: This cross-sectional analysis was conducted jointly by the department of obstetrics and gynecology OBGYN and the department of medicine (unit – II) at a tertiary care hospital (Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad) from January 2017 to June 2017. Medical records of pre-diagnosed patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria were scrutinized and data was entered in a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS v. 16.0 and MS. Excel 2016. Results: GDM was identified in 140 pregnancies according to the diagnostic plasma glucose thresholds. An additional 220 pregnant women were found to be in the high risk groups but did not test positive for gestational diabetes. A greater proportion of women who fell in the high risk group and also the group that tested positive belonged to urban region and fell within the age bracket of 35-45 years. Conclusion: A significant number of women presenting at the study setting were at risk of developing GDM and a worrisome proportion did actually have GDM. Most at risk were middle aged women from the urban areas. Recommendations: Further research needs to be conducted on a larger sample space to explore the matter in-depth. Steps too need to be taken to educate pregnant women regarding the condition. Key words: Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes, Pregnancy.

1937-1943

Authors: Howlader Saurav1* , Rajbongshi Lata2 , Hossain Farhad3

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic complications of Coccinia grandis leaf extract. Anti-diabetic complications activities were evaluated via rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), human recombinant aldose reductase (HRAR), and advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) assays. Among the different solventsoluble fractions obtained from the methanolic extract, the dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) fraction was found to exhibited potent inhibitory activities against RLAR, HRAR and AGE with IC50 values of 8.26 ± 0.10, 10.20 ± 0.13 and 28.18 ± 0.06 µg/mL, respectively. Silica gel column chromatography of the CH2Cl2 fraction yielded a alkaloid, 1-tert-butyl-5,6,7-trimethoxyisoquinolene, based on the comparison with reported 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data. 1-tert-butyl-5,6,7-trimethoxyisoquinolene showed potential inhibitory activity against RLAR, HRAR and AGE with the respective IC50 values of 3.26 ± 0.11, 5.40 ± 0.25, and 18.54 ± 0.55 µM, respectively. Our results clearly indicate the potential RLAR, HRAR and AGE formation inhibitory activities of C. grandis as well as its isolated constituents, which could be further explored to develop therapeutic modalities for the treatment of diabetes and related complications. Keywords: C. grandis; Diabetic complications; Aldose reductase; Advanced glycation end products.

1952-1955

Authors: Swathi. D 1* , Ramesh Kumar Reddy. P 1 , Dr. R. Siddarama2

This Case report describes a case of idiopathic acquired aplastic anemia in an 18-year-old male patient with petechial rash, sub conjunctival haemorrhage and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Patient was treated with elthrombopag olamine- 50mg and cyclosporine- 200mg these two drugs are showing good response in most of the patients with Aplastic anemia in the absence of human leucocytes antigen (HLA) matched sibling donor. In some studies good response was shown for elthrombopag olamine 150mg/day. In this patient only 50mg of elthrombopag olamine is given, patient was died because of the febrile neutropenia. The dose adjustment of drugs in this patient was necessary; this is the responsibility of clinical pharmacist by giving suggestions to physician to adjust the doses as per the patient response towards the therapy. Keywords: Aplastic anaemia, proximal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Elthrombopag olamine, subconjuctival haemorrhage

1965-1975

Authors: Neeraj Kumar*, Chetna Dhiman, Preeti Kothiyal

Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Anethum graveolens (Dill) extract on scopolamine induced learning and memory impairment in mice. The antioxidant property of Anethum graveolens was evaluated. Material and methods: A total of 36 mice (25-30 g) were randomized into 6 equal groups. Memory enhancing activity of Anethum graveolens in amnesic mice was investigated by using Elevated plus maze and Morris water maze. AchE activity, SOD and lipid peroxidation of brain homogenate were performed in control/ scopolamine/ standard / Anethum graveolens leaves extract treated mice. Result:Administrationof Anethum graveolens leaves extract significantly treated the learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine. The effects were evaluated with the help of Morris water maze and Elevated plus maze. The study showed the significant reduction in AchE activity, increased activity of brain antioxidant enzyme such as superoxide dismutase and also reduced the increased activity of lipid peroxidation. The effects observed were dose dependent; the high dose of Anethum graveolens extract (400 mg/kg, p.o.) was most potent to show the action against learning and memory impairment. Conclusion: Anethum graveolens leaves extract has potential effect on learning and memory impairment produced by scopolamine and may have beneficial effect in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and amnesia. Keywords: Anethum graveolens,AchE, Piracetam, scopolamine and antioxidant.

1989-1995

Authors: Muhammad Muneeb1* , Muhammad Zain-Ul-Abdean2 and Aatir H. Rajput

Objective: This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and practice of parents presenting at the pediatric department of the Liaquat University Hospital regarding child spacing. Methodology: This observational, cross-sectional analysis comprised of a conveniently chosen, non-probable sample of 100 individuals that presented at the Liaquat University Hospital. Data was collected using a structured, interview based questionnaire after taking verbal informed consent. The data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS v. 19.0. Results: The data was diverse since the study setting played host to patients from nearly all possible sociodemographic backgrounds available in the vicinity. 72% of the respondents were Sindhi ans 27% were from Urdu linguistic background. 90% belonged to lower socioeconomic class and 10% to middle socioeconomic class. The parental education was low and no significant conclusions could be drawn from it. 54% of the parents deemed child spacing as un-important and 31% considered it best to not practice child spacing. Views regarding contraception were not positive either and 89% of the fathers did not consider contraception important despite their poor economic status and ailing children. Conclusion: It is evident from the results that the society attaches less or no importance to child spacing and contraception. The prime reason being lack of knowledge and education. 83% of the parents had never received any counselling on this matter. Key words: Child Spacing, Contraception, KAP, Pediatric Health.

2001-2004

Authors: B. Sumaya sulthana1 , E. Honey2 , B. Anasuya3 , H. Gangarayudu4 , M. Jyothi reddy5 , C. Girish

Barleria cristata has been used for several diseases. Barleria cristata belongs to family Acanthaceae. The present study comprises phytochemical evaluation of different extracts (methanolic and aqueous extracts) of Barleria cristata by using different standard methods. The investigation of phytochemical analysis was carried out to estimate the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols and phenolic compounds in different extracts of Barleria cristata. Results revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponons, phytosterols, flavonoids, fats and oils. The present investigation will helpful in Assessing the quality and purity of a crude drug and laying down pharmacopoieal standards for Barleria cristata Key words: Barleria cristata, phytochemical evaluation, alkaloids and flavonoids.

2017- 2028

Authors: Kauser Fathima*, Dr. Osman Ahmed, Syed Vakeeluddin

A new method was established for simultaneous estimation of Ofloxacin and Metronidazole by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic conditions were successfully developed for the separation of Ofloxacin and Metronidazole by using Agilent C18 5µm (4.6*250mm) column, flow rate was 1ml/min, mobile phase ratio was Methanol: ACN (70:30%v/v), detection wave length was 238nm. The instrument used was WATERS HPLC Auto Sampler, Separation module 2695, PDA Detector 996, Empower-software version-2.The retention times were found to be 2.443 mins and 2.918 mins. The % purity of Ofloxacin and Metronidazole was found to be 100.7% and 101.4% respectively. The system suitability parameters for Ofloxacin and Metronidazole such as theoretical plates and tailing factor were found to be 1.7, 2114.5and 1.7, 2931.0 the resolution was found to be 8.0.The analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 (R1)). The linearity study for Ofloxacin and Metronidazole was found in concentration range of 1μg-5μg and 100μg-500μg and correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.999 and 0.999, % mean recovery was found to be 100% and 100.5%, %RSD for repeatability was 2.0 and 2.0, % RSD for intermediate precision was 1.5 and 1.1 respectively. The precision study was precise, robust, and repeatable. LOD value was 2.95 and 3.04, and LOQ value was 9.87 and 10 respectively. Hence the suggested RP-HPLC method can be used for routine analysis of Ofloxacin and Metronidazole in API and Pharmaceutical dosage form. Keywords: Agilent C18, Ofloxacin and Metronidazole, RP-HPLC method.

