Dogal Afetler ve Cevre Dergisi

213-225

Authors: Burak Kızılöz

Water utilities with limited water resources have difficulties arising from high levels of water losses in water supply networks. However, reducing these losses can be possible by monitoring, checking and managing the network correctly. In this study, it is aimed to reduce high levels of water losses through the hydraulic model by digitizing the existing drinking water assets in the central district of Kocaeli, İzmit. In parallel with this purpose, 69 district metered area have been established firstly within 567.95 km of İzmit with a total network length of 1143 km. In each isolated area, 684 of 2116 suspected leakages have been repaired by using active leakage control methods. Secondly, the pressure management system has been applied by using pressure breaker valves to prevent undetected leakages. A reduction of approximately 192.48 l/s has been achieved in the minimum night flow after active leakage control methods and pressure management activities. Thirdly, the replacement of end-of-life water meters has contributed to reduce apparent losses in isolated area. In conclusion, the water loss which was 45.40% in 2014 could be reduced to 29.50 % in İzmit district in 2019. According to the active leakage control, pressure management and meter replacement methods applied in this study, reducing water loss to 25 % throughout Kocaeli is possible by using these methods in other districts.

240-251

Authors: Erkan Ateş

The most valid way to determine the soil amplification is to use the analysis of strong ground motion records. The Earthquake Observation Station located in Ankara AFAD campus was established in 2014. There are many official institutions such as Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and Ministry of Trade within the working area. Since the earthquake station was established, 22 earthquake records have been registered. Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was measured to calculate the average shear wave velocity of the upper 30 and 50 meters of the soil where the station was located. 14 earthquake records of different magnitudes and distances occurring in different fault zones recorded by the station were interpreted using the horizontal / vertical ratio technique according to the single station method, and the amplification factor and dominant vibration frequency of the soil were calculated. Apart from the earthquake records, 4 hours of microtremor measurements were made with the CMG-6TD broadband seismometer, and the measurements were evaluated according to the single station method and the horizontal / vertical spectral ratio technique. The results of MASW, microtremor and earthquake records were compared, and the dynamic properties of soil were studied. According to the results obtained from the analysis of earthquake and microtremor records, it has been observed that the amplification factor and predominant frequencies are very close to each other, compatible to the soil class calculated by using the shear wave velocity.

266-277

Authors: Emine Irbaş; Filiz Dadaşer Çelik1

Solid waste production increases rapidly due to population growth and technological developments. Reducing negative impacts from solid wastes requires the development of integrated management approaches that consider environmental sustainability. Life cycle assessment is one of the tools that can be used to assess environmental impacts of products and processes. In this study, the alternative management scenarios for solid wastes were examined using life cycle assessment approach for the Melikgazi Municipality, Kayseri. Four scenarios were identified. In Scenario 1, all wastes are collected, transferred to landfill site and landfilled. In Scenario 2, recyclable wastes are partially separated at the source and the remaining wastes are transferred and landfilled. In Scenario 3, all recyclable wastes are separated at the source and other wastes are landfilled. In Scenario 4, after separation of recyclable wastes, other wastes are either composted (50%) or landfilled (50%). Life cycle assessment for all scenarios was based on IWM (Integrated Waste Management) model. Net energy use / non-renewable energy resources depletion potential (GJ), global warming potential (kg CO2-equivalent), acidification potential (kg SO2-equivalent) and eutrophication potential (kg O2-equivalent) were calculated for all scenarios. For Melikgazi Municipality, Scenario 3 and 4 provided more advantageous alternatives in terms of energy consumption and environmental impacts. Separating recyclable wastes at the source has been effective in reducing environmental impacts. In addition, composting application has created less environmental impact compared to landfilling.

289-297

Authors: Şeyda Kuku; Ersin Türk

Fire stations are emergency service units that serve for the security of lives and property in urban areas. It is critical for public safety to ensure the highest level of service ensuring a prompt response to the need. However, the land development legislation does not stipulate any provision with regard to the planning of fire stations and the number, size and location of the fire stations will be decided depending on the discretion of respective municipality. But the literature on the planning of fire stations recommends that fire stations must be planned for the entirety of the city based on a set of criteria including response time, coverage area, population density and etc. The objective of this study is to determine the minimum number of fire stations which can serve to the entirety of the planning area within a response time of 5 minutes and that also cover a second fire station as a backup to access within 5, 8, 10 or 15 minutes of response time according the fire risk class of the neighbourhood as indicated in the literature as well as to determine suitable publicly owned plots for such stations based on the master development plan in force. The area selected for this study is that located within the Ortahisar master development plan of the central district of Trabzon. This study will contribute to the determination of the fire station need of the city and site selection process. The findings of this study indicate that the existing fire station must be preserved at its current location, and that two new fire stations are needed which should be situated at eastern and western parts of the city, and also that the Regulation on Production of Spatial Plans must be amended to cover planning of the fire stations.

318-337

Authors: Abdullah Oktay Dündar

In this study, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport belonging to the metropolis in Turkey in 2010 and 2019 were calculated using the Tier 1 method developed by the IPCC. According to the results, while the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions in 30 metropolitan cities in 2010 was 43,403 Gg CO2 equivalent, it increased in 2019 and reached 70, 271 Gg CO2 equivalent. Between 2010 and 2019, the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions increased by 61.90%. The cities of Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir in total greenhouse gas emissions, Denizli, Mersin, Muğla in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per capita, Mardin, Kocaeli, Diyarbakır in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per vehicle, and Istanbul, Kocaeli and İzmir in terms of greenhouse gas emissions per km2. are in the top 3 places. Both in 2010 and 2019, Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Mersin, Antalya, Konya and Kocaeli have values above the average emission amount. With priority measures to be taken in these cities, the total amount of emissions in our country can be reduced significantly. On the other hand, in cities in our eastern region such as Mardin, Van and Şanlıurfa, the speed of increase in emissions is much higher than that of other cities. In the study, metropolitan cities were compared according to alternative transportation options and infrastructures and it was determined that other options, except rail, were effective in reducing the emission rate.

