Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics

257-268

Authors: Nazneen Sultana, Munmun Pervin, Sajeda Sultana, Moutuza Mostaree, S M Shariful Hoque Belal, Mohammad Abu Hadi Noor Ali Khan

The research was undertaken to investigate the important bacterial zoonotic diseases in slaughtered cattle in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. The targeted diseases were tuberculosis (TB), leptospirosis, listeriosis, and brucellosis. Samples (mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, and liver) were collected from 50 slaughtered cattle from different slaughterhouses in Mymensingh district during the periods from October 2019 to November 2021. The diagnosis was made based on gross pathological findings and histopathology by hematoxylin and eosin staining and acid-fast staining. The confirmatory diagnosis was done by polymerase chain reaction using disease-specific primers. Grossly, calcifications and caseation of mesenteric lymph nodes, caseous nodule formation in the liver and lungs, and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were the predominant lesions seen. Histopathologically, caseous necrosis and calcification surrounded by fibrous connective tissues in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and granuloma mixed with acid-fast bacteria in the liver were seen as suggestive of infectivity due to TB. Marked lymphoid depletion was seen in listeriosis suspected cases. The PCR amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (372 bp/16S rRNA), M. bovis (MPB83/600 bp), Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjoprajitno (HP/323 bp) and Listeria monocytogenes (InlC/517 bp) species-specific amplicons in 09, 09, 05, and 05 cattle, respectively. Brucellosis was not identified in any cases in this study. In conclusion, deadly zoonotic diseases (TB, leptospirosis, and listeriosis) are present in slaughtered cattle having public health importance. Therefore, more extensive monitoring and epidemiological surveys are necessary for the effective prevention and control of zoonotic diseases of cattle.

283-291

Authors: Jannatul Ferdose, Md. Shah Alam, Anika Tasnim, Md. Rayhan Chowdhury, Md. Mim Obaidullah, Md. Nurul Matin, Md. Abu Sayem

Since Streptococcus mutans appears to be the most common cause of dental caries, appropriate laboratory media is necessary for the proper detection and management of this bacterium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mitis salivarius agar (MSA) compared to conventional blood agar media (BAM) for detection of bacterium. This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of the Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi, Bangladesh from April 2017 to December 2017. The sample, dental swab was taken from 200 children, aged between 6-18 years who underwent dental caries and residing in Rajshahi district. All specimens were cultured to identify and compare the morphologic characteristics of its colonies both in MSA and BAM. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed. This prospective observational study was conducted through regular and continuous monitoring of the results. Out of 200 specimens, the growth rate was 82%. Higher growth was observed in MSA (39.5%) than BAM (24.1%). Of them, we found 53.1% multi-drug resistant mutans. The most resistance was to Penicillin G (100%) followed by Azithromycin (95.3%). The study findings would help to increase the detection of mutans and its pattern for proper treatment towards the improvement of children’s dental health in Bangladesh.

307-319

Authors: Vikas Jha , Kush Rustagi , Kunal Gharat , Neetu Sonawane , Meet Rathod , Reetikesh Patel , Sakshi Devkar, Vrushali Dhamapurkar , Navdeep Kaur

The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a major global pandemic and of paramount public health concern. Over the years, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has emerged as the gold standard of AIDS treatment. However, drug resistance and toxicity, and drug accessibility and compliance issues have blunted its positive impacts. Thirty years into the AIDS pandemic, there is a critical need of the hour to identify and develop an effective treatment strategy that can be successfully implemented with high levels of coverage. The HIV-1 life cycle bestows numerous potential targets for therapeutic intervention, however, only a few have been exploited till date. HIV- 1 encodes fifteen viral proteins from just nine genes. The expression of structural polyproteins Gag, Pol, and Env enable the assembly of the virion, the regulatory proteins Rev and Tat regulate viral gene expression and the accessory proteins Vpu, Nef, Vpr, and Vif equip the virion to evade or counteract host immune defenses. In this review article, we highlight each structural, regulatory, and accessory protein's role in the context of the HIV-1 life cycle. We also discuss anti-retroviral therapy, its advantages, and shortcomings. Finally, we provide insight into various unexploited and potential therapeutic targets in the life cycle of HIV.

334-346

Authors: Himani Deepak, Verinder Virk

Medicinal plants have been extensively studied since ancient times and exploited for their various therapeutic applications. These plants have a repository of numerous beneficial chemical constituents imputable to their possible bioactive metabolites. Throughout the ages, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has a renowned nutritional and therapeutic importance. Each part of turmeric like rhizome, roots, stems, and leaves has its own medicinal properties. Inorder to recover endophytic mycoflora, epiphytic mycoflora must be eliminated via different sterilization techniques. In the present study, different sterilization methods have been assessed to isolate fungal endophytes from different parts of Curcuma longa L. The method involving the sequential washing of plant tissues with ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and ethanol used found more proficient in eliminating epiphytes. Five different surface sterilization treatments were evaluated for rhizome, roots, stem, and leaves of turmeric plant. Moreover, treatment 5 with combination of 70% ethanol for 1 min., followed by 2% sodium chloride for 2 to 3 min (2 min for leaf, and stem; 3 min for roots and rhizome) and 70 % ethanol for 30 seconds was found effective. A total of 38 fungal endophytes were recovered and screened for antibacterial activity against human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Out of 38 isolates, only 11 (28.9%) isolates were found effective in inhibiting either one or all test pathogens. The results confirmed that turmeric plant of Haridwar region represents an extremely rich reservoir of potential endophytic mycoflora with possible source of novel bioactive metabolites. Further studies will resolute the potential of endophytic fungi for various biological activities such as antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory.