2036-2041

Authors: M. Lavanya* and A. Deevan Paul

In fact, it has been estimated that 40% of new chemical entities currently being discovered are poorly watersoluble. Unfortunately, many of these potential drugs area bandoned in the early stages of development due to solubility concerns. Cefixime as per BCS classification is a class IV drug with poor solubility and poor permeability. Poor solubility of drugs leads to poor absorption and hence poor bioavailability. Omeprazole as per BCS classification is a class II drug with poor solubility and good permeability. Methods, such as salt formation, complexation with cyclodextrins, solubilization of drugs in solvent(s), and particle size reduction have also been utilized to improve the dissolution properties of poorly water-soluble drugs. Bioavailability of a drug can be increased by increasing the solubility of a drug. The % increase in saturation solubility with PVPK- 30 and urea was higher than other polymers and techniques. This shows that solid dispersion using solvent evaporation technique gives a better solubility of drug when compared to other techniques. This might be due to the better solubilization effect of drug and polymer with solvent over PEG-6000 and slugging method. Slugging method is next best alternative for solubilization of drug. Key Words: Omeprazole, Cefixime, PEG-6000, PVPK-30.

2047-2050

Authors: Kusuma Kumari.S1* , Rajesh .G1 , Dr. Siddarama. R 2

Spiranolactone and Eplerenone were belongs to the class of potassium sparing diuretics where as Torsemide belongs to the loop diuretic class, they mainly acts by blocking the function of aldosterone hormone to retain the sodium and excrete potassium. By irrational use of these drugs induced dyselectrolytemia like hyperkalemia and hyponatremia. A 55 years female patient was admitted in cardiology department with the chief complaints of drowsiness and slow response to commands by using of the diuretics (Spiranolactone , Eplerenone and Torsemide) causes the electrolytes induced hyperkalemia and hyponatremia. These electrolytes abnormalities will causes the cardiac arrhythmias , muscle paralysis and sometimes death also. Whereas both rechallenge and dechallenge was done and the ADR assessment scales like Naranjo and WHO gives certain ADR and it can be managed by stopping of the above drugs. So, clinical pharmacist plays a major role in detecting, monitoring and managing of ADRs.

2057-2061

Authors: J Viswanath1 , S Sankaraiah2* , Chakrapani Cheekavolu3 Renu Dixit4 M. Naresh Kumar5 Simhadri V.S.D.N.A. Nagesh

Background: To evaluate the comparative study of serum calcium level after treatment of cissusquadrangularis linn and zingiber officinale rocs in osteoarthritis induced rats and osteoarthritis patients. Method: Estimation of serum calcium levels are before and after treatment of tested drugs in osteoarthritis rats and patients 1. Animal treated: Cissus quadrangularis linn-450 mg/kg orally; Zingiber officinale rocs-450 mg/kg orally; cissus quadrangularis linn+ zingiber officinale rocs-450mg/kg orally; 2.Patients treated: Cissus quadrangularis linn-5 gm; Zingiber officinale rocs-5 gm and Cissusquadrangularis linn+ Zingiber officinale rosc-5 gm, all groups are twice a day orally with luke warm water. Results: Serum calcium levels are estimated before and after treatment of tested drugs in osteoarthritis rats and patients were: 1. Animal treated: Cissus quadrangularis linn (7.56 ± 0.35 to 9.06 ± 0.87) p<0.01; Zingiber officinale rosc was (7.82 ± 1.53 to 8.72 ± 0.68) p<0.05; cissus quadrangularis linn+ zingiber officinale rosc was (7.93 ± 0.73 to 9.72 ± 1.3) p>0.001; 2.Patients treated: Cissus quadrangularis linn (8.295±0.3069 to 8.81±0.27) p<0.0001.; Zingiber officinale rosc was (8.160±0.13 to 8.20 ±0.13) p<0.001;Cissusquadrangularis linn+ Zingiber officinale rosc was (7.86 ±0.36 to 8.705±0.2724) p<0.0001. Conclusion: Study evident that improvement in terms of increase in serum calcium was observed in animal as well as patients treated groups. The combination treatment of Cissusquadrangularis linn+ Zingiber officinale rosc showed extremely significant and increase of serum calcium level compared to standard drug of Dexamethasone in both tested groups Key words: Cissusquadrangularis Linn, Zingiberofficinale rocs, calcium, animals, patients

2072-2076

Authors: V.Vijaya Prasad* 1 , P.Venkata Sravan Kumar1 , Dr R. Siddarama2

Stevens Johnson’s syndrome is a life threatening drug induced hypersensitivity reaction. The drugs that cause SJS commonly are antibacterials (sulfonamides), anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (oxicam derivatives) and oxide inhibitors (allopurinol).Clinical symptoms are urticarial skin eruptions, arthralgia or arthritis, lymphadenopathy and fever.Treatment of Stevens Johnsons Syndrome includes systemic steroids, cyclosporine, intravenous immunoglobulin’s and supportive therapy.A male patient of 58 years was admitted in cardiology unit with chief complaints of skin reactions (Erythema andrashes) all over the body and oral erosions. The patient was diagnosed to have drug induced stevens Johnson’s syndromeandthe suspected drug was amoxicillin potassium clavulanate. By using Naranjo scale and WHO-UMC scale it was found to be a probable ADR and it was managed by drug dechallenge, dexamethasone, dew on ultra-lotion, diprovate ointment. During treatment patientdeveloped severe breathlessness and died.Hence there is a need of clinical pharmacy services to detect, manage and prevent adverse drug reactions. Key words: Stevens Johnson’s syndrome, amoxicillin+potassium clavulanate, Naranjo scale, Dechallenge.

2087-2094

Authors: Dr. Shazad Najeeb1 , Dr. Arshad Sohail 2 , DR. Muhammad Ali Raza 3 , Dr. Chetan Das4 , Priya Hotwani 5 , Dr. Suresh Kumar Rathi 6

