Ancient Sumy Land

20-33

Authors: Vlasenko V. M. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University

After the failing Second Winter Campaign of the Ukrainian People’s Army in November 1921, Ukrainian emigration understood the illusoriness of its quick return to the homeland. The leaders of emigration attempted to define their further condition. The question about unification of all emigrations under a slogan of creation of the independent Ukraine has arisen. The leader of Ukrainian emigration in Romania, the Head of the Extraordinary diplomatic mission of UNR in this country Kostiantyn Matsiyevych was one of the first, who favored reorganization of the Government and the State Center of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. He proposed to the President of the Directory UNR Symon Petliura to shorten the Government’s structure, reorganize it in accordance with the new matters, and to create the All-Ukrainian National Center, which will include the representatives of different political movements and parties. First of all, this center should solve the general emigration questions, for example, of cultural and educational character, and after to cope with political tasks. K. Matsiyevych discussed openly the question about convocation of the All-Ukrainian Congress and election there the All-Ukrainian National Center. He reported on this topic at several conferences of the Ukrainian emigration in Romania, addressed to Ukrainian organizations in Berlin, Warsaw, Vienna, Kalisz, Lviv, Paris, Prague and other centers of the Ukrainian emigration calling to create the public interest groups; he proposed the statute’s project of the All-Ukrainian National Center. The question of the Center’s residence - Bucharest, Warsaw, Prague and Paris was discussed together with S. Petliura. The President of the Directory UNR was considering Paris as the best place of stay for the All-Ukrainian National Center. But after the kill of S. Petliura in May 1926, the process of unity of the Ukrainian emigration became a little bit slower. In late 1920th, the unities of emigrations have been created on site. In June 1929, in Prague, the followers of the Government of the UNR in emigration convened the First Conference of Ukrainian emigration that contained the Ukrainian emigrants from 7 countries, including Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The main Ukrainian emigration board was elected. During its existence (till 1939) the senior executives were included D. Herodot, K. Matsiyevych, V. Trepke (Romania), V. Filonovych (the representative of the Minister for War of UNR in the Balkans). Early 1930th, the idea of convening of the All-Ukrainian National Congress began to broaden among the emigrants and western Ukrainians again. On August 5, 1933, in Prague, the initiative group of convene of the All-Ukrainian National Congress was created. The idea of convening of the All-Ukrainian National Congress was discussed in press and on forums of political parties, civil and cultural organizations. But it was postponed because of different points of view between organizations, which laid claim to the leading role in the Ukrainian movement. In December 1934, the crossparty conference was held in Lviv. Four political parties of the Western Ukraine (Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance, Ukrainian SocialistRadical Party, Ukrainian Social Democratic Party, and Ukrainian National Revival) and three parties of Greater Ukraine (Ukrainian Radical Democratic Party, Ukrainian SocialistRevolutionary Party, and Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party) took part in the conference. The URDP was represented by its leader K. Matsiyevych. The conference approved the decision to convene the All-Ukrainian National Congress. The object and the task of the Congress were defined, as well as its structure body was determined. The Preparatory Congress Committee (PCC) was created and included two departments - Lviv and Foreign. K. Matsiyevych was the member of the Foreign department of PCC; he participated all its conferences, as well as published in “Newsletter of the Ukrainian National Congress.” As per May 1936, V. Filonovych was chosen to the structure body of the Foreign committee of PCC. Some countries have established interorganizational congressional committees, including Romania. Such representatives as V. Trepke (the Head), H. Vlasiuk, D. Herodot, A. Ivapshyna and H. Porokhivskyi were a part of the Congress. Despite the numerous events for support, the All-Ukrainian National Congress was never taken place. The ambitions of some political parties and organizations outweighed the feasibility of holding a nationwide forum. In May 1938, the Foreign department of the PCC announced about temporary stay of its activity.

46-56

Authors: Kudinov D. V. Dr. (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy Regional Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education.

The publication is based on three original documents from the case The Correspondence with District Police Officers, Assistant Chiefs of Kursk Governorate Gendarme Department, the Prosecutor of the District Court Concerning Brining to Responsibility People Accused of Distribution of Revolutionary Leaflets, Appeals and Tracts from the Fund of Kursk Gendarme Department of State Archive of the Kursk Region. The materials themselves indicate wider geography of Ukrainian parties agitation during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and prove that its eastern border line coincided with ethnographic boundary of Ukrainian nation, part of which passed through the territory of former Kursk Governorate (now within Kursk and Belgorod regions). Combining these materials with other archive documents and historiographic sources, the author comes to the conclusion that the most probable source of propaganda was Sumy district, where a group of The Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP), headed by Anton Korotkevich, operated in 1905. The involvement of the RUP Okhtyrka group is also possible. It is also assumed that apart from the method of direct party agitation two other ways of propaganda materials distribution took place: firstly, through the agency of local groups of Russian parties, which made a union with Ukrainian national political organizations; secondly, ad-hoc, when Kursk peasants, who visited neighboring governorate, incidentally got hold of agitation literature. These two indicated means go for the distribution of the materials of the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Union (Spilka) and the Ukrainian Democratic Party, which didn’t have their own structures in the region and expanded their literature in Sumy district and nearby regions with the help of Russian organizations (The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, The Constitutional Democratic Party). The article provides a brief characteristic of agitation materials themselves together with an estimation of their relevance for peasants. Moreover, the list of populated localities where the police recorded the detection of Ukrainian parties proclamations is specified. The author expresses opinion that the quantity of populated locations was actually higher. Further explorations in Russian archives will allow to extend the idea about the scale of Ukrainian parties agitation, to define the names of agitators, their party or cell belonging and solve the question of whether Ukrainian propaganda resulted in organizational establishment of Ukrainian political organizations within Kursk Governorate.