358-380

Authors: Abu Reza, Md. Tasnim -E –Tarik , Rizone Al Hasib, Md. Khasrul Alam, Md. Shahedur Rahman, Mohammad Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal

Globally the most common cause of human death is cancer. But still, all information is unavailable to detect cancer in the early stage, and the relation of groups of the gene with cancer has to explore. HTRA serine proteases facilitate cellular homeostasis. Oncogenesis and response to treatment have been connected to their dysfunction in several typical human tissues. The present study aimed to assess the expression pattern of HTRA1 and HTRA2 in different cancers and evaluate the prognostic outcome in cancer. Various bioinformatics databases and methodologies are used in this study, including Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter, OncoLnc, R2 platform, PrognoScan databases, GEPIA, cBioPortal, STRING, KEGG, and Reactome pathways analyses. The expression of HTRA1 and HTRA2 was analyzed, and different web-based bioinformatics platforms were used to determine their functional protein partners and correlated genes. Moreover, the cross-cancer interaction between HTRA1 and HTRA2 with mutations and CNAs was explored. GO and pathway analysis was used to assess the impact of these associated characteristics on certain cancers. In prognosis analysis, a positive correlation was found between HTRA1 overexpression and poor prognosis in pancreatic, kidney, colon, and rectum cancer. A significant positive relationship between HTRA2 overexpression and poor survival was found in pancreatic, skin, and colon cancer patients. We found that HTRA1 in individuals with pancreatic, kidney, and colon cancers might be targeted for cancer therapy, and HTRA2 could be used as a prognostic biomarker for skin, pancreatic, and colon cancers. Meantime, both genes might be possible targets for colon and pancreatic cancer.

394-407

Authors: Rafiqul Islam, Nasrin Sultana, Rekha Rani Das , Sonali Bhakta , Anisuzzaman , Ziaul Haque, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam

The intestine of poultry plays a significant role in the health and production through enzymatic and microbial digestion of feed as well as absorption of nutrients. The current study was designed to explore the gross and histological alterations in the broiler duodenum and cecum triggered by dietary dexamethasone (DEX). The study was conducted on four homogenous groups of one-day-old chicks (20 chicks/group) i.e. one control (Non-DEX) and three treatment groups (DEX-1, DEX-2, and DEX-3). The broilers were fed commercial broiler feed containing DEX at the rate of 0, 3, 5, and 7mg/kg feed in the Non-DEX, DEX-1, DEX-2, and DEX-3 groups, respectively. The gross morphologic and morphometric data were recorded immediately after the collection of samples on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Then, the tissue samples were processed for histological investigation. In the gross morphometric study, the weight, length, and width of the intestine were found significantly less in the DEX groups. Histopathological study results showed degeneration of intestinal glands (duodenum), mucosa, and lymphatic nodules with loss of lymphatic nodules (cecum). The percentage of the degenerated nodule was also increased. The length, width, and surface area of the duodenal villi, thickness of the mucosal layer of the cecum, and diameter of the cecal lymphatic nodules were substantially decreased in all the DEX groups. The magnitude of the alterations was associated with both the dose and duration of DEX treatment. However, the current study results indicate that DEX treatment significantly alters the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the broiler intestine

417-432

Authors: Gaurav Kothiyal, Keerti Singh

Natural products contain several ingredients that can treat number of ailments. Due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, natural resources are being looked at as an alternative source to combat harmful microbes. This can reduce the effects on harmful microbes by obtaining antibacterial compounds derived from natural resources. The aim of present study is to explore some new potent varieties of unexplored wild mushroom species to investigate their effects on microbial activity. In this study hexane, chloroform, methanol, 70% ethanol, and hot water extracts of Cantharellus cibarius, Phellinus pectinatus, Laccaria laccata, Trametes versicolor, and Gloeophyllum sepiarium were tested for antibacterial activity against nine bacterial strains namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aerouginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis by disk diffusion method. The present study showing that Phellinus pectinatus and Gloeophyllum sepiarium mushroom species methanol and Ethanol extracts are most active against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aerouginosa bacterial strains. The present study reveals important secondary metabolites compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, etc. were present in wild mushroom extracts. Out of 5 extracts, methanol and ethanol extract have been shown a great potential as antimicrobial secondary metabolites compared to other extracts. The result of present research is expressing the high potency of extracts to stop the growth of bacteria and this extract can be further suggested for medical utilizations and could be used as natural antimicrobial source.

100-114

Authors: Md. Abdul Hannan, Raju Dash, Binod Timalsina, Yeasmin Akter Munni, Sarmistha Mitra, Diyah Fatimah Oktaviani, Md. Nazmul Haque, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Maria Dyah Nur Meinita, Il Soo Moon

Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, are the leading causes of dementia in the elderly. In the coming days, an alarming upsurge of dementia patients is expected with increasing life expectancy. This is the scenario not only in the developed world but also in the developing world, where older people live in vulnerable situations. Even in the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-19) pandemic, the situation has worsened. Due to the limitations of conventional therapeutic strategies, it is necessary to explore integrated approaches consisting of both pharmacological and non-pharmaceutical interventions. As existing anti-dementia drugs pose many adverse effects on patients, pharmacological intervention through naturally occurring agents should be employed to explore targeted therapy. Alongside, non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive and motor rehabilitation, occupational therapy, and psychological therapy need to be explored. From this perspective, multidisciplinary approaches need to be employed in order to develop a sustainable patient-friendly treatment strategy for the management of these emerging health issues with tremendous social burdens.