354-361

Authors: İbrahim Edibali Atalay; Serdar Neslihanoğlu

With the contribution of recent technological developments, it is aimed to provide researchers with advanced animation based data visualizations for an active pollutant, particulate matter (PM10), in air pollution in an effective manner for the amount of data to be understood in Turkey. For this purpose, for the first time in this research, the R programming language “ggplot2” animation of a simulation package based on Turkey map is generated. In this context, the annual frequency of PM10 based on provinces and cities in Turkey between the years 2014-2018 is preferred and animation data is provided. When the animation visualization of Turkey is tested on the basis of PM10 in the culture, it is found to have values similar to the average of those examined in Turkey. As a result of this situation, it has become necessary to take action by developing a clean air action plan for particulate matter pollution, which is one of the threats to human health and the environment. A new perspective in the field of data visualization has been introduced to the researchers by ensuring that the advanced animation visualizations developed in this study can be understood more effectively with animations at different frequencies.

374-381

Authors: Kadir Alperen Coşkuner

This study examines the relationship between number of forest fires and burned areas, and meteorological parameters between 1987 and 2020 in the North Eastern Region of Turkey. A total of 1560 forest fires affecting 7340.7 ha forested lands within the border of Giresun, Trabzon and Artvin Regional Forest Directorate were analysed with historic mean annual temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, total annual rainfall and calculated Sweden Angstrom Index for a period of 1987-2020. Results indicated that total annual number of fires were positively correlated with mean annual temperature, and negatively correlated with mean annual relative humidity and total annual rainfall. No significant relationship was found between the total annual number of fires and the annual average wind speed. The lower Angstrom index values indicate high risk of fires and significant negative correlation was found between total annual number of fires and Angstrom index values. No significant relationship was found between the total annual burned area and annual average temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and Angstrom Index values, however, a significant negative correlation was found with the total annual rainfall. The linear diminishing trend in the values of Angstrom Index and increasing trend in the number of fires from 1987 to 2020 in North Eastern Anatolia indicated that forest fires may become a major problem for forested lands in the North Eastern Region of Turkey in the future.

392-398

Authors: Deniz S. Yorulmaz; Havva Karadeniz

As a natural or human-induced event that occur unexpectedly, disasters affect society and people profoundly, cause loss of life and property, and lead to economic losses. Disasters pose an important public health problem due to their sudden nature, disruption in health services and society, severe economic impact, disruption in psycho-social wellbeing, resulting severe health problems in later periods, and loss of life and property. Each year, thousands of people are exposed to disasters in the world and in Turkey, and are affected by disasters in different ways. Although different age groups react differently after disasters, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and stress disorder, depression, sleep and eating disorders are the most common problems. Through appropriate interventions and psychological first aid made according to age groups, mental health problems that can be seen after disasters can be controlled and reduced significantly. Thus, this review study discusses the effect of disasters on psycho-social health and the interventions that need to be made according to age groups

13 - 26

Authors: Mustafa Umut KONANC

In this study, the potential of using olive tree (Olea europaea L.) as a biomonitor was investigated in monitoring heavy metal concentrations caused by traffic density. For this reason, in soil, leaf, fruit and shell samples collected from regions where traffic density is different in the city center of Artvin province, Sulfur content (%) was determined by elemental analyzer and heavy metals (Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and Al) was determined by ICP-OES. The accuracy of the assay measurements was tested using LGC 6187 for soil samples and ERM-CD 281 for plant samples. The differences in the measurement results obtained were determined using the ANOVA test According to the results obtained; the highest sulfur value in soil, leaves, fruit and bark was determined at the points with the highest traffic density. Heavy metal concentrations for Cr, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and Al elements in plant and soil samples were compared with other studies and regulations, and all metals were found to be within the limit values. In statistical studies, it has been determined that there is a significant difference between points at 95% confidence level. In addition, it has been found that metal concentrations of soil, leaves, fruits and bark decrease as they move away from traffic areas. This is an indication that olives can be used as biomonitors in detecting traffic pollution.

41 - 58

Authors: Erhan ŞENER; Şehnaz ŞENER

In recent years, the negative effects of climate change on water resources have been observed. Due to the decrease in precipitation in the Burdur Lake basin, there is serious volume loss especially in surface waters. In this study, basin drought analysis was performed using standardized precipitation index (SPI) and China Z index (CZI) methods. For this, precipitation data of 6 different meteorological stations located in and around the basin were used. In addition, the relationships between SPI and CZI indices are statistically revealed. In Burdur Meteorology station, it was determined that the longest drought period was experienced in the 24-month time scale with the SPI method since January 1951 with 1612 days. However, the most severe drought has been determined to have lasted 2250 days with a severity of 70.027 since January 1989. According to the drought analysis using the China Z index at the same meteorology station, the longest drought periods were 1553 days since January 1989, with a severity of 70.782. According to the obtained results, medium and mild droughts were detected around the Burdur Lake and south of the basin in 2019. In addition, the R2 values of both methods (0.96-0.98) are quite high and very close index values were calculated.

75 - 88

Authors: Mahmut FIRAT; Cansu ORHAN; Salih YILMAZ; Özgür ÖZDEMİR

In water loss management, monitoring system behavior and analyzing system performance according to appropriate indicators is very important for improving operating conditions. However, appropriate calculation tools should be used to make these analyzes accurately, regularly, systematically and precisely. Therefore, in this study, the most appropriate indicators were determined based on the indicators proposed IWA and other organizations in literature in order to analyze and monitor the process performance in water loss management. A web-based "GGS basic performance analysis calculation tool" has been developed to systematically calculate these indicators and monitor performance. This tool basically includes volumetric and percentage indicators, service connection and per line length indicators, administrative and physical loss, economic and cost, failure and network rehabilitation indicators. The details of this tool were detailed, its advantages were discussed by analyzing of sample data set. It is believed that this analysis tool developed in this study will provide significant contributions to the analysis and monitoring of the performance of the Utilities in terms of water loss management and its components, and to evaluate the process performance for active leakage control activities.