Background: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis [NEC], characterized by intestinal necrosis and pneumatosis intestinal, is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in the premature newborns[1] . The disease has an incidence rate of 2 to 5% in premature infants. The incidence rate increases to 13% in those weighing 1,500 gram at birth. NEC has a mortality rate of 10 to 55%. Objective: To determine the frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates along with their outcome during stay in hospital. Methods: All premature newborn with morbidity admitted at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit [NICU] the Children Hospital, PIMS, Islamabad were screened for enrolment. A total of 156 premature newborn who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the current study. The duration of study was 6 months. At the time of enrolment, demographic characteristics of all the enrolled babies were obtained and noted on the proforma specially designed for the study. Delivery complications, enteral feeding status and resuscitation at birth were also noted. Each baby was assessed for the diagnosis of NEC. Those who were diagnosed to have NEC where then followed for outcome. The outcome of study was either discharged [n=35] or died [n=12] during the hospital stay. Results: During the study period a total of 156 babies were enrolled. Out of 156 babies, 47 [30.1%] babies were diagnosed to have NEC. The mean [SD] age of babies with NEC in this study was 7.8 [±4.1] days. Out of 47, 29 [62.0%] babies were aged up to 8 days. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 27 [57.0%] babies were male. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 26 [55.3%] babies were residence of urban areas. The mean [SD] gestational age was 32.1 [±3.4] weeks. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 30 [63.8%] babies with NEC had gestational age of 32 weeks or more. The mean [SD] weight was 1,813.7 [±283.4] grams. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 29 [61.7%] babies had weight less than 2,000 grams. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 28 [59.6%] babies with NEC were fed on formula milk. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 36 [76.6%] mothers had complications during the time of delivery. Out of 47 babies, 28 [60%] mothers had PROM. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 18 [38.3%] babies had hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 28 [59.6%] babies with NEC were resuscitated at the time of birth. Out of 47 babies with NEC, 18 [38.3%] babies showed complete resolution, 11 [23.4%] babies showed partial resolution with residual disability, 6 [12.8%] babies with NEC showed no improvement whereas 12 [25.6%] babied died during their stay in the hospital. Conclusions: Our study shows that out of 156 babies admitted and enrolled in our study, 47 [30.1%] were diagnosed to have NEC. Out of these 47 babies with NEC, 35 [74.4%] survived with 18, 11 and 6 babies showed complete resolution, partial resolution with residual disability, and no improvement respectively, while 12 [25.6%] were died during their hospital stay. However, there is a need to conduct further research including a multi-centre, large sample size study to investigate the burden of NEC in Pakistan.

2100-2108

Authors: Dr. Faizan Sayeed*1 , Md. Khasim Iqbal 2 , Abdul Sayeed1 , Md.Akram1

Surgical management cannot be completed without the use of antimicrobial and analgesic drugs. Pharmacotherapy with multiple agents before, during and after surgery is marked in present day indoor hospital settings.Irrational prescription may lead to severe postoperative complications.The present prospective observational study aims to evaluate the drug utilization patterns using WHO core indicators and to assess how much it confirms to standard treatment guidelines in the inpatient ward of surgery in a tertiary care hospital, by collecting the admitted cases of surgery as per the study criteria. A total of 104 cases were enrolled into the study for a period of 9 months.The results shown that, majority (43.26%) of the surgery cases were in the age group of 21-40 years. The majority of patients were males (67.30%) compared to females (32.70%). Majority of them were from rural area (74.03%) and the remaining is from urban area (25.97%). The majority of surgeries performed were clean- contaminated (46.15%). Anti-microbial agents were the most common class of drugs prescribed (35.14%), followed by analgesics (21.70%). Among antibiotics, antiprotozoals (33.33%) are the most preferred class with Metronidazole(31.80%) being prescribed major.Among analgesics, NS AI DS (75.62%) a r e t h e most preferred class with Diclofenac (53.12%) as major drug prescribed. Tazobactum + piperacillin (33.33%) is the major combination of drug prescribed. On an average 7.09% of drugs were prescribed per patient and percentage of encounter with an antibiotic was 2.5%.Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name were 7.19%, while only 60.92% of all drugs were from WHO list of essential medicines. And the percentage of fixed drug combinations from WHO essential drug list is only 7.05%. In this study we observed that the prescribing practice for antibiotics, especially use of prophylactic antibiotics is high.Lack of generic name prescribing and low incidence of prescribing medicines from essential drug list are the concerns that need to be addressed. Keywords: Anti-microbial agents; Surgery; WHO Core Indicators.

2114-2119

Authors: Anam Jawad1 * , Anum Yousaf 2 , Dr. Saleha Sadeeqa3

Renal colic is the pain due to different kidney abnormalities. The patients with renal calculus/calculi mostly experience acute renal colic which begins in the kidney region and radiating forward and down to the abdomen, genitalia, and legs, not relieved by the change in positions. This repost emphasizes on the management of renal colic in patients with renal calculus by prescribed medications. A part of the report also shows non-medicated remedies and alternative medication systems adopted by the patients to treat renal colic. A questionnaire based study was carried out on 50 out patients and in patients with renal calculus who were also experiencing pain due to it. The patients were selected randomly at, Urology Department, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Renal colic was mainly treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioid analgesics and local analgesics. Other medications used treat renal colic indirectly were calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, corticosteroids, antibiotics and anti-emetics. Intravenous saline was also administered. These medications always relieved renal colic. Side effects mainly seen were GIT disturbances, nausea, vomiting and dizziness. Non-medicated or home remedies were usually adopted by the patients like lemon juice or warming the ached area. Homeopathy and ayurvedic medicines were among popular alternative treatment systems used. Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are: To study the prescribed medications for management of renal colic by in patients with renal calculus. To observe alternative treatment systems, dietary measures and non-medicated (home) remedies adopted by patients for management of renal colic. Keywords: Renal colic, renal calculus, NSAIDs, opioid analgesics, non-medicated remedies.

2128-2138

Authors: Nallakumar P 1* and Siva Kumar R 2

A simple, highly sensitive, precise and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic (LCMSMS) method with mass detection was developed and validated for the rapid quantiication of metaxalone (CAS Registry No, 1665-48- 1) in rat plasma samples. The chromatographic separation was achieved with a reverse phase column Agilent XDB C18 (4.6×100 mm, 5µ) and the mobile phase consisted of methanol and 5 mm ammonium acetate buffer (80:20 v/v) as eluent, at a low rate of 0.6 mL/min. Phenytoin (CAS Registry no, 57-41-0) was used as an internal standard. The efluence was ionized by positive electrospray ionization and measured by mass spectrometry. The retention time of metaxalone and phenytoin were found to be 1.60 and 1.83 min respectively. The calibration curve was linear (r2 > or = 0.99) ranging from 0.98 to 998 ng/ml and the lower limit of quantiication was 0.98 ng/mL. Interday and Intraday precision were lower than 5% (CV) and accuracy ranged from 90 to 110% in terms of percent accuracy. Mean extraction recovery was found to be above 82%. The method was successfully demonstrated for evaluation of pharmacokinetic proile of metaxalone in male Sprague dawley rats and validated for excellent selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery and stability. Keywords: Electrospray Ionization; Metaxalone; HPLC; Mass detection; Rat plasma; Validation.

2151-2163

Authors: P. Hari Sravanth Reddy * , Anusha Kota, Syed Muneer

Present study aims to develop rapid, greater sensitivity and faster elution by RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Paroxetine. The developed method will be validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness and ruggedness, and results will be validated statistically according to ICH guidelines. The scope of developing and validating analytical methods is to ensure suitable methods for a particular analyte of more specific, accurate, precise and robust. The main objective for this is to improve the conditions and parameters, which should be followed in the development and validation. The existing physicochemical methods are inadequate to meet the requirements, hence it is proposed to improve the existing methods and to develop new methods for the assay of Paroxetine.in pharmaceutical dosage forms adapting different available analytical techniques like HPLC. Keywords: Paroxetine, RP-HPLC, Method Development, Chromatographic Conditions, ICH guidelines

2170-2178

Authors: Ghulam Murtaza1* , Haroon Khan2 , Nisar Ahmad Shahwani1 , Nizam Baloch3,Ghulam Razaque1 ,Tahira Bano1 , Noman Ul Haq1 , Ijaz Agha 1 , Sohail Riaz

Diclofenac Potassium is most commonly used analgesic. To analyze the quality of seven market brands of diclofenac potassium the present study was designed. These seven brands of Diclofenac potassium tablet formulation was manufactured by various pharmaceutical companies. To evaluate their quality these different brands of tablet were checked for varies parameter like disintegration time, weight variation, friability, hardness and dissolution profile by using standard techniques. The results obtained were compared with the standards and all the market brands of diclofenac gave excellent disintegration, hardness, weight variation and friability result. Among all the brands the multinational companies’ products showed comparatively better results. The release pattern of diclofenac potassium different brands was within 45 minutes and purity range was 80% to 101%. All the results were within limit and were found satisfactory. Therefore it can be concluded that all the diclofenac potassium different brands that are available in Pakistan fulfill the USP specification for quality control analysis. Key words: Quality control, weight variation, Disintegration, Hardness, Release profile.