126-135

Authors: Lahcen Mostakim, Fatima Zahra Guennoun, Nidal Fetnassi, Mohamed Ghamizi

From a management and conservation perspective, measuring the biodiversity of an ecosystem is an indispensable tool for assessing its health. Currently, scientists and authorities are giving great importance to the Zat valley because of its ecological, socio-economic and cultural importance. This study was carried out to assess the floristic biodiversity and to determine the different dominant plant groups in the Zat Valley. Based on 33 phyto-ecological surveys, the floristic diversity of the Zat valley revealed the existence of 114 species and subspecies distributed among 44 families and 96 genera, belonging to various biological types. As a first result, 9 taxa were reported as rare taxa according to the flora of Morocco, whereas 7 species were reported as rare and threatened species. A Correspondence Factor Analysis was performed in this study and allowed the individualization of five groups of plants: Pine formation, Thuja formation, Tamarix formation, Holm Oaks formation and Thuriferous formation, each of these formations was described by its geographical distribution, the biodiversity of its flora and its ecological conditions. This study provides an essential tool for the sustainable management of this valley through the implementation of a management and conservation plan.

148-162

Authors: Shobha Giri, Sanath H. Kumar, Girisha S. K., A. Veena Shetty

The inappropriate use of antibiotics in the poultry industry for prophylaxis and growth promotion has contributed to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to understand the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) in chicken faeces and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Forty-five E. coli isolated from the chicken faeces were further tested for virulence genes associated with diarrheagenic E. coli and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes blaCTX, blaTEM, blaSHV and Metallo-beta-lactamase gene blaNDM. Results showed that eaeA and astA genes were detected in 60% of the isolates, followed by bfpA in 57.8%, lt in 26.7% and st gene in 2.2% of the isolates. Further, 15.5% of the isolates produced ESBL phenotypically whereas genotypically, one isolate was positive for blaCTX, one for blaTEM, and one for the blaSHV gene. Twelve isolates (26.7%) harbored gene blaNDM. High levels of resistance were observed against cefepime (93.3%), ertapenem (78.9%), meropenem (73.6%), tetracycline (88.9%), and cotrimoxazole (75.6%). This study highlights the importance of poultry as a source of human pathogenic multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and their environmental dissemination.

176-188

Authors: Haider Turky Mousa Al-Mousawi, Al-Bderee Nadhim Mushtaq, Alyaa Hasan Bohan

Several plant extracts and Ayurvedic formulations were used to treat ailments and such studies were well documented within the recent decades. Even a number of the plants were screened for immunomodulators to revive and rejuvenate the system. The present study is a screening trail for any possible healing activity of Terminalia chebula on IL-2 and IFN-γ levels. The raw and dried fruits of the sample were pulverized finely and extracted with methanol. Following which their aqueous solutions are re extracted with hexane, ester and chloroform to review the possible cytotoxic effects. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells were used throughout the study to assess the effect of extracts on nitric oxide (NO) production using Griess method. Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were studied by real time PCR quantification alongside estimation of IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The present study confirmed the positive effect of the chloroform extract in reducing the NO secretion and also by showing an inhibition within the expression of COX2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Thus, to conclude T. chebula might be used as anti-inflammatory candidate drug and also be used additionally to the various chemical compounds available within the medical markets.

198-217

Authors: AKM Moyeenul Huq, Md. Golzar Hossain, Md. Saiful Islam, Md. Abdus Sobur, AMM Taufiquer Rahman, Md.Tanvir Rahman

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global pandemic of the century. The disease is wreaking havoc on human health, the world economy, society, and the environment. It has already caused the loss of millions of lives. Because of the mutation, the virus is constantly evolving itself, changing its nature including the disease transmission rate, virulence, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations. It was recently reported that certain COVID-19 patients are also suffering from a fungal infection as co-infection commonly known as mucormycosis (black fungus). In India, the outbreak of black fungus in COVID-19 patients has already been declared an epidemic. Only a few reports are noticed in other countries. The focus must now be put toward better management and control of the COVID-19-associated fungal infection. In this review, we have discussed various aspects of black fungus particularly the etiology, taxonomy, risk factors, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and line of treatment to keep up to date on how to manage this fungal infection better.

229-240

Authors: Md. Imran Hossain, Md. Sarafat Ali

Fungi is a kingdom that includes multicellular eukaryotic organisms such as yeast and mold; these organisms are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) but have significant roles in nutrient cycling. To obtain nutrients from organic material, they use their hyphae, which elongate and branch off swiftly; using the mycelium quickly, they increase their size. Currently, a few media are suitable for fungal growth, such as sabouraud dextrose, malt extract and brain heart infusion medium. Bacterial eosin methylene blue (EMB) media is well-suited to fungi, which acts as selective media to differentiate Gram-negative bacteria. EMB, known as “Levine’s formulation”, is a selective and differential medium for Gram-negative bacteria. In EMB media, fungi even grow faster than Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to this faster growth of fungi, it deters the growth of Gram-negative bacteria by reducing the pH. The majority of the time, fungi require specific conditions to flourish. In this study, we observed fungal growth, especially mold (Aspergillus niger), in EMB media and its retardation activity of Gram-negative bacterial growth. For this new finding assurance, we performed the bacterial and fungal identification test further along with repeating the three times of the whole experiment, and we found the same result. The fungal species was A. niger, and the bacterial species was Escherichia coli.

247-256

Authors: Mohammad Abul Hasnat, Farhan Rahman Niloy, Arafat Islam Ashik, Mahedi Hasan, Preonath Chondrow Dev, Sharmin Sultana Panna, Md. Waseque Mia, Zafrul Hasan

Patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are known to suffer from hyperlipidemia. How hyperlipidemia is associated with controlled and uncontrolled T2DM patients in Bangladesh remained to be addressed. In this cross-sectional study, 211 participants were enrolled who have been suffering from T2DM for more than 4 years from the northeastern part of Bangladesh. Controlled and uncontrolled patients were defined with their plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Among them, 39% and 61% were in the diabetic-controlled and uncontrolled groups. Indeed, the diabetic uncontrolled group showed a higher frequency of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyper LDL-cholesterolemia, and hypo HDL-cholesterolemia compare to the diabetic controlled group. Lipid profiling analysis revealed significantly elevated (p<0.0001) levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in uncontrolled than the controlled group, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly (p<0.0001) lower in uncontrolled diabetics patients. Interestingly, significantly (p<0.05) higher dyslipidemia was also observed in individuals with controlled diabetic population, who have been suffering from T2DM for more than 7 years. Therefore, these results highlight that not only the diabetic uncontrolled but also the controlled group patients have a high risk of developing hyperlipidemia after a certain period of diabetes.