101 - 109

Authors: Emre DEMİR

This study differs from previous similar studies in three main directions. Firstly, the location of the most suitable facilities that can provide regional service were determined by applying clustering method. Thus, not only one airport facility in a single location serving across the country was determined, which separates this research from the others. Secondly, in the previous studies, Istanbul Airport was not taken into account because it has not been put into service. Therefore, this study takes that particular airport into consideration. Thirdly, optimum solutions for such new situation were produced with more up-to-date data and using a modern optimization method, the tree seed algorithm. As a result of the analyzes made based on traffic data, traffic-based weight coefficients and location data from which transportation distances were obtained, a total of sixteen ideal airports were recommended that can provide service to their regions, especially during emergencies or after any disaster. In accordance with the suggestions of this research, it is expected that progress will be made in minimizing the loss of time and expense, and especially minimizing the loss of life thanks to the services which can be provided by air transportation in any emergency.

124 - 135

Authors: Ercan VURAL

With the industrial revolution, environmental problems have diversified and have increased significantly, affecting both the natural and the human environment. Air pollution, which is among the most important of these environmental problems, has been a serious problem today as it was in the past. In this study, which examines the human factors affecting air quality and pollution between 2007-2019 in the provinces of Southeast Anatolia Region, pollution shows continuity especially in certain provinces. Depending on this continuity, our aim is to detect air pollution in the provinces of the region and offer solutions to them. IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) analysis was used through Geographic Information Systems to detect the spatial change of air pollution. With this analysis method, interpolation was provided between the measurements. The provinces with the highest SO2 concentration are Şanlıurfa and Siirt in 2007, Şırnak in 2012, Şanlıurfa and Siirt in 2017 and Şanlıurfa in 2019. PM10 annual average concentration is high in Batman in 2007, Gaziantep, Batman and Siirt in 2012, Şanlıurfa in 2017 and Şırnak in 2019. The number of population living in the city, the type and quality of fuel used in residences and industry, the number of industrial enterprises and the number of vehicles are among the important human factors affecting pollution. In this sense, local and national administrations should take serious measures in the air pollution that causes human health to deteriorate or even die.

149 - 158

Authors: Murat DOĞRUYOL

Siirt Province is one of the important cities of the Southeastern Anatolia Region. The fault lines around the Southeast Anatolia and surrounding region has caused serious earthquakes on the area. In this study, the study region has been decided as the circular area that is surrounding the 200 km radius of the city center of Siirt Province. The city center of Siirt stands at 37.55 North and 41.56 East coordinates and is effected by active fault lines connected to the East Anatolian Fault Zone and Southeast Anatolian Thrust. The statistical earthquake risk of the study region has been presented considering Gutenberg and Richter equation. In this study the moment magnitude (Mw) that is most suitable for Gutenberg-Richter Equation has been chosen from Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute’s earthquake catalogue. From the catalogue the earthquake data of Mw ≥ 4 and between the years 1900-2020 was used. In the study magnitude frequency relation, seismic risk and return periods of the study region have been calculated. According to this R2 = 0.99, a constant has been calculated as 7.0994, b constant has been calculated as 1.0257. According to earthquake risk analysis of the study area the possibility of an earthquake in the next 50 years at the magnitude of 6.0 and 6.5 has been calculated as %79 and %38 respectively. While the return periods have been calculated as 32 and 105 years respectively. The purpose of the study is to remind the earthquake risk of the Siirt Province and to make sure earthquake truth of the area won’t be forgotten when deciding engineering structures and their location.

176 - 191

Authors: Muhammet ÇELİK; Mohammad Manzoor NASERY

Reinforced ground embankments having high energy absorption capacity, which are being used as rockfall protection systems, are massive structures. Various problems arise in the application of reinforced ground embankments on sloped terrain, where rockfall occurs, because of it is high bottom width. In this study, a solution was improved for the application of reinforced ground embankments walls on sloping lands and was examined by implementing a pilot project. Additionally, it was planned to obtain a flat platform on inclined land with a 6 m high stone retaining wall and filling in order to construct the reinforced ground embankments wall on it. Initially rock fall analyses were performed on 8 cross sections in order to obtain bounce height, velocity and total kinetic energy values prior to constructing the platform. The same analysis was once again performed following the platform construction and the obtained data were compared. This platform has reduced 83% of the rocks’ bounce heights, 62% of kinetic energy and 42% of velocity values. In the second part of the study, the cost of the reinforced ground embankments on the platform was compared with the costs of alternative projects. It was observed that constructing platform was 60.8% less expensive than a 6meter reinforced concrete wall with a 3meter steel barrier and 74.5% cheaper than a 6meter steel barrier. Steel barriers are disadvantageous compared to the reinforced ground embankments walls in various aspect such as reduction in length during rock collisions, construction cost, maintenance costs, import and adaptation to nature. For the reasons above, we have concluded that construction of reinforced ground embankments wall over a constructed platform is a more efficient improvement solution in terms of both safety and cost. The developed solution within the scope of the study was applied in the rockfall protection project in Güney neighborhood, Maçka District of Trabzon Province.

228 - 247

Authors: Nesrin DURSUN

There has increased in environmental pollution due to rapid population growth in the world. Environmental conscience of society can reduce environmental pollution. Conducting surveys can determine the existence of this conscience and public awareness on environmental issues. In addition, survey results guide the activities of municipalities, public institutions and non-governmental organizations that work to prevent environmental pollution. This study was conducted to determine with individuals living in Battalgazi and Yeşilyurt, which are the central districts of Malatya province, to determine their awareness on "environmental effects and recycling of waste vegetable oils". The results were evaluated by applying a questionnaire consisting of 19 questions. 150 individuals from each district and in total 300 individuals participated in the questionnaire which consisted of information about demography, environmental effects and recycling of waste vegetable oils. The study determined the public awareness on the effects of domestic waste oils on water, air and soil pollution and recycling (especially raw materials in biodiesel production). Following the survey, information has been provided about the effects of waste vegetable oils on the environment by creating awareness to eliminate these effects or minimalize them. Based on the survey results, it has been determined that: (i) frying consumption is inversely proportional to the age of the participants; (ii) even though specific questions were asked, the majority of the population have comprehensive knowledge on these specific issues; (iii) they follow internet, TV, radio, newspapers and magazines related to the subject, especially about the environmental awareness; (iv) informative activities of non-governmental organizations and municipalities are effective.