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Authors: Sosura L. G. post-graduate, M.P. Drahomanov’s National Pedagogical University (Ukraine)

The article is devoted to the occupation of Mikhail Petrovich Dragomanov as a teacher and research scientist. Drahomanov fought by means of word against the monarch and the government, supported the undertaking in educational work in Ukraine, defended the opinion that every person has the right to study and to be an educated person. Mykhailo Drahomanov was a political figure, a political scientist, a researcher of the world and national history, a specialist in folklore and an ethnographer, a journalist and a literary critic. The main Drahomanov’s work that was devoted to the study of the activities of public schools is «National Schools in Ukraine». In this publication author has expressed his thoughts about upbringing and education. The merit of Drahomanov in the development of the Ukrainian language is, first of all, that he enriched it with expressive resources, intellectualized with terms, and thus brought it to the level of the official European languages. By his theoretical generalizations, he contributed to the affirmation of the literary Ukrainian language in its diverse functional status, accelerated its evolutionary development, and highlighted it as a part of wide-ranging public-cultural and pedagogical life of the Ukrainian nation. The main focus of the article is targeted on his pedagogical viewpoint, his influence on raising the cultural and educational level of Ukrainian people. His theoretical and practical activities are also covered.

25-49

Authors: Vlasenko V. M., Guzun V. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor, Sumy State University (Ukraine). ScopusAuthor ID: 563-3026-3000 PhD (History), Romanian Academy; Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)

In three Balkan countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia, in the period between the First and Second World Wars, the national democratic environment, represented by the State Center of Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), was the most influential and numerous among Ukrainian political emigration. His representative in Romania was Professor K. Matsievich, the head of the extraordinary diplomatic mission of the UNR, Branch of the Ukrainian Society (supporters of the League of Nations and the Public Assisting Committee in this country). In 1939, V. Trepke, Deputy Chief of Public and Assisting Committee, became the member of the Government of the UNR in emigration. Representatives of the Government of the UNR in Bulgaria were M. Parashchuk and Ya. Malinovsky, representatives of the Minister of Military Affairs of the UNR (in exile) in Romania - Colonel H. Porokhivsky, in the Balkans (Bulgaria, Yugoslavia) and in Turkey - Lieutenant V. Fylonovych. Poland provided the financial support to the Government of the UNR in exile, its representatives and public organizations of emigration in recipient countries. The majority of members of the Government of the UNR at the time of emigration and before World War II were members of the Ukrainian Radical and Democratic Party (URDP) that has managed to build its network in Austria, Poland and Czechoslovakia in the interwar period. In Romania, it was represented first by K. Matsievich, and then by D. Levitsky. K. Matsievich was a member by the Central Committee, and in the 1930s he headed the Foreign Office. The periodical press of the party published articles of K. Matsievich about emigration in Romania. Offices of URDP did not exist in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. USDP carried out its public political work through the Ukrainian Republican Democratic Club in Prague. It brought together representatives of different political environments, but most members were the radical democrats. In 1928-1931, K. Matsievich was the Chairman of the council, after 1931 - Deputy Chairman. In addition to social, political, cultural and educational actions of emigration, the Club was engaged in the employment of its members, graduates of Ukrainian high schools and immigrants, including in Romania. K. Matsievich led Labour Bureau that was specially created for this purpose. In exile, the government of the UNR was under the control of the Secret Brotherhood of Ukrainian Statehood. In Ukraine, it was headed by Academician S. Yefremov, in exile - Professor B. Ivanitsky. The Brotherhood had an organizational structure. In the mid-1930s, its local branches-communities opened in Warsaw, Bucharest, Kalisz, Lviv, Paris, Prague and Podebrady. The Brotherhood included more than 100 people, including Chairman of the Directory, all members of the UNR Government, representatives of the top military commanders of former UNR Army and prominent figures of the UNR emigration, I. Gavrilyuk, D. Herodot (Ivashina), K. Matsievich and V. Trepke (Romania). Representatives of the national democratic environment of Ukrainian emigration in South-Eastern Europe participated in conferences of the Ukrainian Chief Emigration Council in 1929, 1932 and 1934 in Prague. D. Herodot, K. Matsievich and V. Fylonovych were members of the administrative board. The leader of Ukrainian political emigration in Romania K. Matsievich collaborated with Ukrainian Scientific Institute in Warsaw (UNI-W), which supported and substantiated the ideas of the UNR. In 1930-1931, he led the economic seminar of the Institute. At the meetings, he delivered reports and published scientific works about Ukrainian emigration in Romania. In 1930 and 1931, V. Trepke made two expeditions, with the material support UNI-W, to determine where Ivan Mazepa stayed in Romania. The most active and united adherents of the idea of the UNR were in Romania, where the Public and Assisting Committee united representatives of different political camps. In Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, its supporters headed a number of public organizations, but internal disputes gradually led to the loss of influence in the emigre environment. Keywords: Bulgaria, Brotherhood of Ukrainian Statehood, the State Center of the UNR, political environment, Romania, Ukrainian emigration, Ukrainian Radical and Democratic Party, Ukrainian Republican and Democratic Club, Yugoslavia.