256-264

Authors: Fahim Alam Nobel, Sharmin Akter, Ruksana Akter Jebin, Titash Chandra Sarker, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Saad Al Zamane, Khairul Islam, Saima Sabrina, Nishat Akther, Ashekul Islam, Md. Rakibul Hasan, Mohammod Johirul Islam

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is considered as one of the major bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) affecting millions of people worldwide. UPEC rates of high resistance towards antibiotics have increased dramatically in recent years and made treatment difficult in Bangladesh. The study intended to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli from suspected urinary tract infections in Bangladeshi patients. A single cross-sectional retrospective observation was carried out in the Department of Microbiology at the Popular Diagnostic Centre, Mymensingh city, Bangladesh from August 2019 to August 2020. We collected data on urine culture from diagnostic reports of 4000 patients from which positive urine culture data were analyzed using SPSS software. During the study period, 453 positive urine cultures were identified from 4000 suspected UTI patients. Among them, 300 (66.2%) were female and 153 (33.8%) were male with their mean age of 45.50 (47.94 for male and 44.27 for female). According to the findings, Escherichia coli was the only uropathogenic bacterial species found in the patient’s urine culture. The highest antimicrobial resistance was seen among patients aged between 41 and 50 years. In an antimicrobial susceptibility test, 99% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 92% were multidrug-resistant (≥3 classes).

276-289

Authors: Md Sohel, Md. Arju Hossain, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Anonna Haque, Md. Shoriful Islam, Md. Shahadat Hossain, Mohammad Nurul Amin, Talha Bin Emran

In the 21st century, any pandemic, especially, SARS-CoV-2 is a global burden due to high incidence, mortality, and mutation rate. Although several techniques have already been identified to control the pandemic or treat patients and causes of adverse impact on mental health, relatively only, fewer researchers have little concern about finding effective mitigation strategies to improve mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to find some common and unique approaches to manage mental health during a pandemic. Some strategies for the better management of mental health induced by SARS-CoV-2 infections are required for all classes of peoples. Early management is vital, and those must be associated with frontline workers and people staying at home, particularly in isolation centers and already identified as active cases. Experts have pointed out the need to pay specific attention to proper daily life. To manage abnormal mental conditions, such as anxiety, mood, personality, and psychotic disorder during the pandemic; social media, meditation, and psychological motivation with adequate diet, exercise, and sleep have significant roles in regulating some biological mechanism, incredibly immune, hormonal, and neural process. Management of mental health is mandatory for all at the time of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We can consider all of the strategies mentioned above to treat mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic condition.

298-304

Authors: Anindya Das, Ahmed Faisal Sumit, Debasish Bhowmick

Cigarette smoking is considered as one of the main factors of developing chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), but very few studies had been performed showing comparative association between different CRDs and cigarette smoking. This study attempts to determine and compare the association of cigarette smoking with different CRDs including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis (CB), and asthma altogether in the context of Bangladesh. This case-control study was conducted among 406 subjects, where 297 were cases of chronic respiratory illness and 109 were controls. The diagnosis of each respiratory diseases (either asthma or CB or COPD) was confirmed by registered physicians. Of 98 COPD patients, 100 CB patients, 99 asthma patients and 109 controls, current smokers were found as 67.3%, 58%, 41.4%, and 33.9%, respectively. Current smokers with Brinkman Index (BI)≥ 400 were 43.9%, 39.7%, 26.9% and 8.2% for COPD, CB, asthma, and control group, sequentially. Regarding unadjusted association between cigarette smoking and different CRDs, current smokers with BI≥ 400 had 4.55, 21.75 and 13.14 times significantly higher chances of developing asthma, COPD and CB respectively than non-smokers. Logistic analysis revealed that after adjustment with age, body mass index (BMI) and gender, current smokers with BI≥ 400 had 6.01, 15.63 and 33.47 times more likelihood of developing asthma, CB, and COPD respectively than non-smokers; and these findings were significant as well. Thus, it can be concluded that cigarette smoking affected COPD more pronouncedly followed by CB and asthma among the study population.

311-321

Authors: Aura Rahman, Arittra Bhattacharjee, Tahmina Tabassum, Mohammad Ariful Islam, Maqsud Hossain

Streptococcus uberis is a predominant causative agent of both clinical and subclinical varieties of bovine mastitis, an economically significant infection affecting dairy industries around the world. Yet, the genetic and evolutionary relationships among S. uberis strains from different countries are poorly understood. In this study, we used S. uberis’s multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method of genotyping to decipher country-wise prevalence of sequence types (STs) and ST complexes and to delineate genetic relationships among them. Dataset collected from PubMLST database for S. uberis was subjected to clonal cluster and phylogenetic analyses using BURST, globally optimized eBURST (goeBURST) and neighborhood joining algorithm tools, respectively. Whereas certain countries showed clear trends of strain prevalence, others had a more equally weighted, diverse population. Occurrence of different severities of disease varied among countries and displayed no direct correlation with ST. Clonal cluster and phylogenetic analyses predicted the ancestral roles of certain prominent STs and indicated possible strain migration and reticulate and convergent evolution occurring within the S. uberis population at a global scale. Furthermore, genome comparison of selected strains revealed the absence of SUB0822-SUB0826 response regulator proteins from ST-5 and ST-6 indicating their preference for contagious transmission. Information generated from this study would be crucial for monitoring infection outbreaks and directing further genomic investigations.