2185-2194

Authors: Gurupavithra. S, Rajalakshmi. A and Jayachitra. A*

Aspergillus flavus endophytic fungi was isolated from Ocimum sanctum, produced red pigment. A culture medium composition was established for the production of red pigment, optimum medium composition and environmental conditions were investigated in submerged flask cultures. The optimum carbon, nitrogen sources were determined to be 20g/L of [glucose, sucrose, dextrose] and 5g/L of [ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3), yeast, peptone]. The optimal temperatures [250C,300C 370C] and pH [pH-4.5,5,5.5,6.5] for pigment production in submerged fermentation. Under these conditions peak biomass concentration was 10.7gL -1 in NH4NO3 containing medium in a 15-days culture. The highest volumetric productivity of red pigment was obtained in a batch culture (300C, initial pH-6.5) with a defined medium of the following composition (gL-1 ): dextrose(20) yeast(5). The biomass specific productivity of red pigment was analyzed in extracellular pigment. Extracellular pigment shows maximum absorbance at 750nm. Pigment was characterized with FT-IR shows strong peak at 3421.283nm of phenol group and HPLC resembles 62.978% at the retention time of 9.426. Their antioxidative activities were also estimated by an indication of DPPH, SO, NO and protein content also analyzed. The cytotoxicity of pigment analyzed using Hep-2 cell line and the IC50 value shows 50% inhibition at the concentration of 20µg/ml. Keywords: A.flavus, mycopigment, submerged culture, antioxidant.

2204-2208

Authors: Dr.L.Satyanarayana*1 and T.Padmini 2

A validate rapid, economical and sensitive visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for quantitative determination of amprenavir in bulk drug and tablet samples.This method is validated for irinotecan with chromogenic reagent namely bromo cresol green (BCG) at λ max 417. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 5-40 µg/ml. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) is less than 1% and average recovery was above 99.60%. Efficient visible spectrophotometric detection at λmax 417nm enabled determination of the drug with no interference from tablet excipients. The proposed method is fast, sensitive, precise, accurate and efficient and can be used for analysis in quality control laboratories. Key Words: Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry, amprenavir, bromocresol green(BCG), Phosphate buffer, ion association complex.

1343-1348

Authors: Morteza salarzaei1 , Zohreh Mahmoodi2 , Raziyeh Behzadmehr3 , Afsaneh Esmaili Ranjbar

Trauma is leading cause of death among the young, adults and children, and traumatic brain injuries account for over 50%of deaths caused by trauma. Patients with traumatic brain injury should be treated based on our knowledge on the incidence rate of brain injuries caused by trauma and the symptoms after traumatic brain injury. The study population included the patients with traumatic brain injury and brain hemorrhage, which were clearly detectable and measurable in CT scan stereotypes. The study samples were selected using convenience sampling method. The collected data were encoded and inserted to the computer, then were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and confidence interval), chis-quare test and correlation coefficient test. The used software was SPSS 18. 343 out of 1835 head trauma patients admitted to Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital, in which68cases had traumatic intracranial hemorrhage and all patients underwent surgery. In contrast to CT scan findings and based on surgical findings, the hematoma was epidural in15cases, subdural in 16cases, intraparenchymal in 13 cases, intraventricular in 15 cases and subarachnoid in 9 cases. There was a significant inverse relationship between hematoma volume and level of consciousness on admission, so that the larger sizes of the hematoma caused further drop in the level of consciousness on admission. In addition, the fate of patients with traumatic brain injury depends on the level of consciousness and hematoma volume on the CT scan is inversely related to the consciousness level of patients. According to the dependence of hematoma volume on the CT scan and consciousness level of patients, we can suggest the use of these parameters in CT scan aiming to predict the fate of these patients beside the other common parameters. Key words: CT scan, Epidemiology, Trauma, Intracranial Hemorrhage.

1438-1442

Authors: Morteza Salarzaei3

Metabolic syndrome is including collection of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study examined the association of metabolic syndrome with left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and systolic dysfunction. Materials and Methods: this cross sectional study has done on 165 patients that by the non-probabilistic sampling were chosen from the patients in the local and national clinic in Amir Al-Momenin hospital of Zabol, 1393. The complete histories of the patients were asked, including age, sex, occupation, drugs and cigarettes. Then a physical examination was done, including measurement of waist circumference, height, weight, blood pressure. To perform the test, blood samples were taken in the fasting state finally, then put them in echocardiographic. Data obtained were analyzed by SPSS version 18. This study shows that 165 participants in the research, 56 persons (33.9%) were eligible for the metabolic syndrome. From 56 individuals who meet the metabolic syndrome in 12 patients (21.4%) had ventricular hypertrophy and 45 patients (80.35%) had diastolic dysfunction and 10 cases (17.85%) had impaired systolic performance. Statistical analysis of the data showed that in this study there is no significant relationship between metabolic syndrome and ventricular hypertrophy (p=0.074) and systolic dysfunction (P=0.156) but there is significant relationship between metabolic syndrome and diastolic dysfunction (P<0.00). This study shows that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in referred patients to Imam-Ali hospital, Zabol, relatively is high and there is relationship between the metabolic syndrome and ventricular diastolic. This study did not confirm the association of metabolic syndrome with ventricular hypertrophy. Key Words: Metabolic Syndrome, Ventricular Hypertrophy, Echocardiography.

1458-1463

Authors: Mujtaba Shah1* , Ghulam Murtaza Shah2 , Abid Ali

Objective: To determine the frequency of impaired fasting blood glucose in healthy obese first degree relatives of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted at Medical department of Liaquat University Hospital, Jamshoro over a period of six months. A total of 152 first degree relatives of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients, who were 18 years or older, having a BMI >25kg/m2 were included. Known diabetic individuals, having any other endocrine disorders, pregnant women and women with polycystic ovarian disease were excluded. Fasting blood glucose between 100-126 mg/dL was labeled as Impaired Fasting Glucose. Results: 60.5% (n= 92) of the sample comprised of males while 39.5% (n= 60) comprised of females. Female to male ratio was 1:1.53. The mean ± SD age was 29.92 ± 8.33 years with a range from 18 to 45 years. The mean ± SD BMI was 31.68 ± 3.31 Kg/m2 while mean ± SD FBS was 88.92 ± 16.33mg/dL. FBS ranged from 60 to 162 mg/dL. The frequency of impaired fasting glucose in healthy obese first degree relatives of type-2 diabetic Patients was 13.2% (n = 20) [Odds ratio = 1.61, with 95% confidence interval of 7.82, 18.58]. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is emerging as a major health-care challenge for Pakistan. The impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is frequent in healthy obese first degree relatives of type-2 diabetic patients. Recommendations: Proper and regular screening programmes are strongly recommended in this regard using the tests which are highly specific and sensitive. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Impaired fasting glucose, Obesity, BMI, Healthy.