59-67

Authors: Goncharenko L. L., Kobaka K. Yu. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor, Sumy State Pedagogical University named after Makarenko (Ukraine) Master of history, Sumy State Pedagogical University named after Makarenko (Ukraine)

The article analyzes the events of Russo-Turkish war of 1787-1791 and the position of the UK and the Cabinet of William Pitt the Younger in resolving this conflict. Special attention is paid to the British diplomatic relations of Kingdom with other European states that were related to the war and directly the influence of William Pitt the Younger to international relations of the United Kingdom. In 1783 at the age of 24 William Pitt the Younger became British Prime Minister. Young Prime Minister believes that his main task in foreign policy is British withdrawal from the state of political isolation. For decrease the Russian Empire and active dissemination of British goods to the Russian market William Pitt the Younger pushed the Ottoman Empire to the war with Russia. Due to the failed beginning the Russian Empire in the early period of war and coordination of the Turkish side actions with Britain the importance of London is growing rapidly in international relations. The key importance in the confrontation between the Russian and British empires took Ochakiv problem, because strong fortresses such as Ochakiv, Bendery and Ackerman were on this territory. A country that owned this territory could easily control the mouth of the three largest water communications in Eastern Europe - Dnieper, Dniester and Bug. Definitely, the main task of William Pitt the Younger was to prevent the transfer of the territory under the rule of the Russian Empire. Ochakiv problem was the starting point for solving other international problems, such as the requirement of Prussia to transfer Danzig and Torun, political autonomy Danubian principalities, the fate of the Polish state and so on. So there is no wonder in anti-Russian policy of London, which is currently entirely dependent of the will of William Pitt the Younger. But, thanks to the military genius Alexander Suvorov, Ochakiv was taken and British-Russian confrontation ended in favor of the Russian Empire. In 1790 a vivid manifestation of William Pitt the Younger in international European contradictions was intervention in the Austro-Prussian conflict with the aim of removing Austria from the Treaty with the Russian Empire. As a result Russia was alone in the war against Turkey and its ally Sweden. But, again thanks to successful military actions and international relations Russians captured the fortress of Izmail (the key to the Balkans) and made peace with ally of Turkey Sweden. These events were for the British Prime Minister only the catalyst to the beginning of an open confrontation with Russia. Moreover, most of all William Pitt the Younger feared that Turkey’s position was threatened. March 22, 1791 British cabinet convened its extraordinary meeting where it was approved the text of the ultimatum to Russia and it was decided to send in the Baltic Sea to the Russian coast 36 battleships and the same number of frigates, and for direct assistance to Turkey in the Black Sea 10 or 12 battleships. But this policy of William Pitt the Younger met fierce resistance in parliament. This is explained by the fact that the UK received from the growing Baltic trade with Russia the huge benefits, and the gap with Russia threatened their loss. Seeing as it melts advantage in parliament and what public resonance was caused by the preparation for war, the Prime Minister announced Berlin court that the British fleet will not come to the Baltic Sea and simultaneously withdrawn the ultimatum the British Crown to St. Petersburg, which had not been given the Russian Empress Catherine II yet. And though the British Prime Minister lost the confrontation with Russia, his main goal in foreign policy, especially the removal of the UK from the state of political isolation completely fulfilled. Due to the efforts of William Pitt the Younger Great Britain began to play a significant role in the events that occurred on the European continent. The Prime Minister very quickly managed to regain the prestige in the international arena, which was lost after the defeat in the war with the American colonies. Key words: Great Britain, William Pitt the Younger, Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, war, politics, international relations, Ochakiv problem.

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Authors: Korol S.M. PhD (in Political Science), senior lecturer of Philosophy, Sociology and Innovative Social Technologies Department of Sumy State University (Ukraine)

The author made an attempt to analyse the publication of Ukrainian scientists devoted to cross-border cooperation in the Central Europe region in the late XX - early XXI cent. Euroregions became the main and most common kind of cross-border cooperation during the post-socialist period. Western Ukraine belongs to the Baltic-Black Sea axis of Euroregional partnership. 5 Euroregions were created on the south-western borders of Ukraine: “Carpathian Euroregion” (Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania), “Bug” (Ukraine, Poland, Belarus), “Upper Prut” (Ukraine, Moldova and Romania), “Lower Danube” (Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) and “Dniester” (Ukraine and Moldova). The theme of cross-border relations in the Central Europe region is relevant and interesting for the Ukrainian scientists. Now researches of political, economic, organizational, legal and environmental aspects of local Euroregions are dominated in the historiography of the issue. These works often have practical value and contribute to the search for ways to improve good-neighborly cooperation on the border. Recently, there are increasing retrospective scientific works. Ukrainian researchers used laws, international treaties and current documents in the public domain, as well as the official statistical materials and periodicals data as the primary sources for studying this theme. Keywords: cross-border cooperation, Central Europe, «Carpathian Euroregion», Euroregion “Bug”, Euroregion «Upper Prut», Euroregion «Lower Danube», Euroregion «Dniester», historiography.

