Population Processes

8-15

Authors: Violetta O. Torianyk

This article examines the statistical data of the Ministry on the issues of temporarily occupied territories and temporarily displaced persons in Ukraine, the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, sociological surveys conducted by public organizations, as well as regulatory legal acts of Ukraine ensuring the integration of internally displaced women into host territorial communities. The conducted analysis resulted in a conclusion concerning the intention of the majority of such persons to remain in the receiving territorial communities. Several proposals have been made regarding the improvement of programs that deal with the integration of internally displaced persons. One of them is the necessity to distinguish a distinctive category of IDP-women, which would incorporate those who have additional socially vulnerable status (single mother, retired person (seniors), person with disabilities). Stable public funding is required to guarantee an access of such categories to medical, educational and socio-psychological services. The state policy of integration lacks such an essential component as the formation of gender sensitivity in the system of social protection and social services for IDP-women. In the conditions of a protracted conflict, the strategic decision in the integration policy of the state should be to eliminate the status of IDPs for such persons through ensuring full electoral, social, labor and housing rights in the host community.

11-19

Authors: Ol'ga V. Natolochnaya

The article deals with social policy in the field of motherhood and childhood in the USSR in the postwar period (1945-1953). The source base of the work were, first of all, the statistical yearbooks "National economy of the RSFSR" and reference publication of the Committee on statistics of the Russian Federation "Population of Russia for 100 years. 1897-1997". It contains the valuable statistical information of a general nature about the birth rate, mortality and marriage of the russian population. All-union population censuses of 1939 and 1959 are of exceptional value for the study of this topic. The traditional scientific principles in research of problems of social development were used in work: the principle of historicism, the principle of systematicity, the principle of objectivity. The author concludes that during the recovery period, despite the difficult terms of the post-war period, a number of constructive measures were taken in the field of demographic policy that ensured, as far as it was possible then, the protection of motherhood and childhood, the social protection of street children, which ultimately contributed to a noticeable increase in the birth rate, including through the so-called effective birth rate (i.e., taking into account only surviving infants). A considerable role in this belonged to the soviet medicine.

35-47

Authors: Michal Šmigeľ

The liberation of Czechoslovakia and the end of World War II did not mean the end of Jewish suffering in Slovakia, although several members of the Slovak Jewish minority virtually (and naively) expected it. On the contrary, a number of problems began, and the negative impacting of the post-war reality through their re-emergence in society was immediately activated. The post-war period as a period of social, political and moral crises was reflected in full, and the Jews faced hostility once again. Anti-Semitic unrest in Slovakia that broke out in the first days and months after World War II and was one of characteristic features of post-war development in Czechoslovakia, fit into the overall situation as existed on European territory. The heuristic basis of the study includes archival materials from central Slovak National Archives in Bratislava and regional archives of the Slovak Republic. Besides these sources, Slovak and foreign scientific publications dedicated to given issues publicated in recent years have been used. Methodologic base of the research involves principles of objectivism and historism that enable objective and factual approach towards analysis of researched issues, critical evaluation of sources (through analytic, progressive and comparative method, direct and indirect method) and summarisation of knowledge as a result of analysis of the summary of facts. It also allows depiction of facts in the course and context of historical situation. Finally, the author notes, post-war anti-Semitism undoubtedly emerged or grew out of Holocaust and several years of anti-Jewish propaganda in Slovakia (1939 - 1945), immediate war as well as post-war experiences, although it is impossible to neglect also the older “traditional” anti-Jewish attitudes of Slovak population (already present in the time of the interwar Czechoslovakia and Hungarian period of History). As the main reasons of the growing anti-Semitism in Slovakia (1939 – 1945) we can consider the Jewish efforts to their reintegration into civil society and issues of rehabilitation and of property rights – concerning former Jewish property, which was still in the hands of the former “arizators”, citizens (of lower social classes as well) or under national administration (paradoxically, often as a reward for participating in the resistance) – closely related to them and delays in the issue of its restitution. After all, the inaction of state administration representatives, “benevolent” penalties and mostly vague attitude and inconsistent approach of political leaders of the Republic on the issue (support of Jewish organizations and Jewish refugees versus the issue of restitution, contradictory statements and expressions) did not contribute to the normalization of relations. An unmistakable feature of the tensions between Jewish and non-Jewish population was also the condition of the post-war society in Slovakia itself, not excluding the Jews. Anti-Semitic motives, which eventually resulted in many cases in racially motivated attacks were primarily purely personal or, rather, primarily economically and socially conditioned. Postwar common people’s antisemitism was also one of important factors influencing the decision of the major part of Slovak Jewish citizens to emigrate from the country. Under the influence of at that time still positive international situation and hidden (but active) support of Czechoslovak offices, the major part of the Jews left (mainly in 1948 and at the beginning of 1949) Slovakia, emigrating mainly to Israel and western countries, i.e. overseas.