1471-1475

Authors: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani1 , Reza Valizadeh2 , Yousef Sadeghi3 , Foruzan Kavarizadeh4*

Anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine, which is recognized as a root that gradually formed other basic medical sciences. Therefore, educational program and curriculum are very important aspects of anatomical science. This study aimed to evaluate and compare training programs of the PhD in anatomical sciences in ten different universities according to European standards. This descriptive - comparative study was conducted using multi-stage sampling method to choose 10 universities from five continents. Then, curricula of PhD in anatomy for ten selected universities were compared to Iranian curriculum according to European standards. Data were collected using information provided in official website of respective universities. In this study, we evaluated eight elements of the training programs in which three elements including duration of program, educational content and educational levels of the ten selected universities were consistent with European standards. However, we found no information regarding duration of PhD program in the Iranian curriculum. Our findings indicated that African universities perform weaker than other universities. In addition, training program of doctoral anatomy in Iran showed satisfactory standards in comparison to other universities across the world. The training program in Iran was consistent with the world's greatest universities as well as European standards. Hence, future studies are recommended to focus on the correct implementation of training programs. Keywords: Curriculum, PhD Anatomy, Standard ORPHEUS.

1481-1486

Authors: Sai Krishna G* 1 , Divyanjali P1 , Sumathi K2 , Komal Krishna T

Asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) is a clinical condition which is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and persistent airflow obstruction with several features usually associated with COPD and asthma respectively. Therefore ACOS is identified by the features that it shares both asthma and COPD. It is crucial to define asthma, COPD and ACOS, as notable clinical entities, since they share common pathologic and functional features. Patients with ACOS have the combined risk factors of smoking and atopy, and are generally younger than patients with COPD and experience acute exacerbations with higher frequency and greater severity than COPD alone. Pharmacotherapeutic considerations require an integrated approach, a consensus international definition of ACOS is needed to design prospective, randomized clinical trials to evaluate specific drug interventions on important outcomes such as lung function, acute exacerbations, quality of life and mortality. Key words: Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACOS, elderly patients, under diagnosed.

1497-1500

Authors: Forough Forghani 1 , Batul Shahraki Mojahed 1 , Maryam Nakhaee Moghadam1*

Abortion includes removing pregnancy products before the first half of pregnancy (week 20 of pregnancy). Having the prevalence of %10, it is known as the most common pregnancy complication. The present research aims at studying the abnormal ultrasound findings in abortion cases referring Amir-al-Momenin Maternity Hospital of Zabol in February and March of 2017. This study is a descriptive-retrospective one conducted on 80 patients; the abortion was confirmed in the patients by applying ultrasound, and gestational sac was studied for at most 12 weeks through using Crown-rump length and 10 mm fetus. After acquiring the medical history, vaginal ultrasound was conducted by a female sonographer. The data collected were analyzed by using SPSS 18. The patients’ mean age was 25±4.12; the highest prevalence was observed for ages 20-25, and the lowest prevalence was for ages 38-43. Based on LMP or ultrasound, the gestational age was determined to be less than 12 weeks in 69.8 percent of the abortion cases, and in 30.2 percent of the cases, it was 12-20 weeks. The findings indicated that in 37.3 percent of the patients, their first pregnancy led to abortion; 25.5 percent of the patients experienced this in their second pregnancy, 19.3 percent in their third pregnancy, and 18 percent in their fourth pregnancy. The findings also indicated that 50.8 percent of the patients had no history of abortion The findings of the present study indicate ever-increasing importance of early diagnosis of pregnancy in the first pregnancy weeks i.e. less than 12 weeks in patients with no history of disease. It is recommended that similar studies with larger statistical population be conducted in other areas, so that this procedure will be studied in more detail. Key Words: Abnormal, Ultrasound Findings, Zabol, Iran

1505-1510

Authors: Sona B. Warrier and Prashant S. Kharkar*

Schiff bases of fluorescein were synthesized from fluorescein hydrazide using different aromatic aldehydes. These compounds show bright fluorescence different from that of starting material, fluorescein. The compounds were characterised by spectroscopic methods. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of the compounds were also recorded. Keywords: Fluorescein, Schiff bases, Fluorescein hydrazide, fluorescent probes, fluorescence

1520-1526

Authors: Huma Ayub*1 , Mujeeb U R Rehman2 , Muhammad Ajmal3 , Khurum shezad

Millet, wheat, rice, Barley, Biscuit, spaghetti, Noodle are mainly consumed as food in Quetta city. These samples were collected from Quetta city market for the analysis of heavy metals and trace elements by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The collected 35 samples of cereal, legumes and their product from local market of Quetta were analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After digestion with 10:3 HNO3/HCIO4 for assessment to four potentially hazardous heavy metals, copper, zinc, Lead, Cadmium. Keywords: Heavy Metal, Trace element, Food source.

1540-1546

Authors: T. Usha Kiran Reddy*, G. Sindhu , S. Rajesh, B. Aruna, K. S. Sandhya Rani

Antioxidants play a major role in increasing the blood circulation and thus help in hair growth as well as in the treatment of a lot of diseases. Now - a - days there is a wide use of herbal cosmetics due to the belief that they have fewer side effects and better safety. The objective of the present study is to prepare and evaluate herbal hair oil using coconut oil, hibiscus, amla, neem & eclipta alba. The preparation was also subjected to various tests for analysis including moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, water insoluble ash & sulphated ash. Apart from that the formulation is subjected to viscosity, surface tension, pH, acid value etc. Keywords: Antioxidant, herbal hair oil, physical parameters.

1550-1558

Authors: A. Deevan Paul*, P. Nagaraj, E. Reshma, T. Mahesh, Y. Divyasree

The potential challenges to solve the poor solubility, limited chemical stability in vitro and in vivo after administration (i.e. short half-life), poor bioavailability and potentially strong side effects requiring drug enrichment at the site of action (targeting). This review describes the use of nanoparticulate carriers, developed in our research group, as one solution to overcome the dosage forms. The performance of ODTs depends on the technology used in their manufacture. The orally disintegrating property of these tablets is attributable to the quick ingress of water into the tablet matrix, which creates porous structure and results in rapid disintegration. Hence, the basic approaches to develop ODTs include maximizing the porous structure of the tablet matrix, incorporating the appropriate disintegrating agent and using highly water-soluble excipients in the formulation. Fast disintegrating tablets have better patient acceptance, compliance and possibly will tender enhanced biopharmaceutical properties, superior efficacy, and enhanced safety compared to conventional oral dosage forms. The perspective for such dosage forms is promising because of the accessibility of new technologies combined with strong market/patient acceptance. Keywords: Oro dispersible tablets, Bioavailability, Conventional films, Disintegrating time

1565-1569

Authors: Zaib-un-nissa1* , Muhammad Iqbal2 , Suhail Ahmed Almani3 , Aatir H. Rajput4 , Muhammad Muneeb5 , Hamid Memon6 , Syed Jehangir7 and Shahrukh Shaikh8

Objective: This research hoped to compare the periodontal health of epileptic patients using three different anti-epilepsy drugs, namely, carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproateusing the gingival index score. Methodology: This casual comparative analysis of periodontal health was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital from January to March (2017) upon 3 groups of patients, each using a different anti-epileptic drug. The groups comprised of 15 patients each and the groups were matched for age, sex and duration of drug therapy. All recordings made on the gingival index score on each patien t were carried out by two independent observers and neither of the observers knew what anti-epilepsy therapy the patients were taking. The observers had tools (other than the gingival index score and visual comparison chart) such as mouth mirror and periodontal pr obe at their disposal. Informed (written) consent was taken from the subjects and the data collected was analyzed using SPSS v. 21.0 and MS. Excel 2016. It was ensured through rigorous questioning that the patients had each been using anti-epilepsy drug monotherapy i.e. the patients had been using only one of the aforementioned drugs. This ensured the validity and reliability of the results. Result: Differences were observed in periodontal health of patients using the different anti-epilepsy drugs. Patients using sodium valproate monotherapy had the highest gingival index scores that correspond to poorer periodontal health and gingival condition. The duration of therapy was directly proportional to the higher gingival index score. Conclusion: Anti-Epilepsy drugs namely, carbamazepine, sodium valproate and phenytoin have marked ill-effects on periodontal health, as is revealed by the gingival index score. The magnitude damage that each drug causes differs and is higher than the reported literature norms of healthy individuals. Patients on sodium valproate monotherapy had the highest gingival index score followed closely by patients using phenytoin monotherpay. Carbamazepine was by far the safest of the three, with lowest gingival index score. Key Words: Epilepsy, Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Sodium Valproate, Anti-Epilepsy Drugs, Anti-Convulsion Drugs, Periodontal Health and Gingival Index.