98-107

Authors: Kocharyan S. G. PhD (History), I.P. Kotlyarevsky Kharkiv National University of Arts, Associate Professor at the department of Social Sciences (Ukraine)

This article deals with the national and cultural renaissance of Kharkiv Armenians in 1989-2004. During the last years of the existence of the Soviet Union and in the beginning of the epoch of independence of Ukraine favourable conditions were created for the national and cultural development of all nations, which lived on its territory. The above fact concerns Ukrainian Armenians too, particularly in Kharkiv. Beginning from the end of 1980s there was a steady rise in the number of public national organizations, which cooperated with state and local government bodies, with increases in the number of their members, levels and range of cultural and other events, organized by them. The Builders’ Palace of Culture was the centre of the cultural and social life of Kharkiv Armenians at that time. Foundation of new national Armenian organizations began almost after a 50-year break. The founding meeting of the Kharkiv Society of Armenian Culture took place in December of 1989. Sections of history, culture and public education were set up. The famous composer and song writer Anatoly Azatovich Chilutyan was elected the Head of the Society [15]. The first Board of the Society also included the People’s Artist of Ukraine A. S. Barsegian, academician V. A. Petrosov, Professor I. K. Terzian, Associate Professor Sh. Sh. Aramishyan and O. Ye. Miroyan [3]. On January 1, 2011 there were 63 organizations in Kharkiv. It is impossible to imagine the whole picture of the city’s development without studying the history of national communities of Kharkiv. The erection of the Armenian Temple in Kharkiv was the key event, and this Temple became a centre of life for the community. Our analysis of historiography has revealed that there are no special researches in this subject. Some aspects of this range of problems are touched upon by authors of popular science sketches, published in the book The First Capital (2007) by Kevorkian K. E., as well as in the collected articles Multiethnic Kharkiv. The research was based on such sources as materials of periodicals, official sites of Armenian organizations as well as materials of oral history (interviews). By the results of our study we created the following periodization in the history of Kharkiv Armenians in 1989-2004: 1) 1989-1994 - renaissance of their national and cultural life, appearance of the first organizations, functioning of an Armenian Sunday school and an Armenian club; 2) 1995-1999 - absence of any Armenian school, parallel existence of several Armenian organizations; 3) 2000-2004 - a new revival in the activity of the Armenian community, opening of a Sunday school, publication of their own newspaper, organization of a dance company, erection of a national temple. The results of this study can be used in subsequent researches in the history of the Armenian community of Ukraine, in the process of writing summary works on the history of ethnic minorities in Kharkiv and Ukraine, during preparation of textbooks and manuals on the history of Ukraine. Key words: Armenians, Kharkiv, community, church.

23-42

Authors: Vlasenko V. M. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University

Radical-and-nationalistic Environment of the Interwar Ukrainian Political Emigration in Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia was represented by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Fascist Shift (Movement). The former emerged in 1929 uniting some military and youth nationalist organizations and had its organizational net in the Balkans. The leaders of its centre in Bulgaria were Ivan Korshun, Ivan Shymansky and Mykola Nitskevich, in Yugoslavia – Grygory Kaliuzhny and Vasyl Voitanivsky. The centre of OUN in these countries were not numerous but they were active in the emigrant environment. In the fight against the supporters of State Centre of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, the Ukrainian Union of State Grain Harvesters and the Ukrainian NationalCossack Community for the influence on the emigrants positive results were achieved. They were favoured by Mykola Sciborsky’s, one of the OUN leaders, frequent visits to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. The OUN influence spread onto the Ukrainian Community “Prosvita” in Zagreb with numerous affiliates in Croatia and Bosnia and the Ukrainian Cultural Association in Bulgaria. The attempts to head the unions of the Ukrainian organizations in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia were not successful. In Bulgaria the OUN centres were most influential in Sofia and Varna, in Yugoslavia – in Zagreb (Croatia). V. Voitanivsky, the OUN leader in Croatia, maintained contacts with the Croatian revolutionary organization (“Ustashi”). The Ukrainian Fascist Shift (UFS) emerged in the mid-1930s in Belgrade. Its leader was Lev Bogunets (Baganets). The UFS did not have a branched net of centres. Its activity was merely confined to Serbia. The Shift published the miscellany “For Ukraine”, oriented at Germany and was in the opposition both to the OUN and the government of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in emigration. In the interwar period the OUN in Romania had its own net on the ethnic Ukrainian lands – in the Northern Bukovina and a part of Bessarabia. It was at the end of 1939 that some members of the Ukrainian Community in Bucharest headed by Vasyl Melnyk broke the relationship with the government of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in emigration and together with the local centre of the Ukrainian Union of State Hetmantsi were subordinated to the OUN. The group of V. Melnyk maintained the contact with the Romanian right-wing radical organization “The Iron Guard”.