46-55

Authors: Olga V. Natolochnaya

The article discusses the social policy in the USSR in the postwar period in the field of public health. The importance is given to the custody of invalids and teenagers of the great Patriotic war. In conclusion, the author notes that the government is paid the particular attention to the protection of population’s health, unable in harsh conditions of the postwar period in the short term to provide the population financially. For these purposes, it has been studied and used in practice, the experience of recovery of the population after the First world war and the Civil war. The taken measures were very similar: then and now the primary task was the protection of motherhood and childhood, fighting for infant survival, for strengthening of health of children and adults.

65-71

Authors: Igor I. Shcherbak

The article examines some aspects of demographic problems in the USSR in the period after World War II. The attention is paid to the causes of the demographic imbalance among the different national groups of the Soviet Union. The author notes the traces on both the city and rural age&sex structure transferred to the war and the famine years of losses. Traditionally to the XX century there are effects of intensive migration of young people in the city and, finally, there is the slower development of demographic transition in the village, which is reflected mainly in a higher birth rate even in a pronounced post-war "shortage" of men.

10-14

Authors: Nana M. Berdzenishvili, Georgii A. Dzamunashvili

One of the general laws of the population is its perpetual renewal, a continuous change of generations. Despite the fact that the birth and death of a person is a matter of a biological process, and reflects the natural movement of the population, the unity of these physiological facts can not be separated from the socio-economic and socio-cultural phenomena. Since 1990, against the backdrop of a situation in which many political and economic problems have put the threat of an independent, but very weakened state, it was in doubt the future of social development of its people, which is reflected on the demographic situation of the Georgian population. The negative balance of natural movement is typical for the whole of Kakheti. By 2012, 4931 children born in Kakheti, died 4969, the balance is 38. And by 2013, the figures were as follows: 5015 children born in Kakheti, 4921– died, by which time the balance was 93.

25-33

Authors: Goran Rajović, Jelisavka Bulatović

Problems of regional development and regional disparities according to Dawkins (2003), Boudeville (1966) and Puljiz (2011) indicate that they have been for a long time the focus of research carried out by economists, sociologists, geographers, and scientists from other fields of scientific research. How do the regions grow, why some grow faster than others, why there are regional disparities in the social and economic sphere; these are some of the central issues of regional development theories and regional policies? Literature provides many answers and reflections on key issues and factors of regional development. The paper analyzes the regional problems of the population in Montenegro. In the North region are envisaged largest demographic problems, including peripheral, rural and post-industrial areas in which the population decreases. The territorial dimension of the demographic changes are most evident through the following: regional disparities in the population of the coastel – center-northern; division between urban and rural areas, where most of the urban areas reported growth of population; regional differences around the capital city Podgorica and coastal cities, which have "the effect of attraction," which is associated with greater employment opportunities... In Montenegro, it is necessary to develop a new concept – a comprehensive regional development, which will be based primarily on demographic potentials.