258 - 267

Authors: Saadet HACISALİHOĞLU, Feza KARAER

In this study, flow values and pollution loads of point pollutant sources in Uluabat Lake basin were monitored in 4 different sampling points for 12 months in August 2013-July 2014 period and spatial and temporal changes of parameters were examined. The monitored parameters were suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), total nitrogen (TN), phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) and total phosphorus (TP) parameters. As a result of the study, the average flow rate of Mustafakemalpaşa Stream (MKP Stream) was found to be 8.91 m3 /sec and Kocasu Stream was 19.72 m3 /sec. It was observed that the average flow rate values were higher than other point sources. Akçalar Creek is the point source with the lowest flow rate and the average flow rate is 0.03 m 3/sec. It was found that MKP Stream, which is the inlet stream to the lake, carries a high amount of pollution to the lake. When the pollution loads were evaluated, it was found that Akçalar Creek carries the least pollutant (TN:19.6 tons/year; TP:0.3 tons/year; KOI:74 tons/year; BOI:50.5 tons/year; AKM:41.4 tons/year), and Uluabat pumping station has the highest pollution load (TN:333.6 tons/year; TP:5.3 tons/year; KOI:1570 tons/year; BOI:662.5 tons/year; AKM:368.4 tons/year).

282 - 287

Authors: Mehmet PARLAK

Landslides bring about serious environmental problems. Roadside landslides are a common natural phenomenon. They are often triggered by a combination of steep relief, rainfall and soil properties. The loss of upper fertile soil layer is among the most significant environmental problems induced by landslides. Such losses lead to land degradation. This study was conducted to compare some characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, lime, organic matter, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), texture, aggregate stability, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and clay activity) of the soils (0-10 cm depth) taken from inside and wheat field of a landslide occurred at the side of Canakkale-Bursa highway (around Sevketiye section). In comparison of soil properties the paired t test was used. While wheat field samples had higher electrical conductivity, organic matter, available potassium (K), clay, silt, and plasticity index, but lower pH and fine sand contents than the inside samples. Statistically significant differences were not observed in terms of lime, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), coarse sand, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index and clay activity. Farmyard manure, harvest residues or compost can be applied to improve soil characteristics in landslide-influenced areas.

304 - 318

Authors: Seda DURUKAN, Ezgi SARIKAYA

This study includes the investigation of the liquefaction potential of Seferihisar (İzmir) district alluvial soil deposits under possible earthquakes according to Turkey Building Earthquake Regulation (TBER). Seferihisar Yelki fault zone which is one of the branches of the Western Anatolian Fault Line lies under the study area. In order to evaluate this risk, soil survey reports belonging to the buildings licensed by Seferihisar Municipality in Sığacık district which were located by seaside and had possibly high ground water levels, were obtained and investigated, finally 18 drilling data were selected. In this context, initially the liquefaction risk analysis method given in TBER 2018 was briefly introduced and a sample solution was presented in detail. Afterwards, liquefaction risks for different earthquake scenarios were evaluated according to TBER 2018 and presented on the map and possible post-liquefaction settlements were also calculated. In the first scenario, 65% of points were found to have liquefaction susceptibility while that was 47% for the second scenario. In the third scenario, the related area was found to be 71% safe. In addition, possible post-liquefaction settlements were also calculated with two different methods for the first scenario. Finally, the settlements were found to exceed 50 cm for both methods. Calculations were done for each layer throughout the depth and for each layer where is data not available and settlements were found to vary between 8.1 and 27.9 cm.

334 - 344

Authors: Elif ÇİÇEK

In this study, road embankment models constructed with new materials obtained from the recycling of natural and waste materials were analysed using the finite element method. The effects of different materials such as sandy silt, rock aggregate, concrete, glass on the road fill were investigated and the results of the analysis of the models using waste fibers in the road fill were compared with the natural conditions. In addition, calculations have been made for road embankment models which are tried to be reinforced with different numbers of geosynthetic reinforcement. Thus, the effects of different materials, fibers and geosynthetics on the number of safety of the road model created were examined. Evaluations were made against the collapse of the road and the effects of the consolidation behaviour arising from groundwater under filling were compared for different material conditions. In addition, the residence differences that may be caused by traffic load in different parts of the road in the fillings constructed using different materials were evaluated and the effects of geosynthetics were tried to be determined. When the results were examined, evaluations were made for both environmental and more efficient solutions. It has been observed that the materials obtained by recycling of waste materials can make significant contributions to the stability and safety of road embankments.

354 - 365

Authors: Murat ÇELİKER, Nilüfer NACAR KOÇER, Osman YILDIZ

Flood is among the most common natural disasters in Turkey. For this reason, it is very important to determine the flood spreading areas in advance, to reduce the flood risk and to ensure the safety of life and property accordingly. In this study, it is aimed to determine the flood water depths and inundation areas of Çapakçur, Gayt and Göynük streams passing through Bingöl Province center with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and HEC-RAS. Thus, hydraulic models of these streams passing through the city center were developed by the use of HEC-RAS for the peak flows obtained from synthetic unit hydrographs with return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 years. The data obtained from the up-to-date maps of the study area with 1/1,000 scale were defined to the model by HEC-GeoRAS working on ArcGIS. According to the flood inundation maps, which were prepared in the GIS environment using the hydraulic model results obtained with the help of HEC-RAS, the maximum flood water depth varies between 8.12 and 9.62, and the maximum flood inundation area ranges from 635,402 to 1,561,982 m2 for the flood peaks considered in the study. The flood inundation maps obtained in this study can be used as an important data source for the future settlement and development plans of the region.