1575-1580

Authors: Muhammad Iqbal1* , Suhail Ahmed Almani2 , Fasih Ahmed Hashmi3 , Hamid Memon4 , Aatir H. Rajput5 , Muhammad Muneeb6 and Syed Jehangir

Objective: Whether or not patients of ischaemic stroke should undergo investigations for coronary artery disease (asymptomatic) is debatable yet scarcely ever have the risk of vascular death and myocardial infarction after a stroke been quantitatively evaluated. Immediately preceding the incidence of an acute stroke, a high risk of recurrence is seen yet the prime factor driving up mortality rates after a stroke is myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. This paper hopes to indirectly assess the risk of schaemic heart disease in patients who have formerly faced episode(s) of acute ischaemic stroke. Methodology: A sample of consecutive 100 known cases of Myocardial Infarction presenting at Liaquat University Hospital, Department of Cardiology (Emergency and Out-Patient Department) was included in this retrospective quantitative analysis during the month of January 2016. After taking written informed consent, inquiries were made regarding previous incidences of ischaemic stroke (if any) and the time elapsed since the incident. Inquiries were also made regarding previous history of cardiac illness. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 17. Results: 60% of the sample comprised of males while 40% comprised of females, each with a mean age of 59 years and 65 years respectively. 20 out of a total of 100 patients presenting with Myocardial Infarction gave affirmative previous history of ischaemic stroke. 80% of the patients with a positive history of ischaemic stroke were males while the remaining 20% with a positive history were females. Conclusion : A careful evaluation of the results reveals that incidence of myocardial infarction among known patients of ischaemic stroke is worrisomely high. More worryingly the incidence is particularly higher in males as compared to females. Keywords: Ischaemic Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, Retrospective & Quantitative Analysis

1582-1592

Authors: Farahnaz Sadoughi, Razieh Mirzaeian*, Masoud Jafarpishe, Parastoo Yarmohammadi

Introduction:The targeted application of the technology for the record of the drug information may substantially assist the healthcare serv ice providers supporting the drug-related decisions. This study intended to assess the performance of the electronic patient’s drug chart integrated in the pharmacy information system [PIS] by comparing the users’ viewpoints before and after its administration. Methods: This study was conducted using applied and descriptive-analytical research method in 2016. Research population consisted of the nursing staff, pharmacy technicians as well as pharmacists from which a sample of 317 subjects was selected using purposive non-probability sampling method from Nour & Ali Asqar hospital of Isfahan city. Data collection tool was a self-designed questionnaire developed on the basis of American Society of Health System Pharmacists [ASHP] the validity of which was confirmed by both pooling the ideas of the respective well-known professors and estimating cronbach’s alpha that was found to be 82%. The study was conducted in the following three steps: 1] exploring the viewpoints of the users on the development of the electronic patient’s drug chart, 2] converting the current drug chart to the electronic format 3] re-assessing the users' viewpoints on the performance of electronic patient’s drug chart. The collected data were analyzed using pretest-posttest and paired sample ttest with Spss16 software. As for quantitative variables, the measures of mean score, standard deviation and 95% confidence interval were used. Results: As per the obtained results, there was a significant difference between the mean scores obtained for the viewpoints of the users on four domains in question including the rate of access to the patient drug’s information [p <0.001], the patient’s demographic information [p<0.005], the patient’s complaints and signs information [p<0.001] and patient’s medical information [p<0.001] before and after the implementation of electronic patient’s drug chart. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that implementation of electronic patient’s drug chart in the PIS would increase the users’ access rate to the drug and medical information. This, in turn, has a positive effect on lowering the illegible handwriting errors, controlling the drug dosage administered and decreasing the medicine waste. Keywords: Assessment, Pharmacy Information System, User, Patient’s drug chart

1599-1612

Authors: Mangamma.Kuna*, Gowri Sankar Dannana and S.V.U.M.Prasad

A new stability indicating RP HPLC method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Cobicistat and Elvitegravir in bulk and dosage forms. The method involves separation on Kromasil C18 column (250mm x 4.6mm x5µm particle size). The optimized mobile phase consists of 0.01N KH2PO4(pH 2.5) and Acetonitrile (43:57v/v) with a flow rate of 1ml/min and UV detection at 254nm. Retention time was 2.286 min for Emtricitabine,3.308 min for Tenofovir,5.316 min for Cobicistat,6.638 min for Elvitegravir. RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Cobicistat and Elvitegravir in their combine dosage form was developed and validated as per the ICH guidelines. Linearity was observed in the range of 20-120µg/ml for Emtricitabine, 30-180µg/ml for Tenofovir, 15- 90µg/ml for Cobicistat and 15-90µg/ml for Elvitegravir with correlation coefficients (r2=0.999).The percentage recoveries of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Cobicistat and Elvitegravir w e r e in the range of 98.55- 101.4% which was withi n the acceptance criteria. The percentage RSD was NMT 2% which proved the precision of the developed method. The developed method is simple, sensitive, rapid, linear, precise, rugged, accurate, specific, and robust. The developed method was found superior in certain respects such as RT and Accuracy. The method was more economical when compared to reported method. Keywords: Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Cobicistat, Elvitegravir, RP-HPLC Method, Simultaneous estimation, Validation as per ICH guidelines, Forced degradation studies.

1619-1624

Authors: K. P. R. Chowdary, G. Sumalatha, M.Shailaja and B.N.V.S.S.L.Renuka

Introduction: Women and men share many similar health problems but, women also have their own health issues which deserves special considerations. Many diseases affect both men and women alike but some diseases occur in women at high frequency.Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate prescription pattern, drug utilization & audit for the treatment of women disorders in a tertiary care hospital in Rajahmundry.Methodology: The study design is a prospective observational study. A total of 86 cases related to women disorders were investigated in a tertiary care hospital in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria include Patients who were hospitalized due to women disorders were enrolled in the study, Women patients of all age groups are included, Patients who are unconscious/mentally retarded and who were suffering with psychiatric diseases are excluded from the study. Results and Conclusions:Women disorders are more prevalent in the age groups 21-30 years and 31-40 years .PCOD and Ovarian cyst are the most prevalent diseases among women of 21-40 years of age. Diabetes, hypertension, thyroid, appendicitis, and CVS problems are most commonly observed co-morbid diseases associated with women disorders. Pain , irregular menstruation , bleeding with clots and heavy bleeding are commonly observed clinical manifestations . 5. For all women disorders hormones , antimicrobials, vitamin and mineral supplements are prescribed. Among the hormones Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 5000units , Allylsternol 5mg , Medroxy progesterone 5mg are prescribed to a large extent. Among the anti-microbials metronidazole 100mg , ceftriaxone 250mg are prescribed widely. Only 3 out of 12 hormones and 8 out of 16 anti-microbials were as suggested by WHO. Drugs other than those suggested by WHO are also used to a large extent in the hospital. Hence,it is suggested that the WHO suggested Essential drugs be prescribed in the hospital for better patient care ,safety and efficacy. Key words: Prospective observational study, Prescription patters, Drug utilization, Prescription audit, Women disorder.