50-58

Authors: Gоncharenko L. L.PhD (History), Associate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A. S. Makarenko

The article analyzes the spread of ideas of European unity on the continent after World War II. On the basis of the activities of the ideologists of European integration, namely W. Churchill, R. Coudenhove-Kalergi, R. McKay and their views it is discussed the theoretical background of future integration processes and their practical value in the future creation of the bodies of the European unions. It reveals the essence of the ideas of European unity and their report to the European society. Particular attention is paid to the understanding of the essence of European unification, the rationality for its necessity. There are analyzed integration views W. Churchill, R. Coudenhove- Kalergi, R. McKay, their fundamental importance in the formulation of a conceptual framework of integration, the main goals of the future unification. It is examined the role of these individuals in question of preparing the Hague Congress. The focus is on the1948 year which showed a radical change in the approach to the prospects of European unity. This turning point event was the holding of the Congress in the Hague in May 1948, which contributed to the growth in the number of supporters of European unification processes as in political circles and among the general public. The Congress was attended by 740 delegates, representatives of different countries; among the participants were former Prime Ministers and foreign Ministers, members of Parliament and prominent personalities who represented the cultural and intellectual elite of Europe. For the first time in the history of European integration at the meeting of such a high level, it was discussed the concrete steps and conceptual foundations of United Europe. A characteristic feature of the Congress was that, it was attended by supporters of various ideological movements - of unionists and federalists. Many of the ideas embodied in the resolutions of the Congress were subsequently implemented, and underscores its importance in the processes foundation of United Europe. In the article much attention is paid to the training and activities of the Congress, and revealing its main areas of work. The emphasis is on the fact that a direct consequence of the proposals of the Hague Congress was the creation of the International coordinating Committee October 25, 1948 the so-called “European movement” - a permanent informal organization, whose main goal was the development and promotion of the idea of the European Union. Thus, it is concluded that in May 1948, from the holding of the Hague Congress of European movements, activities of Pro-European associations moved from planning to practical work on the establishment of the “United States of Europe”. There was a structural strengthening and expansion of transnational associations, which was reflected in the creation of the European movement.

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Authors: Kudinov D. V. Dr. (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy Regional Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education

The publication consists of two parts: the commentary on the document and the original document itself. The latest is deposited in the fund of Kursk Consistory in the State Archive of Kursk Oblast. The value of such information publishing is conditioned by the difficulty of access to it for a Ukrainian researcher and by the necessity to form the base of sources for scientific urbanistic research (on the example of Sumy). Apart from the commentary the text is supplied with explanatory notes in order to improve its readability. The commentary specifies the informative value of the document: 1) illustration of the layout of state and local duties on the example of specific residential community; 2) demonstration of the procedure of disputes solving between civil authorities and clergy; 3) determination of characteristics of municipal duties and fees layout organization; 4) presenting the facts of charity of gubernial secretary Ivan Kirilov, which represent a little known page of Sumy past; 5) revealing of particular details of the trading activity of Sumy dwellers and Putivl friary. The reasonability and legal basis of the complaint of Sofronievska Pustyn against the actions of local authorities, the verity of the argumentation of both sides and their positions towards the matter of the argument are analyzed basing on the attraction of additional materials. An increased focused is put on the text parts featuring separate personalities, particularly of Russian revolutionary prince Sergey Volkonsky. Although his name is mentioned cursorily in the context of citizens suffering from free quarter, considering the scarcity of data about Sumy period of the public person (1817-1818 ) gains its value. Due to the erased discussion, the charity activity of gubersky secretary Ivan Kirilov is emphasized. He had passed four new spacious stone buildings to city authorities and clergy both in order to support new owners and help orphans, sick and poor citizens. Though the morals and charity of the specified person are not particularly discussed in the document, the act is valuable by the specified factual data. Combined with other sources- documents from the fund of Sumy Regional Museum of Local Lore, the fund of Synod of the Russian State Historical Archive, explorations materials of the past of Safronievska Pustyn and Kharkov Eparchy - the original may form the basis for the research of the biography of still little known Sumy philanthropist.

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Authors: Yakimova A.

Рецензована книга «Проф. Михайло Иванович Парашчук украински скулптор и виден обществен деец (1878-1963)» - збірник документів, світлин і публікацій, що розкривають творчу та громадсько-політичну діяльність українського скульптора Михайла Паращука, який у 1921-1963 рр. проживав у Болгарії. Основу збірника складають документи з особового архіву М. Паращука, що зберігається в Центральному державному архіві (ЦДА) Болгарії, решта - документи і матеріали з фонду проф. Івана Шишманова Наукового архіву Болгарської академії наук (НА БАН), Болгарського історичного архіву, Софійського державного архіву й інших болгарських архівів. Книга побачила світ завдяки реалізації українсько-болгарського проекту, реалізованого українським дипломатом і науковцем Віталієм Москаленком та болгарським архівістом Еміне Хаковою.

15-22

Authors: Hlibishuk M. V. postgraduate student, Chernivtsi National University at the department of history, political science and international relations

In his article, the author analyzes some archival materials, which haven’t yet been released to the general scientific community. These regulations concern the domestic policy of A. Denikin’s and Wrangel’s White Guard regimes, existing in the territory of the South of Russia during 1918-1920. All documents were found in the collections of Russian archival institutions. Particular attention is devoted to the new documents, which concern the propaganda of the Wrangel’s government, whichand thus attempting to give a look from different angle at the White Guards propaganda that was carried out in 1920 The author also analyzes the new archival sources relating to foreign trade between the White Guard governments in the South of Russia and other states - France, Italy and the United States. These documents shed light on some aspects of the financial and trade cooperation among these countries. Some archival documents related to the financial conditions of Wrangel’s government in 1920. These sources are focused on the problems faced by this White Guard governments. The archives that reveal the light on the extent of counterfeiting of currency existed in the Crimea in the period are also examined. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of some archival sources that can be considered as transformation projects, and whose implementation was to stabilize the situation in the political and socio-economic spheres. These documents concern the results of Denikin’s and Wrangel’s regimes. Key words: The Civil war in Russia, the White movement, the Armed Forces of Southern Russia, A. Denikin, P. Wrangel, the bolsheviks.