377 - 390

Authors: Özer AKYÜREK

In parallel with urbanization, the temperature in dense residential areas is higher than in rural areas around the city. This heat event, which causes the weather to be warmer than the natural areas around urban areas, is defined as the urban heat island. With the use of thermal bands in remote sensing platforms, the determination of land surface temperatures (LST) and spatial distributions of related parameters have started to be represented better than the old methods. The information obtained from the remote sensing platforms, because of the low cost and wide area coverage has been used as data source in various applications. In this study, in Kocaeli province maps of LST were created by using thermal bands of 5 Landsat 8 satellite images taken between July 2015 - 2019. According to the created maps, the LST values of the western – high industrial zone – and southern – geothermal activity – regions of the province were found to be high during the 5-year time period. In addition, various industrial facilities in İzmit and Kartepe districts were determined to have high LST values. Wind maps were created with wind speed and direction data from air quality stations, and it was found that they did not have any reducing effect on the LST. Finally, the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) images were created from the satellite images and the statistical relationship between LST was investigated. As a result of this investigation, it was determined that there is an inverse with SAVI and a linear relationship with NDBI.

405 - 414

Authors: Kanaat Burak BOZDOĞAN, Süleyman AYDIN

In case of torsion in buildings, additional earthquake forces affect the structure and internal forces and displacements increases. For this reason, it is important to place the bearing systems in the plan as much as possible to reduce the torsion effect. To minimize torsion effects, the center of mass and center of rigidity should be as close as possible. Although most of the existing earthquake seismic codes do not require the determination of the center of rigidity in the analysis phase of the structures, it is important to determine the center of rigidity in terms of reducing the torsional effects. In practice, the concepts of center of rigidity and shear center are sometimes confused and found to be incorrect. Particularly in the structural system of wall-frame, due to the different behavior of wall and frame, the center of rigidity varies from the story to story even if the dimensions of the walls and frames are constant throughout the height of the structure. In such buildings, the center of rigidity may even go out of plan on some storey. In this study, firstly the concepts of center of rigidity and shear center in multi-storey buildings are briefly explained. An approach was then proposed to find the center of rigidity and the shear center. The presented approach was applied on two examples taken from the literature and the results were compared with the literature and ETABS software and the suitability of the presented method was demonstrated.

431 - 450

Authors: Belgin YILMAM, Hilal TURGUT

It seems that the destruction of man-made nature, which reached important levels after the second half of the twentieth century, will occupy the world agenda for a long time. The increase in the world population and consequently the increasing need for energy and food have enhanced the pressures and damages on natural resources. These degradations lead to disruptions in the ecosystem functions and sometimes irreversible deterioration in natural balance. This study aims to determine the anthropogenic pressures in the construction and production processes of the Yusufeli Dam. Kılıçkaya, Öğdem, and Yusufeli regions were chosen as the study area because they were affected by the Yusufeli Dam. Satellite images and GIS software were used to determine the anthropogenic effects. As a result of the study, it was determined that the water surface of approximately 33km2 will be formed with the water retention of Yusufeli Dam. After the completion of the Yusufeli Dam, 612ha forest and 62ha agricultural fields will be destroyed. In the assessment of land capability, it was determined that 100% of class I, 69% of class II, 81% of class III, 7% of class IV, 1% of class VI, and 1% of class VII will remain within the dam reservoir area. The new settlement area where Yusufeli district will move has an area of 640ha and consists of three parts. A significant amount of excavation and filling operations have been carried out to create these areas. According to the zoning plan in the new settlement, 21.6 ha for 1300 residences, 9.65 ha for active green areas, and 5.1 ha for passive green areas were planned. In this study, planning suggestions are also presented to minimize the negative consequences of anthropogenic effects caused by Yusufeli Dam.

12-23

Authors: Tülin Çetin, Mustafa Erkan Turan, Pınar Aytekin, Mehmet Ali Yurdusev

It is observed that technological developments have resulted in several global environmental problems. The balance of the nature has been destroyed and some species has been died out because of such environmental problems. As the environmental problems and their effects have been felt intensively, the determination of people's attitudes towards environment are of greater importance than ever before. New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale is widely used in the literature to determine environmental attitudes of the people. In this study, it is aimed to determine the attitudes of university students towards environment using the NEP scale and to determine the relationship between these attitudes and several characteristics of the students such as demography, economic situation, sport activity engaged, smoking, eco-friendly product consumption, saving and membership of an environmental association. The target group of the study is the students of Manisa Celal Bayar University. The questionnaire prepared in the study was applied to a total of 420 students selected by the sampling method among the students studying at the university. From the scale used, four factors called ”supremacy of humanity“, ”environmental disaster”, “supremacy of nature“, “technological superiority” were obtained and then several hypotheses have been developed to analyze the differences in terms of demographical properties of the respondents with respect to the factors mentioned. The hypotheses developed also serve for establishing relationships among the parameters such as sport activity engaged, smoking, eco-friendly product consumption, saving and membership of an environmental association. As a result, it is found that there is significant relationship in 18 of the hypotheses developed.

37-48

Authors: Gül Kaykıoğlu , İbrahim Savaş Dalmış

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of pyrolysis-treated rice straw (PPS) in the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various experimental parameters like pH (4, 5.9 (natural pH), 7, 9 and 11), initial dye concentration (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L), and contact time (0, 1, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) at constant temperature (20 oC) and adsorbent dose (1 g/L). Also; the effect of ionic strength with the salt addition at different doses (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 mg/L NaCl) was evaluated on the color removal efficiency from the dye solution. It was observed that the dye uptake by PPS was slightly decrease (from 8.5 mg/g to about 8.2 mg/g for qe values) when the pH of dye solution was increased from 4 to 11 and the best removal efficiency was obtained at the natural pH (5.9). Uptakes of dye were rapid and the adsorption increased with increasing contact time in all experiments. Methylene Blue removal efficiency increased slightly with increasing ionic strength. While the removal efficiency was 91 % at 2000 mg/L NaCl application, decreased to 87% at 2500 mg/L NaCl. According to the R2 values for the adsorption of MB on PPS, Langmuir model yields fit better than the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity of PPS adsorbent for MB dye was 12.5 mg/g. The kinetic experimental data fitted the pseudo-first-order model for PPS (R2=0.9952).