1630-1635

Authors: N.Tirumalesh* and Chowdary, K.P.R.

The objective of the present study is optimization of telmisartan tablet formulation employing βCD, Starch 1500, and Soluplus by 2 3 factorial design to achieve NLT 85% dissolution in 10 min. Eight telmisartan tablet formulations were prepared using selected combinations of the three factors as per 23 factorial design. Telmisartan tablets were prepared by direct compression method and were evaluated. The individual and combined effects of the three factors, βCD, Starch 1500 and Soluplus are highly significant (P < 0.01) in influencing the dissolution rate of Telmisartan tablets.Telmisartan tablet formulations Fb and Fbc disintegrated rapidly in 20 and 40 seconds and gave very rapid dissolution of telmisartan, 96.1% and 95.8% in 10 min respectively. The increasing order of dissolution rate (K1) observed with various formulations was Fc< F1< Fac< Fa< Fabc< Fab< Fbc< Fb. The polynomial equation describing the relationship between the response, percent drug dissolved in 10min (Y) and the levels of βCD (X1) , Starch 1500 (X2) and Soluplus (X3) based on the observed results was found to be Y = 55.33 + 3.61(X1) + 35.07(X2) – 9.18(X1 X2) – 3.76(X3) – 3.31(X1 X3) + 2.06(X2 X3) + 1.77(X1 X2 X3) Based on the above equation, the formulation of optimized telmisartan tablets with NLT 85% dissolution in 10 min require βCD at 1:3.5 ratio of drug: βCD, Starch 1500 at 27.82% of drug and βCD content , and Soluplus at 1% of drug and βCD content. The optimized telmisartan tablet formulation gave 85.5% dissolution in 10min fulfilling the target dissolution requirement. Formulation of telmisartan tablets with NLT 85% dissolution in 10 min could be optimized by 2 3 factorial design. Key words: Formulation Development, Telmisartan tablets, Optimization, Factorial Design, βCD,Starch 1500,Soluplus

1641-1650

Authors: Khalil Momeni, Ali Janati*, Ali Imani, Rahim Khodayari-Zarnaq, Morteza Arab-Zozani

Medical tourism is a new phenomenon in the health care industry. Most countries, especially developing countries are trying to increase their share in the world market with long-term planning. The aim of this study was to determine the strategic position and identified the main strategies for medical tourism industry in the view of main stakeholders of East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. This study was conducted with Multi Design Method in 2016. Sampling method was purposeful. The data have been collected from 15 key interviews with medical tourism stakeholders. We used MAXQDA 12 and excel software for data analysis. Four main themes (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) and 71 sub-themes (38 internal factors and 33 external factors) were identified. Sub- themes were reduced to 40 factors by expert prioritization (20 internal factors and 20 external factors). After Weighting these 40 factors by experts, WO was the strategic position for medical tourism (internal factors with a score of 1.99 the external factors with 2.65), of and conservative strategy become the main strategy of medical tourism of East Azerbaijan province. feasibility to perform surgery in Tabriz hospitals , lack of sufficient infrastructure for medical tourism, neighborly relations with neighboring countries and fierce competition in attracting medical tourists among countries in this region have the highest score in strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threatens factor, respectively. According to identification of the strategic position of medical tourism in East Azerbaijan province, joint venture and divestiture strategies are the most appropriate strategy for this industry and it’s better to provincial officials developed and implemented operational plans in line with these strategies. Keywords: Medical tourism, East Azerbaijan Province, Strategy, Strategic Situations

1657-1664

Authors: Mrinalini C. Damle* and Sanchita A. Kale.

A simple bioanalytical HPLC method for the estimation of Etravirine in human plasma has been developed and validated. Fenofibrate was used as an Internal Standard . Extracted sample was eluted using C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column. The mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile:Water in the ratio of 85:15 v/v which was sonicated to degas and delivered at a flow rate of 1 ml/min at ambient temperature. The retention time of Etravirine and Fenofibrate was 5.32(± 0.1) and 3.58(± 0.1) minutes respectively. Studies were performed using an HPLC system equipped with a UV detector; the response was monitored at 308 nm. The method was validated according to MHLW (Japan) guidelines (2013). The data of linear regression analysis indicated a good linear relationship over the range of 0.16-0.64 μg/ml concentrations with correlation coefficient value of 0.993. The proposed method can be applied to the analysis of Etravirine from human plasma. Key Words: Etravirine, Human Plasma, HPLC, Bioanalytical study, Validation

1706-1710

Authors: Halime Aali1 , Farahnaz Mir1 , Batul Shahraki Mojahed2*

Diabetes is the most common medical condition during pregnancy. It is highly important to diagnose patients suffering from diabetes, because effective treatment of the patient can minimize both maternal and embryonic complications. The present study aims at investigating the relationship between hemoglobin concentration in the first three months of pregnancy and gestational diabetes in the city of Zahedan in the years 2016. This retrospective study was conducted by studying the medical files of pregnant women who had visited Imam Ali Hospital in Zahedan during the year 2016. One hundred and fifty files in which information about the mothers had completely been recorded were selected. Information about the mothers was collected using a researcherdeveloped questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 18 using chi square tests. P<0.05 was considered to be significant. From the 150 cases investigated in this study, 78 patients were diagnosed and 72 patients were not diagnosed with gestational diabetes. The results showed that the ratio of calculated chance for hemoglobin in the first three months of pregnancy and having gestational diabetes is 3.012 with a confidence interval of 95% and a range of (1.614-5.718). The results of this study showed that there is significant relationship between high levels of hemoglobin in the first three months of pregnancy and having gestational diabetes, in a way that high levels of hemoglobin in the first three months of pregnancy is considered to be an important risk factor in relation with having gestational diabetes. It is suggested that pregnant women with high levels of hemoglobin in the first three months of pregnancy be considered women at risk and selective screening for the risk factor be done for them. Key Words: Hemoglobin, Pregnancy, Gestational Diabetes, Zahedan.

1717-1722

Authors: Fawaz Jaffar, Qaiser Iqbal*, Tanzeel Ahmed Randhawa

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the level of job satisfaction among medical sales representatives working in Karachi city, Pakistan. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, survey based study. The study was conducted among medical representative working in different pharmaceutical corporations of Karachi city, Pakistan. A total of 519 respondents were considered in this study. The modified Likert Scale of (agreeability) questionnaire containing 20 questions was used for data collection. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data collection with level of significance set at < 0.05. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis. Results: 550 questionnaires were distributed out of which 519 questioners were received. Male respondents were 486 (93.6%) and 268 (51.6%) had B.Sc. level of education. 446 (86%) were employed in a local company. Job satisfaction was rated as satisfactory among medical representative with a special focus on salary and promotion. Lack of benefits and rewards, workload and extraordinary strictness of rules were identified as factors leading to dissatisfaction. Age, education, gender, company, position and experience were significantly associated with the study questions. Conclusion: It is concluded that the medical representatives were encountered by several tasks in their duty. A number of issues disturb their capability to complete their responsibilities. Major concerns were related to rewards and deficiencies of benefits, lack of promotion were identified as factors leading to dissatisfaction. In summary, medical representatives were satisfied with their current job status. Keywords: Job satisfaction, medical representatives, pharmaceutical companies, Karachi, Pakistan

