European Reviews of Chemical Research

12-22

Authors: H. Essassaoui, M. El idrissi, R. Bouhdadi, M. Echajia, A. Zeroual, A. Tounsi, M. Mbarki

Indazole-containing derivatives represent one of the most important heterocycles in drug molecules. Diversely substituted indazole derivatives bear a variety of functional groups and display versatile biological activities; hence, they have gained considerable attention in the field of medicinal chemistry. In this paper, 1H-Indazole and 2H- indazole are optimized by B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of theory and ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), and other MDs are determined. Further, non-linear optical (NLO) descriptors such as dipole moment (DM) and polarizability (α) are also determined.

29-46

Authors: H.A. Shindy

In this review paper some synthesis of different classes of polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes have been reviewed. In this paper review detailed synthesis steps for the synthesis of some polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes were represented via equations. This is covers the synthesis of polyheterocyclic monomethine cyanine dyes (simple cyanine dyes), dimethine cyanine dyes, trimethine cyanine dyes (carbocyanine dyes), pentamethine cyanine dyes (dicarbocyanine dyes), styryl cyanine dyes (hemicyanine dyes), aza-styryl cyanine dyes (aza-hemicyanine dyes) and apocyanine dyes. Besides, in the introduction section of this review paper some light is focused on some important uses, applications, characterizations and properties of cyanine dyes. This review paper is very readable, informative, and useful for synthetic dye chemists, researchers and students who look for the different methods in the synthesis and preparation of various classes of polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes. In addition, this paper review can be used and/or will be most valuable as a thesis and/or as a note book for student lectures, particularly for the post graduate students and researchers in the field of heterocyclic and/or cyanine dyes chemistry. This special and/or specific type of collective review in the synthesis of different classes of only polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes has been paid no attention and is absence in the chemistry literature.

51-58

Authors: Abdelilah Benallou, Habib El Alaoui El Abdallaoui, Hocine Garmes

The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of nitrone with methacrylonitrile, has been studied within Electron localization function (ELF) at the DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational level. This feeble-polar 32CA reaction, which takes place via an asynchronous mechanism, proceeds with a moderate activation energy of 17 kcal/mol, for the most favourable adduct; endo-α, and presents low stereo- and regioselectivities due to the existence of various competitive channels (exo(α,β) and endo((α,β). The Conceptual DFT is in good consistency with the thermodynamically results. ELF analysis shows that 1,3 dipolarophile O1 and C3 atom of nitrone are extensively higher in reactivity.

67-74

Authors: A. Lakhili, M. Fekhaoui, A. Bellaouchou, L. Tahri, A.E. Abidi, M. El idrissi

To determine concentration insecticides and rat poisons detected in the finished industrial samples, the solid phase micro extraction (SPME) is applied. The gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrum (GC-MS) is elaborated. In order to get a best extraction, different process parameters are examined and optimized. The relevant finding are obtained using a time of unspecific binding properties of 30 minutes duration and mode of agitation for 30 min with agitation by magnetic stirrer and a temperature of 30° C. It has been demonstrated that insecticides, rat poisons and pesticides have a high chance of being found at a high concentration in finished industrial products.

11-15

Authors: I.A.A. Ibrahim, M. Chindo, M.M. Mohammad, A.A. Faisal, H. Musa

The phytochemical analysis of Vernonia Amygdalina (bitter leaf) was carried out to determine the bioactive compound presenting. The plant had been use locally to treat diseases for decades. The extraction of bioactive compounds was done through aqueous and ethanol extraction. The main bioactive compounds are alkaloids, tannin. saponnin, steroids, glycoside and flavonoids. The plant also exhibited antimicrobial activity on selected microorganisms. These activities may be as a result of the metabolites present tested for and those not tested for.

22-29

Authors: N. Ourhriss, A. Zeroual, C. A. Gadhi, A. Benharref, A. Abourriche, A. Bennamara, A.El Hajbi

2,5-Dichloro-2,5,9,9-tetramethyl-decahydro-benzocycloheptene has been prepared using addition reaction of α-himachalene and HCl. In addition, this reaction have been theoretically studied using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level of theory. The comparatively low activation energies and Parr functions of the nucleophilic α-himachalene and 3,7-dichlorohimachalane, as well as electrophilic Parr functions of the electrophilic HCl, expounding the regio- and stereospecific experimentally observed.

41-45

Authors: I.A.A. Ibrahim, M. Chindo

The influence of Psidiumguajava leaf extract on the biochemical indices of the liver function and some haematological parameters in rabbits was assessed. The plant leaves were collected from the College of Agriculture, Bauchi garden and authenticated by two agronomist; S. Adamu and A. Bununu of the department of Agricultural Technology, college of Agriculture, Bauchi. The powdered leaves of P. guajava was extracted with ethanol and distilled water using maceration for 2 days. Phytochemical screening of the resulting ethanol and aqueous extracts was carried out using standard procedures. Eight rabbits were randomly grouped into four (4) groups T1, T2, T3 and T4. Rabbits in T1 (control) were administered orally with distilled water after acclimatization period. Groups T2, T3 and T4 received 200mg/kg of the ethanol leaf extract of P. guajava for a period of 40 days. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenes and phenols which varies in the aqueous extract. The liver function test revealed that the serum ALT and AST were found to be within the normal range of 10-45U/L and 10-120U/L respectively. However, there is a significant increase in the red cells production and the hemoglobin concentration. The results of the study suggested that the ethanol extract of Psidiumguajavaleaves extract exhibit the hematopoietic potential and has no negative impact on the liver and may be hepatoprotective and hence, the findings may be of clinical importance considering the various reported medicinal values of the plant.

52-65

Authors: H.A. Shindy, A.K. Khalafalla, M.M. Goma, A.H. Eed

New dimethine cyanine dyes and tetramethine cyanine dyes having the nucleus of furo[(3,2-d; ( , -d)-bis pyrazole] were prepared. The electronic visible absorption spectra of all the synthesized cyanine dyes were investigated in 95 % ethanol solution to evaluate their spectral sensitization properties. Solvatochromism for some selected dyes were examined in pure solvents having different polarities [Water (78.54), Dimethylformamide (36.70), Ethanol (24.3), Chloroform (4.806), Carbontetrachloride (2.238) and Dioxane (2.209)] to evaluate their solvatochromic properties. Halochromism (acid-base properties) of some chosen dyes were measured in aqueous universal buffer solutions having varied pH values (1.75, 2.45, 4.65, 5.80, 7.88, 8.75, 10.58 and 12.60 units) to evaluate their halochromic characterization. Structural determination were carried out through elemental analysis, visible spectra, mass spectrometer, IR and 1H NMR spectral data.

112-121

Authors: Natalia A. Forostyanaya, Anastasia D. Kutyavina, Maria A. Ponomareva, Anastasia A. Rozhina, Polina O. Mihnevich, Larisa N. Maskaeva, Vyacheslav F. Markov

A comparative kinetic study was carried out and formal kinetic equations were derived for the chemical deposition of cadmium sulfide from aqueous solutions containing various cadmium complexes onto a glass-ceramic substrate by thiourea under conditions of spontaneous nucleation and interfacial area control. The morphology of the resultant films were examined, on this basis their nanostructure nature was confirmed, taking into account the data on crystallite size analysis.