334-348

Authors: Gervason Apiri Moriasi, Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti, Mathew Piero Ngugi

Persistent hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes and is accountable for the devastating complications, which cause high morbidity and mortality. Conventional anti-diabetic agents are only palliative and characterized with limited efficacy, adverse effects, high costs, inaccessibility, prompting the need for better alternatives. Therefore, we investigated the in vivo hypoglycemic activities, elemental composition, and qualitative phytochemistry of the aqueous leaf extracts of P. zanzibarica and O. europaea subspecies africana as potential sources of affordable, safer, accessible, and potent anti-diabetic therapies. In vivo hypoglycemic activities of the studied plant extracts were evaluated at three dose levels of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight (bw) in Alloxan-induced hyperglycemic Swiss albino mice. The elemental composition of the plant extracts was analyzed using the energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF System) and the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Qualitative phytochemical screening was done following standard procedures. In this study, the aqueous leaf extract of P. zanzibarica, significantly (p<0.05) reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in mice from 163.26±2.24 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 52.12±1.16 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, 166.98±1.56 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 48.90±1.40 mg/dL (at 4th h) at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, and 168.64±2.96 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 42.46±1.80 mg/dL (at 4th h) at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Similarly, the aqueous leaf extract of O. europaea subspecies africana significantly (p<0.05) reduced hyperglycemia from 165.74±3.66 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 65.26±1.46 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, 158.14±3.49 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 53.68±1.48 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, and from 161.66±2.19 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 44.48±1.35 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts contained chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), among other elements, and phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, among others. Generally, the studied plant extracts exhibited significant hypoglycemic efficacy in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice, indicating their antidiabetic potential, and possess pharmacologically active phytochemicals and valuable minerals.

365-375

Authors: Oleksandr Kyrylovych Frolov, Raisa Oleksandrivna Lytvynenko, Lyudmyla Valeriyivna Makyeyeva

Immunological methods that objectively reflect the lymphogenetic processes in the examined organism are needed to assess the effectiveness of prophylactic or therapeutic agents that modulate regenerative processes in the immune system. Such requirements are met by the cytomorphometric method of analysis of circulating blood lymphocytes, the size (small, medium and large) populations of which reflect their proliferative processes in the lymphoid organs. However, the cytomorphometric characteristics of lymphocytes have species features that have to be determined experimentally. In the model of fecal peritonitis in white non-linear sexually mature male laboratory rats, the limits of statistical size classes of lymphocytes were determined, which were the same in control and experimental animals, namely: small – with a diameter of 8.5 μm and less, medium – with a diameter of more than 8.5 μm and less 11.0 μm, large – with a diameter of 11.0 μm and more. Acute infectious process significantly changed the levels of cytomorphometric classes of lymphocytes according to their functional activity in immunogenesis: small, medium and large size of lymphocytes as 42.5 to 7.0%, 45.0 to 54.0%, 10.5 to 30.0%, respectively, in the control and experimental groups of animals, which demonstrates the informativeness of the method. In this case, small and large lymphocytes belong to the activated lymphocytes, which determine the state of the immune system, while medium lymphocytes mainly make up the pool of memory cells. Based on the ratio of these size classes in the peripheral blood, a conclusion about the proliferative reaction of lymphocytes in the experiment is made, followed by the extrapolation of the results and in clinical practice.

388-404

Authors: Amrita Pal, Ribhu Ray, Krishnendu Acharya, Santanu Paul

Mushrooms are enriched with a plethora of bioactive molecules that play a vital role in the prevention of human diseases. The balance between ROS generation and cancer growth is one of the main prerequisites for efficient cancer treatment. In this study, to testify the aforesaid theory, five wild edible mushrooms were initially screened based on their anti-proliferative efficiency, and the best mushroom extract was selected for the assessment of their antioxidant potentialities in vitro in various artificially generated free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS+, and by FRAP experiment. The reason behind the antiproliferative potentiality and antioxidant capability of the most potent extract was also correlated by profiling its metabolites through GC-MS analysis. The study reveals, that the methanolic extract of Astraeus hygrometricus is the most potent anti-leukemic extract (IC50 22.7 ±0.23 µg/mL) followed by Serpula sp. (75.7 ±0.44 µg/mL), Phallus sp. (60.53±0.36 µg/mL), Tricholoma sp. (53.76±0.46 µg/mL), Lentinus sp. (58 ±0.13 µg/mL) against the Jurkat cell line with negligible effect on normal PBMC cells isolated from healthy donors. The assessment of the antioxidant profile Astraeus hygrometricus reveals its moderate antioxidant efficacy against several artificially generated free radicals, such as DPPH (76.9±0.16 µg/mL), ABTS+ (142±0.66 µg/mL) and moderate iron chelating efficacy (32.37±2.31µM). The GC-MS analysis of both methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Astraeus hygrometricus have found 53 and 52 compounds respectively, with wide diverse ranges of chemically classified biomolecules such as alkane, alcohol, fatty acid, organic acid, polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds, amino acid, vitamin, and hormone, etc. with a wide array of biological activity such as anticancer and antioxidant potentiality. In conclusion, it can be said that these wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus are a repository of novel biomolecules that can be used in the treatment of Leukemia in the future.