66-75

Authors: Filiz Dadaşer Çelik, Şükrü Taner Azgın

This study presents an air pollutant emission inventory of primary pollutants for Kayseri, Turkey. Kayseri is one of the largest cities in Turkey which went through industrialization in recent decades together with rapid population growth. Air pollution from residential, industrial, and transportation sources have been a major problem for Kayseri during this period. In this study, emissions of four primary pollutants, namely, particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) were estimate. The sources of air pollutants in Kayseri were classified as point, area, and line sources. The emissions from point and area sources (i.e., industrial and residential areas) were estimated by using the information on types and amounts of fuels used. The emissions from line sources (i.e., transportation) were estimated by using the vehicle count data on major roads. The appropriate emission factors were obtained from the Unites State Environmental Protection Agency or European Environment Agency. The results showed that the annual emission rates for PM, SO2, NOX and CO were 2929 tons,5082 tons, 6791 tons and 37094 tons, respectively. Area sources are responsible for 86%, 94%, and 75% of total PM, SO2, and CO emissions, respectively. Point sources provide about 56% of total NOX emissions. In order to improve the air quality of our cities, it is envisaged that control measures should be taken especially for reducing the residential emissions caused by heating and the determination of national emission calculation factors in order to achieve more reliable results.

90-97

Authors: Nesli Aydın

The progress of recent civilisation and the associated growth in population worldwide has contributed considerably to the increase in the quantity of waste produced. The ever-increasing consumption of resources has resulted in high amounts of solid waste from domestic activities, which can pose significant threats to the environment and human health. Waste management and recycling activities have a complex and multifaceted mechanism that requires comprehensive and integrated approaches. In this study, the current status of municipal solid waste management in Ankara was identified and waste streams were investigated by using Materials Flow Analysis (Stan 2 software). It was aimed to analyse material flows by visualising the waste management system of Ankara. This study resulted that approximately 1.6 million tonnes of solid waste is collected per year (4500 tonnes per day) in the province. Almost 470 thousand tonnes of it is being used for methane production and more than 400 thousand tonnes of compost is being produced each year. The result of the model also points out that 286 thousand tonnes get accumulated in landfills each year. This reveals the possible requirement for a capacity investment of Mamak Landfill Area, which is already on the agenda of city authorities.

119 - 136

Authors: Erdem Türkeli

In recent earthquakes occurred in Turkey, an unexpected number of reinforced concrete (RC) minarets were heavily damaged or collapsed causing loss of lives and economic damages. These structures can be counted as the most common constructed slender structures in Turkey. Therefore, the detailed behavior of these slender structures should be determined in order to strengthen the existing ones and construct safer and stronger RC minarets. In this study, the most common constructed types of RC minarets were analyzed under 17 August 1999 Mw 7.4 Kocaeli Earthquake for the determination of the effectiveness of strengthening techniques namely fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) and buttresses. Also, soil-structure interaction (SSI) is included in the dynamic seismic analyses of the minarets as proposed by Burman et al. (2012). At the end of the analyses performed, it was determined that FRP strengthening is more effective in enhancing the seismic response of RC minarets as the height of the minaret increases when compared with the buttress strengthening. Also, the stress demand locations predicted from the dynamic seismic analyses of the representative minarets were found to be consistent with the damages observed in recent earthquakes.

146 - 156

Authors: Kübra Ceren, Eyyüb Karakan

It is not possible to prevent the earthquakes and other natural disasters which cause loss of lives and property, but it is possible to minimize the damages that they cause. The majority of the surface area of Kahramanmaraş province, which can be considered a vulnerable zone in Turkish Tectonic System, underlies many active fault systems. Determination of engineering properties of soils is of great importance in determination of soil behavior and/or minimization of damages due to seismic action. For this reason, dynamic analyses were conducted in the Üngüt district of Kahramanmaraş and data obtained from 12 borings in Üngüt region were used in the analyses. In this scope, dynamic ground behavior analyses were performed on certain points in the study area by the use of Deepsoil software. Linear, frequency domain in the equivalent linear and time domain non-linear analysis have been carried out to obtain information about the dynamic behavior of the local soil conditions. Dynamic behavior analysis of the selected area was carried out using the acceleration recordings of the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli (Mw = 7.4) earthquake. As a result of the analyses, variation of acceleration, response spectrum and amplification factor were obtained. In this study, by evaluating the data obtained, it is aimed to determine the dynamic behavior of the foundations of the existing and new buildings.

169 - 180

Authors: Zehra Yıldız, Gülendam Çelik

In our country, health services are provided by public hospitals affiliated to the health ministry and universities along with private hospitals. University research hospitals are the most important healthcare institutions after the ministry of health. In addition to direct patient treatment and care in the healthcare system, the health services at universities involve various health education and medical research activities as well. Therefore, university health institutions are more complex and crowded than other hospitals. In these health institutions, many spaces such as policlinics, classrooms, laboratories, cafeteria, offices, kitchen, boiler room, penthouse, archive, electrical installation, flammable and explosive materials, oxygen systems are gathered under a single roof. Moreover, the number of employees, students, patients and visitors is higher in university hospitals compared to other hospitals. For this reason, a fire especially in university hospitals may lead to a disaster. Fire safety measures should be at the highest level in hospitals that are located in the middle dangerous class in terms of fire hazard. In this study, recent fires occurred in the currently operating hospitals in the country are evaluated in terms of fire causes and fire precautions to be taken. It was determined that the recent fires occurring in university hospitals in our country are mainly started due to electricity and carelessness. With planning -according to today's technology- both passive systems that play an important role in the design of buildings and active extinguishing systems that do not allow fire incidents to grow, the risk of fire in health institutions can be eliminated or minimized.