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Authors: Lysenko M. S. PhD (History), Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy named after O.M. Beketov, PhD Professor at the department of History and Culturology Science

The article examines the role of Poltava society of agriculture in modernization of the agrarian sector of Poltava province. The initiator of its creation was Prince S.V.Kochubey. This was the first public association in the territory of Dnieper Ukraine in post-reform period. Poltava agrarian society contributed to the improvement of agriculture of the region. His areas of activity are diverse (exhibitions, introduction new farming methods, better animal husbandry and others ) and had broad-scale implementation. Participants of agricultural society implemented in the life of progressive changes associated with socio-economic transformations in the region. Representatives of Poltava Agricultural Organization cooperated with the leaders of the local landowners, entrepreneurs and scientists. They understood that the processes of modernization must affect not only agriculture and industry, but also social consciousness. Poltava society of agriculture received the support of the Zemstvos and the local gentry. Members of the public were divided into honorable, employees and journalists . Important role in the organization belonged to the Secretary. Society printed the publications, including the magazine “Khutoryanin”. The upgrade process captured the most active in the social, psychological and economic relations between the landlords. The old traditions had to change, to acquire new knowledge and improve farming practices. Company engaged in the purchase of grain and other products for the commissariat before I World War . Program that included the most important issues for the scientific study of agriculture has the edge. It allowed to solve problems more effectively and on schedule. Members of the society have been actively involved in all-Russian actions in agriculture: congresses, contests and meetings. The relations between the agricultural community and the Ministry of Agriculture were the initiative, accountability and cooperation. Society had a good library, collect livestock collection for the museum of the Poltava zemstvos. Experience of Poltava landowners was extended to other Ukrainian province of the Russian Empire. Poltava society opened branches in his province, and also sought to cooperate with the central All-Russian Agricultural Organization. The effectiveness of this partnership has achieved high results on the eve of World War I. Key words: Poltava province, Poltava society of agriculture, modernization, agriculture.

63-76

Authors: Korol V. M. 1st category specialist of Sumy State University, Department of Theory and History of State and Law; post graduate student of H.S.Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Department of History of Ukraine. ScopusAuthor ID: 56705106200

The article deals with studying the content and organization features of education in Labour Reserves institutions during the economy reconstruction of Ukraine in 1943-1950. Curriculums of factory training schools and vocation schools were reviewed by the author. Distribution of training time between subjects and their content also were considered. Soviet Labour Reserves system provided youth vocational training to replenish the collectives of strategic enterprises sectors of the economy. Components of the young workers education in Labour Reserves institutions were: industrial training, especially technical and general education subjects, political classes and physical or military training. The main emphasis was placed on gaining practical experience by students through industrial training, to which the largest share of the time was assigned. Typically the term of training in factory training schools was only 6 months. There were no general education subjects as a rule. The preparation process in vocation schools lasted for two years. It was more circumstantial and qualitative. Differences in the curriculums of factory training schools and trade schools allowed ensuring simultaneous economy needs in workers of different specialties and professional qualification. The research is based on materials from Ukrainian archives and periodical publications of Late Stalinism period. Keywords: post-war reconstruction, Labour Reserves system, factory training schools, vocational schools, educational process, organization of training, educational documentation.

87-94

Authors: Barkov I.V. postgraduate student, Zaporizhzhya National University at the department of history

The article explores the relationship residents Nikolaeva prostitution from a moral and ethical point of view. The time frame is limited research II half of the XIX century. Home study is due to the legalization of prostitution in 1843, and the end of the adoption of the decision about the transfer of power institutions in another region in 1897. The article also analyzed the ratio of different social groups of citizens with respect to prostitution as a profession. Also revealed and investigated attitudes towards prostitutes and pimps as a component of prostitution. We studied the positive and negative sides of the perception of prostitution. Labeled what perception is typical for different social categories. Separately investigate the relationship of citizens to the residents who turned their homes under the brothels. Localized centers of sexual services in the urban environment. The ratio of the different categories of citizens to the location of brothels in the city. Separately marked by arguments in the debate about the existence of institutions, their work schedule. We investigated the relationship of prostitution, crime and criminal role as shaping public opinion about prostitution. It’s characterized as the role of visitor behavior when visiting the brothels and their contribution to public opinion on prostitution. Labeled perception of prostitution as an influence on children. The designated role of sexually transmitted diseases in the role of forming an opinion on prostitution. We investigated the relationship between the female workers sphere of intimate services and their impact on the formation of opinion of citizens. Separately, the issue highlights the relationship of the church to prostitution and its attempts to influence. Marked opportunities through which people are trying to convey their attitude towards the government and attempts to pressure on the government in the areas of decision-making with respect to prostitution. Separately, authorities investigated the response to the views of citizens and measures are taken to meet the needs of citizens. Key words: prostitution, brothel, immorality, imagination, society.

19-27

Authors: Demydenko N.M.