415-423

Authors: Most. Tania Akter, Md. Eftakhar Jahan Bhuiyan, Khaled Mahmud Sujan, Ziaul Haque, Sharmin Akter, Md. Golzar Hossain, Md. Kamrul Islam

Obesity is a pandemic which adds greatly to health care costs through its association with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different concentrations of butyric acid on changes of body weight, blood biochemical parameters, and liver histotexture in mice. Total twenty Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups viz Group A, B, C and D. Group A act as control while Group B, Group C and Group D were received 3, 5, and 7 mM/kg body weight butyric acid respectively, throughout the experimental period. On the 60th day, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathology respectively. Results showed that body weight increased significantly (p<0.05) in Group C and D compared to control. The total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly higher in Group B (p<0.05) and D (p<0.01) compared to the control group. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased significantly (p<0.05) in Group D whereas no significant changes were found in low density lipoprotein (LDL) level compared to control. The serum glucose was significantly higher in Group B, C (p<0.05) and D(p<0.01) than control group. In histopathological studies, liver of group B showed slight hepatocellular degeneration whereas group C and D showed vacuolation of hepatocytes. From the above findings it can be concluded that higher concentration of butyric acid may cause rise in body weight, the lipid profile and degenerative hepatocellular changes in mice, whereas lower concentration did not make significant changes.

114-119

Authors: Asura Khanam Lisa , Most. Sumya Alam, Abdullah-Al- Jubayer, Fabia Hannan Mone

The bacterial resistance over antibiotics has gained significant concern worldwide for the last few decades. This study aimed to isolate and characterize antibiotic producing bacteria from different water sediment sources in Bangladesh. A total of 9 samples were collected from three different sediment sources from Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Bacterial isolates grown in nutrient agar with cycloheximide were tested for antagonistic activity following disc-diffusion assay. Based on preliminary careening, three isolates namely LIS01, LIS02 and LIS03 showed antibacterial activity against six clinical isolates: E. coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. The isolate LIS01 with the highest (P<0.05) zone of inhibition was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. According to phylogenetic analysis, the isolate was identified as Exiguobacterium indicum with more than 99.7% sequence similarity to previously characterized strains. The results of our study are very promising considering the antibiotic resistant bacteria and could be helpful in treating diseases associated with drug failure caused.

133-148

Authors: Nafisa Ahmed, Yusha Araf, Md. Asad Ullah

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is supposed to cause Vitamin D deficiency in many people by a direct effect of home quarantine in the affected countries. Generally, vitamin D provides the human body with significant health benefits including bone development, specific gene regulation, and protection against different diseases. However, deficiency of the optimal amount of vitamin D inside the human body may result in susceptibility to multiple infectious diseases. Therefore, with vitamin D levels gravely decreased by reduced movement and activity, a number of possible negative outcomes are expected in COVID-19 patients, pregnant women, and children during this ongoing pandemic. Vitamin D has a direct inhibitory effect on post-infection through a number of mechanisms that promise to make vitamin D a future adjunctive therapy for COVID-19 treatment. Besides, clinical evidence also supports its role in preventing pregnancy complications and improving pregnancy outcomes. Consistent with the manifold role of vitamin D, an increasing number of studies suggest its role in improving the mental health of children who have been adversely affected throughout this pandemic. This review article discusses the potential roles of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients, pregnant women, and children focusing its scope to become a supplementary candidate for these vulnerable groups to combat the ongoing pandemic.

161-170

Authors: Plabon Kumar Das, Saharia Yeasmin Asha, Mst. Ayesha Siddika, Ayesha Siddika , A. R. M Tareq, Farhadul Islam, Jahan Ara Khanam, Md. Abdur Rakib

Cancer is one of the vital causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and recognized as the second most leading cause of death. Considering the side effects and high cost of synthetic anticancer drugs, plant might act as a source of novel anticancer agents with better host safety. In this investigation, Moringa oleifera leaves methanolic extract (MOLME) was subjected to evaluate its anti-proliferative effect with molecular mechanism in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice. MOLME inhibited EAC cell growth approximately 64% at the dose of 200mg/kg body weight. DAPI stained cells had shown nuclear condensation and fragmentation in treated cells. Up-regulation of pro-apoptotic gene, Bax and tumor suppressor gene, p53; and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 confirm the induction of EAC cells followed by MOLME treatment. Moreover, MOLME inhibited NF-????B activity and enhanced ROS generation. Results suggest that the anticancer effect of MOLME is associated with the induction of apoptosis through activation of p53 and reciprocal expression of Bax and Bcl-2. The apoptosis might be triggered by the inactivation of NF-????B and generation of ROS. GC-MS analysis revealed that MOLME contains several bioactive compounds, thus it is assumed that the anticancer properties could be attributed by the active leads and could be potential resource of chemotherapeutics.

178-186

Authors: Md. Rashel Mahmod , Asadullah Junayed, Chaity Bhowmick, Sagarika Adhikary Sompa, Tania Sultana, Tanjina Akter, Md. Zainul Abedin, Md. Abu Zubair, Mohammad Ariful Islam, Md. Roman Mogal, Marina Khatun, Md. Asaduzzaman Sikder

Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are progressively exercised as an antimicrobial agent among myriad applications. The rapid emergence of microbial resistance to conventional antibiotics by multidrug-resistant pathogens has become a threat to the global health community. Traditionally used herbal plants are good sources of bioactive phytochemicals and Galinsoga formosa is one of them. Thus, Ag-NPs are biologically synthesized, intending to evaluate the antibacterial activity of G. formosa. Disc diffusion assay was used to assess the antibacterial activity of leaf and flower crude extracts distinctly as well as of green synthesized Ag-NPs in vitro. The biosynthesis of Ag-NPs was primarily confirmed by brownish color solution and later by UV-visible spectrophotometer. Ag-NPs synthesized from G. formosa leaf, and flower extract showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive (S. aureus, S. mutans, and S. epidermidis) and gram-negative (K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa) bacteria, where gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive than gram-positive bacteria. The highest zone of inhibition was observed against P. aeruginosa (13.33±0.58 mm) by applying Ag-NPs synthesized from G. formosa flower extract. In contrast, the lowest zone of inhibition was observed against S. epidermidis (6.33±0.58 mm). Antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs from flower and leaf extracts was considerably higher as compared to their respective crude extract. Further, Ag-NPs from the flower extract was exhibited more growth inhibitory response than the leaf extract. Hence, the findings of this research suggested that the synthesized Ag-NPs from G. formosa leaf and flower extract were exhibited antibacterial activity. Such synthesized Ag-NPs might help to develop new drug for combating against various diseases.