196 - 208

Authors: Gürkan Yılmaz, Sevda Demiröz Yıldırım

Disaster is an event that results in serious physical and death of large number of people, because of earthquake, tsunami, flood, landslide, volcano eruption, hurricane, hose, airplane accidents, train accidents, nuclear power plant accidents, explosions and terrorist attacks. Urban search and rescue works are important for finding people and animals trapped under the collapsed structure after the collapse of buildings as a result of earthquakes, terrorist attacks and landslides. The initiation of urban search and rescue activities in the first hours of the disaster increases the rate of live removal of the stranded. The survival rate of the victims 50% decreases, after the first 24 hours. According to the data obtained from numerous cases especially related to earthquakes, it was stated that 50-95% survivors after the disaster were rescued by the local people within the first 24-48 hours. However, there is need for professional teams to reach the victims who are trapped under rubble and are difficult to access. Secondary collapses due to aftershocks and other causes in the collapsed structure (collapses during removal or fixation of debris, and collapses due to the search of relatives on the debris of the relatives, etc.), dangerous leakage of gas, and leakage of access routes to the casualty. These are threats to the safety of urban search and rescue teams. These threats prevent search and rescue personnel from being effective and efficient in urban search and rescue activities. In urban search and rescue activities, local people and professional teams, as well as actors such as dogs, robots, seismic and acoustic (listening) devices and imaging devices are also involved. Each of these actors can be used effectively and efficiently in different tasks and urban search and rescue activities, but it has the characteristics of completing each other. In this study, the positions of disaster volunteers, professional search and rescue personnel, search and rescue dogs, listening and video search devices and robots in search and rescue activities were investigated.

198-213

Authors: Ali Murthada Ali, Musa Hakan Arslan, Mustafa Altın

The mechanical properties of the concrete are improved by adding glass fiber to the fresh concrete mixture. Numerous studies have been carried out in the literature to determine the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GRC). By adding glass fiber into the concrete, the bending and tensile strength of it increase considerable, and concretes produced in this way are preferred in practice to be thinner. Since there is no comprehensive investigation of the fire performance of the GRC used in practice, this study examined the changes in the mechanical properties of GRC elements subjected to four different (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) fire periods. In the scope of the experimental study, 300 samples including Ø15 / 30 cm cylinder and 4x4x16 cm prism were produced. The effect of glass fiber admixture of 0,5,10,15 and 20 kg / m3 on the compressive and different tensile strength of the concrete was tested on GRC elements exposed to fire for different periods of time. A significant contribution of glass fiber to the tensile strength for unburned samples has been observed, however glass fiber does not contribute to the compressive strength. After 30 minutes of fire, tensile strengths of single and double point bending tests of GRC samples increased. In the case of longer fires, there has not been an increase in this rate.

224-236

Authors: Hasan Koçyiğit, Firdevs Sinanoğlu

Recently, the development of industrial activities and technologies, on the one hand make the human life easier, on the other hand, it decreases the available water resources due to environmental pollution. One of the most important environmental pollutants, together with the advancing industrialization and technology, is the widely used of pesticides in agricultural activities. Pesticides, which are indispensable in modern agricultural activities, are used in many areas, like industrial, domestic etc. The main objective of this study is to investigate the pesticide residue in the waters of Alara Stream, which is considered the most important water resource and heartland of Alanya and its environs. The intensity of agricultural activities in the region is very important for the investigation of the pesticide residue. For this purpose, 4 sampling points were determined on the Alara Stream. Samples were collected from these points to represent the wet and dry seasons in this area. The residual levels of 110 pesticides were investigated in the samples. During the selection of these pesticides, the desired parameters in the export of fresh vegetables and fruits are taken into consideration. These parameters are given in Table-4 and Table-5 of the Surface Water Quality Regulation. The samples were extracted according to the Quechers Method and analysed by using the LC-MSMS and GC-MS. Detection and Determination Limits and Recovery studies were carried out during the analysis process. The Detection Limits (LOD) range between 0.23 and 9.67 ppb. According to the results of the analysis, it was observed that the determined pesticide values were lower than these determination limits.

247-256

Authors: Mehmet Özyazıcıoğlu , Kemal Dönmezçelik, Süleyman N. Orhan, Mehmet Yener Özkan

Nearly all regions in Erzincan lie on a first degree earthquake zone. In the plains of the city, the thickness of the alluvial layer over the bedrock is about 1 km. In this regard, it is clear that a detailed ground amplification analysis is required for the city settlement area. In this research, soil amplification analyses based on equivalent linear one dimensional shear wave theory have been made for the province of Erzincan. For this purpose, borehole (max depth 275 m) data pertaining to DSI (State Water Works) drilled between 1960 and 1980 for ground water exploration are used. The equivalent linear ground motion analyses have been accomplished by EduShake/ProShake, a one dimensional shear wave analysis program. Eight different scaled real ground motion acceleration time histories are used to obtain surface motion PSA (Pseudo Spectral Acceleration). The average of PSA at each boring location is plotted together with bed rock outcrop PSA and 2007-Turkish Earthquake Code Design Spectrum. The amplification ratios for each period are computed by dividing surface PSA to bedrock outcrop PSA. The map of the city is divided into microzones, representing each boring log to display periods where computed amplifications are observed.

272-280

Authors: Erhan Bakırcı, Buket Karatop, Sümeyye Bayındır

Fires caused by natural factors or man-made and the losses they cause are known to have traumatic consequences for the society. The risk of disasters can be minimized when they are determined in advance and the results of the disasters become manageable. In addition to material and moral losses and socio-cultural traumas caused by disasters, especially fire disasters, the effects on the eco-system are felt more and more every day. Therefore, it can be said that fire statistics are kept and used to determine the strategies of fire statistics, especially in the countries that have high standards of social security and are technologically advanced. The strength of this chain of secure relations is possible with the establishment of learning systems. The basic factor in the creation and establishment of measurable-evaluable and taken lessons from lived data systems is the establishment of a robust, scientific and objective statistical data pool and with awareness raising. In this study, Istanbul Fire Brigade converted fires that occurred in Istanbul between 2008 and 2018 into statistical data. These statistics were compared with the fire statistics of the USA, China and EU countries. The largest and most comprehensive fire statistics database in our country is represented by the Istanbul Province Fire Statistics. Compared to the fire statistics of other countries, it was determined that there were differences in the statistical data classification and evaluation of these data. Thus, it is discussed whether the data held are suitable for creating strategies in this area with scientific studies and preventive approaches, and suggestions for improvement are presented.