The article deals with the issues of Ukrainian women‘s individual rights in marriage based on customary law, in particular, the author describes the property rights of women etc. The author analyzed the influence of the Orthodox Church on marriage life in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The different views of the church and the community on wedding and divorce were also highlighted. Under the customary law marriage as legitimate community act recognized subject to certain conditions as: zmovyny (agreement between groom‘s and fiancée‘s relatives); engagement (confirmation the results of zmovyny); the wedding as the final wedding ritual. Wedding under the customary law is not obligatory. And all the family and legal relations that resulted from unwed marriages (marriage “in good conscience”) recognized in the same way as religious marriage. The reasons of «free» divorce of that time were analyzed. According to the Lithuanian Statute divorces were the competence of the clergy, and in practice people get married and divorce without church ministers to the second half of the sixteenth century, just in the presence of a family where the husband and wife stated intention to divorce. That divorce was possible with the agreement of both parties. In that case, a man and a woman, in consultation with their relatives and friends give each other “divorce letters” which were signed by witnesses. Typical marital customs of that time were disclosed: the future bride kidnapping; matchmaking of guy and girl etc. The publication proved that customary law, transferring the moral experience of generations, influenced the traditions of Ukrainian marriage up to the end of the seventeenth century. The clergy and the government do not intervene strongly in family life, believing that “man and woman are the best judges of their lives.” Key words: marriage, customary law, the Lithuanian Statute, unwed marriages, wedding traditions.

36-42

Authors: Mikhaylichenko M. А.

In the article the peculiarities of the Kharkiv noble deputy assembly from the beginning of its functioning and to the temporary suspension of its nobilitation activities are considered. According to the Charter to the Nobility 1785, the Deputy Assemblies were chartered in every govenorate for considering the evidences of nobility and making up the genealogical book of the nobility. The Noble Deputy Assemblies included a Marshal of the Nobility and noble deputies elected from every district. The genealogical book of the nobility should have contained all the people owning real estate in the govenorate and having proved their nobility. The nobility considered proven if the evidence provided by the applicants, were found sufficient by at least two thirds of the members of noble deputy assembly. In this case the nobleman was submitted to the genealogical book of the nobility and received a charter to the nobility. Thus, the noble deputy assembly controlled the whole process of ennoblement of local elite, from the examining of nobility evidences and to the issuing of noble charters. Kharkiv noble deputy assembly was chartered at the beginning of January 1786. In its activities it was guided by the Charter to the Nobility and its own “Regulations of Kharkov noble society”, adopted on January 4, 1786. This document regulated issues concerning the functioning of Kharkiv noble deputy assembly, time and duration of meetings, procedure of sessions, order of doing business, etc. Thus, according to the “Regulations” the noble deputy assembly was to assemble annually from the first of December till the first of February in the provincial town of running business. Herewith, the secretary of the Assembly was to be constantly present in the noble assembly, and noble deputies were to take turns. The cases were to be settled in the presence of at least two deputies, marshal of the nobility and a secretary. “Regulations of Kharkov noble society” also defined issues concerning the formation of noble treasury, construction of the building for Kharkiv noble deputy assembly, fees of the servants etc. In October 1786 Kharkiv noble deputy assembly begins to make up the first minutes of the entries into the genealogical books of the nobility of Kharkiv province. Between 1786 and 1795 it took 1083 decisions, according to which 1231 noblemen were entered into the genealogical book of the nobility. In 1796 the Russian Emperor Paul I forbids the noble deputy assembly to provide their own ennoblement. In 1801, after Alexander I accession to the throne, Kharkiv noble deputy assembly was granted the right to enter into nobility again, though it uses this right in a much smaller scale than in the first decade of its activity. Key words: nobility, noble deputy assembly, nobilitation, Kharkiv province, Sloboda Ukraine.

54-66

Authors: Kravchenko O.M.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state of knowledge of the problem localization of the annalistic cities of Sivershchyna. The main avenues of studying the annalistic cities and issues are related to correlation between the specific archeological object and the written data. For the first time the Old Russian cities drew attention of the Ukrainian historians in the first half of the ХІХ c. Significant amount of annalistic data were analyzed. They contained names of the cities and description of historical events related to them. Nevertheless the process of correlation of the name and the specific archeological monument is very difficult and problematic. The discussion that the name is independent from the remains of the fortifications of the princes epoch appeared in the middle of the ХІХ c. In the course of archeological science development and accumulation of knowledge about the material culture, the process of localization the annalistic cities gained the scientific character. The data of the historical geography, archeology, linguistics, museology were used. The opening of the new complexes on the territory of the Old Russian cities let us refer them to certain historical events described on the pages of chronicles. Of course the process of identification the name and the specific monument is very difficult and to certain extend subjective. The paper contains data about almost two hundred years work of few generation of archeologists and certain number of current issues related to the solution of the problem. Key words: Ancient State archaeological sites, city chronicles, exploration, excavation, burial mounds, settlement, location.

90-95

Authors: Grebenyuk V. S.