200-209

Authors: Akshay Bairapura Manjappa, Shama Rao, Siddharth Shetty, Veena Shetty, Ananthram Shetty Asode, Molahalli Shantharam Shetty, Basavarajappa Mohana Kumar

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading pathological condition resulting in the degeneration and destruction of articular cartilage. The presence of inherent mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) within the articular cartilage has led to explore the possible reparative mechanisms to regenerate and restore the functional and mechanical properties of hyaline cartilage. The present in vitro study was aimed to identify and characterize the MPCs derived from OA cartilage. MPCs derived from the explant culture of OA cartilage were analyzed in terms of cellular and biological properties, and multilineage differentiation abilities. Upon cell surface marker analysis, MPCs were CD73+, CD90+, CD166+, CD146-, CD34-, CD45-, and HLA-DR-, whose expression defines stemness and chondroprogenitor status. MPCs exhibited a higher proliferative index and limited or no senescence activity till later passages. Trilineage differentiation towards osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis was observed with cytochemical staining and also by mRNA expression of lineage-specific markers by RT-qPCR. The results showed that OA cartilage harbors a viable pool of MPCs with greater chondrogenic potential. These cell niches could serve as a superior cell source for cartilage regeneration due to their committed progeny and hence could prevent heterotypic cartilage formation.

215-222.

Authors: Hezron Mutisya Muindi, Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti, Mathew Piero Ngugi

The effects of Croton megalocarpus Hutch and Lantana camara Linn plants leave on blood coagulation has not been scientifically tested despite their common use in bleeding control. The current study investigates the effects of the plants’ leaves extracts on mice plasma coagulation time. Leaves of C. megalocarpus (H.) and L. camara (L.) were harvested, washed, air dried, crushed, extracted in absolute methanol and concentrated to dry powders. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screen of both extracts was done. A total of 55 mice plasma samples were mixed with solutions of leaves extracts of both plants, before prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were determined. Data was analyzed using one – way ANOVA. Phytochemical screen on separate extracts of C. megalocarpus (H.) and L. camara (L.) revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids. Moreover, C. megalocarpus (H.) extract contained steroids and flavonoids while that of L. camara (L.) had saponins. Solutions of the various concentrations of methanol leave extracts of C. megalocarpus (H.). L. camara (L.) and leaves blend extracts from both plants reduced aPTT and PT significantly (p<0.05) when mixed with normal mice plasma. Significant reduction of aPTT and PT of normal treated plasma was associated with the activity of tannins, phenols, flavonoids and saponins detected in the plant extracts.

238-247

Authors: Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Sung-Jin Park, Ha-Young Jeon, Sokho Kim

This study was performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of exercise and oral melatonin on metabolic syndrome (MS), anxiety and depression-like behavior (ADB) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model in rat. Rats were allocated into five groups: non diabetes group, diabetes group, three treated group; diabetes rats disciplined with swimming exercise (40 min, 5 days per week) or oral melatonin (10 mg/kg bwt per day at 19.00 PM) alone or with combination. Exercise and oral melatonin significantly attenuated MS evidenced by improvement of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia level in comparison with diabetes group. The ADB also markedly improved in exercise and oral melatonin treated rats as represented by decreased anxiety index, increased open arm entries and time spent in elevated plus maze, and reduced freezing behavior, increased entries and time spent in center in open field test. To know underlying molecular mechanisms, hippocampus tissue was analyzed. Interestingly, exercise combined with oral melatonin synergistically reduced serum corticosterone and hippocampus tissue level inflammatory cytokines and improved ATP level. Furthermore, this combination up-regulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial biogenesis related proteins, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in hippocampus tissue. Exercise and oral melatonin synergistically attenuated ADB in T2DM rats by attenuation of MS, neuroinflammation and normalizing corticosterone level via up-regulation of PGC-1α, mitochondrial biogenesis, BDNF, GLUT4, expression and ATP level. Thus, this treatment combination can be a promising tool in the management of MS, anxiety and depression in T2DM patients.

: 17-24.

Authors: Dinh Toi Chu, Duong Thi Anh Dao, Le Thi Duyen , Bui Nhat Le, Vu Thi Hue, Vu Tri Quang, Dang Tien Truong, Thang Nguyen Manh

A double nutritional burden (DBM) has increased rapidly in Vietnam. Finding a solution to reduce the rates of overweight & obesity and thinness was necessary, especially at the age of 15-17 years. This study aimed to investigate nutritional status and elucidate the associated factors in children aged 15-17 years in the suburban of Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November to December 2019 in Vietnam. Total of 424 students aged 15-17 years (153 boys and 271 girls) from Hong Thai Highschool using a randomized sampling method. The nutritional status of studied subjects was determined based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of sex and age specific BMI cut-off points for children between 5 and 19 years old (2007). Rates of overweight and obesity was 8.96%, thinness was 8.02%, there was a statistically significant difference between boys’ and girls’ group (p=0.02). Correlation between BMI and WC, HC showed that WC or HC could be another indicator to determine the nutritional status of children. Having milk or a light meal before going to bed was also found to decrease the risk of being overweight by 66.4% (OR = 0.336, 95% CI: 0.116 – 0.972). Eating as much as possible increases the risk of overweight and obesity 2.2 times (p=0.017). Moreover, fast food consumption and physical activity time were no significant difference between the obesity & overweight and non-overweight groups. Especially, compared with the walking group, the group with adults taken had the risk of overweight and obesity 14 times higher, the group traveling by motorbike had the risk of overweight and obesity 5.056 times higher (with p=0.018 and p=0.04, respectively). The results suggest that there was the DBM for children in suburban, nutrition status was not similar among boys and girls. Public health programs should therefore be developed or improved in order to promote good eating habits and physical activity, especially how to move to school among children in Vietnam.