291-304

Authors: Eyüp Şişman

In trend studies, classical approaches such as regression analysis and frequently used Mann-Kendall (MK) methods are bound to lose their usage due to their limitations and assumptions, due to their inability to meet their requirements in terms of binding conditions and knowledge. In order to use the regression approach for the trends and to obtain correct results, the data should fit into normal distribution, there is no internal dependency (autocorrelation), the measurements are accurate, equal variance, linearity acceptances should be investigated before each analysis. There are similar difficulties in the Mann-Kendall method, which results in no trend, increasing or decreasing trend insufficiency in engineering practices. In this study, the trends in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and their mathematical structures are examined. The trends in different stations are compared with the suggested model. SST was recorded at four stations between 1960 and 2009.The increasing trend towards the period of 2000-2009 shows itself. The trends during of 2000-2009 period is especially striking for the Mediterranean region. However, when the model graphs are examined, there are decreasing trends that emerged in 4 different durations (1970-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2009) compared to the 1960-1969 duration, which was selected as the reference year. Depending on the reality of climate change, the neutrality of the observed data 1960-1969 should be questioned.

317-326

Authors: Aslı Sabuncu, Haluk Özener

The cause of damage to the environment, forest fires have a significant role in order to give way to natural disasters in the world. Forest fires not only affect ecosystems negatively, but also cause serious problems in economic and social life. As a result of forest fires that occurred between the years of 1937-2016 in Turkey 1,661,506 hectares of forest area was burnt. It is sometimes difficult and impossible to collect data from forests after forest fires. In addition, remote sensing techniques and algorithms are frequently used in determining the burning areas considering the long duration and the cost will be high. Different satellite images (Landsat, MODIS, SPOT, etc.) in various properties are important data sets of remote sensing technology which is frequently used in recent years to map fire intensity, fire damage and burnt zones. In this study, forest fire that occurred and continued 4 days in Seferihisar district of İzmir province on August 9, 2009 was analyzed by remote sensing techniques using Landsat 5 satellite images. Two Landsat images acquired in July 2009 as pre fire and in August 2009 as post-fire. In this study, the capacity of Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) indices and differenced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI) derived from Landsat 5 images have been analyzed in order to assess the fire severity. Besides NDVI and NBR indices results, maximum likelihood algorithm which is supervised classification method was applied to pre and post fire satellite images. The burnt area after forest fire was calculated as 711 ha with dNDVI, 695 ha with dNBR and 665 ha with maximum likelihood algorithm of pixel based supervised classification method. Based on the three different methods of results are compatible, rational and consistent with the results of the General Directorate of Forestry.

335-349

Authors: Sezar Gülbaz

Due to rapid and unplanned urbanization, natural disasters such as rising floods affect the daily life. In order to prevent losses and minimize damages, it is necessary to model the streams passing through urban areas and to establish flood extent maps. In addition, the generated flood extent maps should be updated taking into account the changes in land use occurring in urban areas. Moreover, new settlements near the streams should be made by considering the flood extent maps. Moreover, existing residential areas near the streams should also be resettled to safe areas, taking into account flood extent maps. In this context, studies on the calculation of flood flows and the development of flood extent maps are of vital importance. In this study, the hydrological model of the Sazlıdere Watershed in Istanbul and the hydraulic model of the Türkköse Stream, which is the main stream within the basin boundaries, were generated. In the study, watershed area, slope and boundary, elevation map, land use, soil type and stream routes were modeled by using the WMS software program. The HEC-HMS software program for hydrological model and the HEC-RAS software program for hydraulic model were used. The hydrological model was calibrated by using rainfall and flow rate data previously measured in the watershed. Finally, flood extent maps generated on the main stream and side branches on the watershed were obtained by using heavy rainfall between 03 and 05 July 2005. The floods in the model were examined and it was observed that the depth of the water in the areas close to the downstream of the main stream could be around 8 m. In addition, it was determined from the model results that the water depths in the main stream and on the side branch passing through the settlement areas were 6 m and 4 m, respectively, and the flood extent widths were 260 m and 240 m, respectively. Thus, the flood analysis of the Türkköse Stream was carried out with the described model and the areas affected by the flood in the settlement area were determined.

368-376

Authors: Derya Karabulut , Tolga Bekler

Natural disasters are unpredictable natural phenomena that can result in a large number of life and property losses, with an unknown level of impact. We are witnessing different natural disasters every year in the world and in our country, and the effects of these disasters on communities. Children and adolescent people are the most sensitive and vulnerable individuals when exposed to disasters. Every year, millions of children and young people around the world are exposed and affected by various natural and man-made disasters. This study was conducted to raise awareness of the effects of natural disasters on children and adolescents. Theses and articles obtained by using search words and phrases such as disaster, natural disasters, disaster effects, disasters and children, disasters and young people, child development from different databases such as Yöktez, Google Scholar, Dergi Park, EM-DAT, Science Direct, PubMed, International Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology Studies, International Journal of Family Child and Education, have been reviewed and interpolated as to form a data base for further studies.

381-385

Authors: Sinan Mehmet Turp

In this study, the author gave the following information in response to the discussion initiated for the article titled “Bitlis Air Pollution Emission Inventory and Estimation of Health Effects by Multiple Linear Regression”. In the writing process of the article, the author only obtained the imported coal data and calculated the regression analysis according to the data obtained. SOx, NOx, CO and PM10 emission inventories and regression analysis were recalculated from the pollutant parameters. In the article, primary pollutants are determined by calculation, not by measurement. According to the data obtained from the Bitlis Environmental Status Report, the total amount of imported coal in Bitlis province in 2015 is 55118 tons and the Domestic Coal (Social Assistance Foundation) is 15000 tons and the total coal amount is 70.118 tons. In 2015, SOx, NOx, PM10 and CO parameters of primary pollutants in air pollution from domestic coal were calculated to be discharged to the atmosphere at 538 kg, 48 kg, 57 kg and 601 kg, respectively. Number of patients who applied to hospitals due to respiratory and lung diseases obtained from Bitlis Health Provincial Directorate of 2015 were determined. According to these data, classic multiple linear regression method was used to estimate the number of patients in the next year. The real data and the estimation data were compared again to ensure that R2 = 0.81.