1729-1736

Authors: Mohamamd Kashif Habib, Fahad Saleem*, Qaiser Iqbal, Sajjad Haider

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of nurses towards antibiotic use and resistance in tertiary care hospitals of Quetta city, Pakistan. Methods: The KAP study was designed as a cross-sectional descriptive survey. A total of 322 nurses practicing at seven different public tertiary care hospitals of Quetta city were targeted for the study. KAP towards antibiotic use and resistance was evaluated by using a pre validated questionnaire consisting 24 questions. Descriptive statistics were used for explaining demographic characteristics. All statistical calculation was completed by SPSS 20.0. Results: Out of 322 distributed questionnaires, 297 were completed and returned with a response rate of 92%. Two hundred and ninety three (98.7 %) were female and 150 (50.5%) had age range of 28-37 years. 275 (92.6%) were staff nurses and (73.7%) had diploma in nursing. Mean scores of knowledge, attitude and practice were 5.39 ± 1.43, 6.59 ± 1.56 and 4.89 ± 1.65 indicating good knowledge, positive attitude but poor practices towards antibiotic use and resistance respectively. Conclusion: The result of current study indicated adequate knowledge, positive attitude but poor practice of nurses towards antibiotic use and resistance. The poor practice of nurses may lead to negative outcome to the health of patients, hence clinical education should be provided to nurses to improve their practice towards the rising problem. Special courses should be incorporated in curriculum in nursing schools and colleges to improve nurses’ practices towards antibiotic resistance. Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, nurses, antibiotic use and resistance, Quetta city

1741-1745

Authors: Halime Aali1 , Farahnaz Mir1 and Zohreh Mahmoodi2

After respiratory and digestive infection, urinary tract infection is the most common disease in children and it counts for 2% of cases visiting pediatricians. Due to the excessive consumption of antibiotics with different dosages and insufficient time, the resistance and strength of different strains change so constantly that it is necessary to review the process of these changes every 3 to 5 years. The main objective of the present study is evaluating antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infection in children younger than 14 years old visiting Imam Ali Hospital in 2016. The present cross-sectional study reviewed clinical records of patients hospitalized in Imam Ali hospital of Zahedan due to urinary tract infection in 2016. Required data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS18 and chi square test; P<0.05 was considered significance level. Out of 100 patients, 68 subjects (68%) were female and 32 cases (32%) were male; 4 main germs causing urinary tract infection were studied, out of which E.coli was the most (65%) and Staphylococcus the least common (42%) causes of infection. The highest resistance rate against infection generating factors turned out to be 89% in girls and 91% in boys in case of ampicillin and 73% for girls and 67% for boys in case of cotrimoxazole; the lowest resistance rate turned out to be 7% in girls and 16% in boys and was related to amikacin. The results of the present study confirm increasing drug resistance in different pathogens. In fact, urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing are necessary before the onset of treatment and appropriate antibiotic selection. It is recommended for further studies to investigate antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections in children around the world. Key Words: Antibiotic Resistance, Urinary tract Infection, Children.

1755-1761

Authors: Bala Tripura Sundari1 *, P. Sailaja Rao2 , K. Sireesha3 , Y. Krishna Sai4

Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the ethosomal gel of leaf extract of Mangifera indica, its incorporation in to gel formulations and to characterize the developed ethosomes and gel formulations using various parameters. Methods: Different formulations of ethosomes using lecithin, cholesterol and ethanol were prepared using different doses of Mangifera indica herbal leaf extracts. Carbopol 940 was used to prepare ethosomal gel. The entrapment efficiency of ethosomes was 65.1%-96.54% and the average vesicle size was 920nm. Three formulations (different doses) were selected based on entrapment efficiency and drug release and used for further incorporation into gel formulations. Prepared gels were then evaluated for physicochemical characteristics and drug content. Results: The pH of the gel formulations was found to be in the range of 5.4-6.2. viscosities of gels were ranging between 2250- 2399 centipoises. The drug content of gels ranged between 74.67-82.31% Conclusion: The present study revealed ethosomal gel as an efficient drug delivery system for herbal extract. Keywords: Ethanol, Lecithin, transdermal, Mangifera indica.

1768-1772

Authors: Hafsa Nusrat1* , Reda Ansari 2 and Kapeel Nawani 3

Objective: To study the relative effects of previous and current smoking habits on the 5 years relapse rate of Tuberculosis. Methods: This multi-center, retrospective study comprised of 200 patients (64.8% males and 35.2% females) chosen via simple random sampling and undergoing treatment for relapsed tuberculosis at different T.B centers namely: Government T.B Sanatorium Kotri, Bhittai Hospital Hyderabad, Civil Hospital Hyderabad and Civil Hospital Mirpurkhas, from 1st December 2014 to 10th February 2015. Verbal informed consent was obtained before administering structured self-administered questionnaires. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 19.0 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Result: Incidence of relapse of T.B within 5 years in Non-Smokers is 73% while much more extensive rate of incidence of relapse T.B is seen in people who continue to smoke during and after treatment which is up to 92%. Similarly past smokers showed up to 80% incidence of relapse and the people who had left smoking due to the disease showed incidence of up to 86% of T.B relapse within 5 years. The frequency of cigarette packets consumed by smokers per day who are currently suffering from relapse T.B within 5 years is estimated which concluded that 14% of patients consume 2 packets per day, 11% consume 1 packet per day, 3% consume 1/2 of packet per day and 1% consume 1/3 of packet per day. Conclusion: The analysis produced evidence that incidence of relapse T.B within 5 years among smokers is greater than non-smokers. Smoking is a risk factor for relapse T.B which should be incorporated as a preventive intervention by Tuberculosis control policies in the future. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Relapsed Rate, Cigarette Smoking, Tobacco Smoking, Tuberculosis Relapse

1778-1783

Authors: Fatemeh Mokhtari1 , Soheila Ehsanpour2 and Ashraf Kazemi 3

Background: Social support is one of the important effective factors on health-related behaviors in different groups. The present study has evaluated the effect of an educational intervention on parents’ nutritional social support for having a healthy diet by teenagers. Methods: This field trial was conducted in two groups on the parents of 63 female early adolescent.The level of parents’ nutritional social support for having a healthy diet were measured using a questionnaire. One month after performing the educational intervention for parents, parents’ nutritional social support for having a healthy diet were measured again. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all the statistical tests. Results: The study results showed that after intervention means of the level of emotional [p=0.009],informational [p=0.03]and total social support [p=0.03] in the intervention group were significantly more than the control group.The mean of instrumental social support between the intervention and control groups showed no significant difference. Conclusions: Educational intervention on parents increases the nutritional level of parents’ nutritional social support in the emotional, informational and total dimensions. Keywords: field trial, Social Support, Parents,Nutrition.

1790-1797

Authors: F. Gheitaspour 1 * , A. Matinfar 2 , M. Gholami 3

Annual variation of photoperiod is the most regular phenomenon that has strong predictive value in the temporal organization of seasonal activities in biological world, especially reproduction. The pineal organ, has the most important role in melatonin release under the different light condition. Melatonin is a much conserved feature in vertebrates that plays a central role in the entrainment of daily and annual physiological rhythms. The present study carried out in order to underestand different light intensity and photoperiod effects on melatonin release in whitespotted rabbitfish (siganus sutor) brood stock. For this purpose, 9 treatments, under artificial lighting conditions with 3 levels of photoperiod and light intensity include (16L/8D), (12L/12D), (6L/16D) and 1000, 2000, 3000 Lux, with a control treatment (natural light) on a period of 60 days studied. At the end of period analyzing the blood showed that the rate of melatonin in all of the male and female treatments in treatment of higher light intensity and photoperiod was lower than control treatment with a significant difference (P < 0.05). Key words: melatonin - photoperiod- light intensity- siganus sutor- Persian gulf.