09-16.

Authors: Anowar Hossen, Mohammad Arman, Syed Al Jawad Sayem, Mohammad Rifat Alam Maruf, Md. Ahsan Ullah, Mohammad Nazmul Islam, Naureen Banu, Najmul Alam, Shahenur Alam Sakib

The methanol extract of the leaves of Tabernaemontana pauciflora (METP) was screened to investigate the qualitative phytochemical, in vivo anti-depressant, anxiolytic and in vitro thrombolytic activities. The in vivo antidepressant activity of METP was examined by force swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), whereas anxiolytic activity was examined by using hole-board test (HBT) and elevated plus maze test (EPM) on mice model. Additionally, qualitative phytochemical assay was performed to identify some secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids. The in vitro thrombolytic model was used to evaluate the clot lysis effect of METP. In the antidepressant assay, METP (200 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant anti-depression activity (P < 0.001) on FST (45.64% and 58.31%) and TST (38.67% and 63.62%) whereas the notable anxiolytic effect was observed in EPM (67.67% and 56.06%) and HBT (35.53% and 50%) in dose dependent manner which compared with control. In in vitro thrombolytic assessment of METP exposed 22.66% inhibition of clot. The current results proposed that METP might be effective in neuropharmacological and thrombolytic response due to the presence of alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids, which required further studies to investigate the mechanism.

35-43

Authors: Md. Khasrul Alam, M Mizanur Rahman, Abu Hena Mostafa Jamal, Md. Rezuanul Islam

Fungal phytopathogens cause serious losses of crop production worldwide, which causes serious losses of crop production. Bacteria play a role as the biocontrol agents for plant disease control. For this reason, the present study was conducted to determine the antagonistic potential of rhizosphere soil bacteria against selected phytopathogenic fungi. The screenings of potential antagonist isolated bacteria were applied by the dual culture technique with fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum melongenae. Molecular characterization was performed through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Sixteen (16) out of fifty (50) isolated bacteria showed different degrees of antagonism (25-67%) against both fungi F. oxysporum and C. melongenae. Among them, four (4) isolated bacteria (isolates A4, C1, C2, and E2) exhibited strong antagonism (more than 50% mycelial growth inhibition) against both fungi. The 16S rDNA sequences of the isolated bacteria A4, C1, C2 and E2 were 99-100% similar to Providencia sp. TT14, Bacillus subtilis 168, Bacillus subtilis RKP-2, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IBSDG-11, respectively. Based on the capability for the control of mycelial growth against both fungi, B. subtilis IUBTC2 was selected for optimization of growth characteristics and identification the bioactive metabolites which can enhance plant growth and disease control capacity of plants against the phytopathogenic fungi.

53-59

Authors: Ashika Ruaida, Kazi Muhammad Rezaul Karim

Aspergillus flavus NSH9 is a potential source of α-amylase and glucoamylases. Between two of its glucoamylases, one can digest the raw starch granules, while both being pH and thermostable. The purpose of the study was to enhance the production of amylases (α-amylase and Glucoamylase) from A. flavus NSH9 by random mutagenesis using Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and Ethidium bromide (EtBr) treatment. Glucoamylase and α-amylase activity were evaluated by 3, 5-dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNS) method and starch-iodine method, respectively. Mutated A. flavus NSH9 by EtBr treatment (10µg/ml) in PDA plate produced highest amount of both crude glucoamylases (GA) (1.47 ± 0.087 U/mL/min) and raw starch degrading glucoamylase (RSD-GA) (0.839 ± 0.036 U/mL/Hour). The highest value was 1.6 and 1.5 times higher compared to control for GA and RSD-GA, respectively. Here as, UV induced radiation produced about 1.3 and 1.4 times more GA and RSD-GA compared to control, respectively. The activity of α-amylase was about 1.7 times higher in the treatment group with 5µg/ml EtBr in sublethal condition than without the treatment group. In conclusion, both UV and EtBr treatment increased the amylases production from A. flavus NSH9. As the single mutation process of A. flavus NSH9 enhanced all three enzymes, the strains could be used for the commercial production of amylase.

67-73.

Authors: Anti Islam, Chanchal Mandal, Ahsan Habib

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are among the most widely used nanoparticles that show a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Green synthesis of Ag-NPs from plant extract is the most popular method in vitro. In this study, Ag-NPs were biologically synthesized from the leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and the antimicrobial activity was observed. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of antimicrobial activity of biologically synthesized Ag-NPs and crude plant extract was performed. Initially, 11 pathogenic bacterial strains were used to evaluate the antibacterial potentiality of crude leaf sample. However, the result showed that the crude leaf extract exerted maximum potential against Proteus vulgaris. Additionally, the application of biologically synthesized Ag-NPs was assessed against the same pathogenic strains and observed enhanced antibacterial activities with larger inhibited zones. Thus, our results suggest that the biological synthesis of Ag-NPs significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera leaf extract against selected pathogenic bacterial strains. M. oleifera could be a potential source of Ag-NPs for successful use as an antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.