The presented article is an attempt to analyze the features of the colonial policy of the first cabinet of William Pitt the Elder. Research has shown that this government, formed in the beginning of December 1756, has laid new and to some extent revolutionary course for London, according to which the struggle for colonies was proclaimed the most priority in the foreign policy of the state during the war. Following a marked course, Pitt gave military and naval support to overseas possessions of Great Britain in North America, the West Indies, India, and also supported the expansionist project of the British merchant T. Cumming in Africa. To achieve supremacy over the ocean Premier paid particular attention to the naval forces, increasing the number of military ships and sailors serving His Majesty. As part of the main course of the colonial struggle the new head of the government also was forced to reconsider his attitude to the conduct of the continental policy. According to the previously signed agreement Pitt supported the initiative of providing subsidy for Prussia and formation of the “observation army” in Hannover. However, contrary to the critics’ opinion about the repeating of policy of the previous Ministry, he intended to use these measures not for retraction Britain into the war in Europe, but to distract forces of France on the continent for colonial conquest overseas. At that moment main ideologist of overseas expansion W. Pitt realized that for the further conduct of an independent policy his influence on the power structure of London is not enough. So, being sent into retirement in April 1757, he set a goal of searching of allies for the future. Thus, despite of the short period of its work, the first cabinet of W. Pitt the Elder formed a new foreign policy, which subsequently followed Britain during the Anglo-French confrontation 1755-1763 gg., and that led it to the creation of the colonial empire. Therefore, study of the features of colonial policy of the next cabinets of London in this period will be continued. Key words: Great Britain, the Seven Years War, colonies, metropolitan power, Navy.

106-111

Authors: Yepik L.I.

The author pays a special attention to the process of the liquidation of the illiteracy in Ukraine looking at the realization of the language rights of the population because just during the 20-30ies of the 20th century a peculiar system was created and following just this system guaranteed s real success. General literacy is an elementary basis and an index of the development of any people’s culture. The illiteracy was practically abolished in many European countries up to the end of the19th century. At the same time a general literacy of the population in Ukraine at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries was quite low because of the state policy led by the Russian Empire. The beginning of the campaign for the liquidation the illiteracy in Ukraine is supposed to be the Decree of the Rada of People’s Commissars of Ukrainian Republic declared on May, 21 1921 in Kharkiv. It contained both some organization moments and language principles. All the uneducated population of the Republic from 8 till 50 years old had to be taught to read and write in Ukrainian and Russian or any other language according to the wish of a person. Training was made both at the state schools and the special schools for uneducated population. People’s Houses, churches, synagogues, school clubs, private houses and suitable buildings at the factories, plants and offices were used for the purpose to liquid the illiteracy. People who tried to avoid the duty established by the Law ant to make the obstacles for those who wanted to attend schools were prosecuted. There were special inspections for determination of real opportunities of organizations for liquidation of illiteracy. Their aim was to define the people’s attitude to education and availability of specialists who can teach any language. A bright example of such an inspection was a report of a school instructor from Konotop district (povit) about the state of education in the district (povit). Following the facts from the report one can make a conclusion that there were real conditions for a campaign of liquidation the illiteracy in Sumy Region just by the way of using Ukrainian language. Above all in the summer of 1920 the povit education in Konotop got aninstructive document where the expression “national - cultural autonomy of Ukrainian peasants” was introduced. It was mentioned that school education in Nizhyn, Oster, Krolevets districts had to be done in Ukrainian language. There was an opinion that dividing into nationalities had to assist the classical consciousness of the peasants. Moreover Ukrainian language had to help to liquid national distrust to the power and to propagandize the ideas of socialism and proletarian internationalism. Konotop povit education was recommended to struggle on one hand with russiafication and on the other hand to fight with Ukrainian shovinism, to direct the efforts for neutralization the displays of “Petlura agitation” and to explain the population their rights for free cultural development. The campaign for literacy was not only educational but political as well. So, there was a lack of books containing new political contests. The paper crisis of that time was one more obstacle for a quick decision of such a problem. The education was provided using the texts from the newspapers: “Illiteracy, Go Away!” he first new ABC-books were published in 1923 -1924 in Russian. Not long ago they were translated in necessary way. Publishing ABC-books for national minorities was begun in1926. Books for reading (chytanky) for German, Jewish and Polish organizations were bought in Kharkiv uo to the end of 1920ies but it was limited. Key words: a liquidation of illiteracy (liqunep), prosvita, a native language of the population, a book for reading (chytanka), Ukrainian language.

121-136

Authors: Kudinov D.V., Opanaschuk P.V.

«New hero» of Ukrainian literature on the cusp of the 19th and the 20th centuries is a man from the underclass, who, due to the reverses of fortune, raised to the level of realizing his social aspirations, high political culture and ethic willingness to defend class interests. Such description fully suits the image of new generation of litterateurs of peasant or working origin and conforms fully to Anton Shablenko, whose private, public and creative life is an object of present article study. Considering the particular nature of life description of a public person who is simultaneously a man of letters, the authors applied cross-disciplinary approach in the analysis of Ukrainian writer’s biography via combination of literary criticism, biographical methods and research techniques (historical genetical method, diachronic analysis, etc.) This made possible to explain both qualitative changes in Shablenko’s oeuvre and the evolution of his ideology as well as to approach structurally to interpretation of cultural figure biography in which creative and public works are inseparable. In the article axiological analysis of A. Shablenko’s legacy in national literary studies was generalized and blank spots in his biography determining oncoming perspective of “writer-worker’s appealing personality” study were specified. Key words: Anton Yakovlevich Shablenko, “Vilna Ukraina”, USLDP, workers, poetry, short stories.