Voennyi Sbornik

4-14

Authors: Oleg V. Tikhanychev

At present, the intensity of discussion of new methods of military and non-military inter-state confrontation has intensified. One of the new concepts is the so-called "hybrid war". Many Western theorists attribute to our country authorship and active use of this approach in modern conditions. The article analyzes the main components of "hybrid" actions and, based on the analysis of historical experience, concluded that these approaches have deep historical roots. This is not about classic mercenaries, namely, "hybrid" actions, when the customer is hiding and the purpose of attracting hired formations, and military actions are accompanied by massive information attacks. Examples of such actions, as shown by historical analysis, can be found already in wars of the XV−XVII centuries. And the leader in their organization was not our country, but the states of the Anglo-Saxon bloc. Based on the analysis of the experience of wars and armed conflicts, the conclusion is drawn that the threat of "hybrid" action is extremely urgent now and in the foreseeable future. Moreover, in the long term, other approaches to the organization of interstate confrontation, encountered earlier in history, but taking into account the new conditions for the development of civilization, may be used. A conclusion is drawn on the need to ensure Russia's readiness for such threats.

21-26

Authors: Andrey V. Rozhkov

Using the analysis of the weight load of ships allows us to obtain new facts about the history of the creation of British cruisers in the first half of the twentieth century. The work proves that at the Washington Conference the British did not offer to build cruisers, the parameters of which were taken as a basis from the "Hawkins"-class cruisers. The weak armor of the "Kent"-class cruisers is explained by the heavy weight of the 203 mm cannon turrets and the hull. The speed of the order of 32 knots of the "Kent"-class cruisers was obtained due to the increase in the specific power of the power plant in comparison with the power plant of the "Hawkins"-class cruisers. Enhanced armor on cruisers built after the "Kent"-class cruisers was obtained by reducing the weight of the weapons, power plant and hull. Reducing the displacement of cruisers of the "Fiji" type was obtained not only due to a denser layout, but also due to a decrease in the weight of the hull and armor.

32-50

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Konstantin V. Taran

This article examines the activities of the Sochi Defense Committee, which was aimed at assisting the active units of the Red Army in organizing and strengthening defense on the Black sea coast, in the northern spurs and passes of the main Caucasian ridge. The powers of the Defense Committee extended on the territory of Sochi, Shapsug and Adler districts. Its activities were aimed at organizing, coordinating and controlling works of a defensive nature – the construction of strategic objects: roads along which the Red Army units were supplied with ammunition and food, as well as defensive lines and airfields. Besides this, the activities of the Defense Committee contributed to the organization and combat readiness of fighter battalions, partisan detachments, and units of the local air defense. During the period when the leadership of the Krasnodar Krai and regional institutions were located on the Black Sea coast (august 1942 – february 1943), Sochi was the administrative center of the Krasnodar Krai. There were used as sources the materials and documents of the Central archive of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation, the Center for documentation of the Modern History of the Krasnodar Krai and the municipal government agency “Archive of Sochi”. Additionally, the memoirs of soviet military leaders, foreign authors, collections of archival documents, monographs, articles and publications of soviet and russian researchers were involved. The author comes to the conclusion that the activities of the Defense Committee corresponded to the goals and objectives of its creation, i.e. to assist the active units of the Red Army in organizing and strengthening defense on the Black Sea coast, in the northern spurs and on the passes of the main Caucasian ridge.

34-38

Authors: John Rodríguez Asti

In the work there is a reconstruction of the biographies of the Peruvian Navy's “Republica” and “Alianza” torpedo-boats, built in the USA by Herreshoff's company. In total, there was build three units by the order of Peru, but the third unit remained in the USA, in the Herreshoff estate. There is a point of view in the literature that the third boat of this type was “Allay”, this is error – she was a destroyer purchased in England. The “Alianza” was deployed to Arica, where it conducted several unsuccessful attacks against the blocking squadron. During the fall of Arica, she made an attempt to break the blockade, but after being pursued she was forced to throw himself ashore in the Ito area. The sister-ship “Republica” remained in Callao and was also destroyed in Ancon. Thus, due to design defects and the complexity of operation, the boats did not manage to significantly influence the course of the war with Chile. However, they were able to hamper the actions of the Chilean fleet.

47-54

Authors: Andrey V. Mankov

The author addresses the little-known page of World War II – the use of radio-controlled tanks. This was a consequence of the rapid development in the USSR of the unique direction of scientific thought – telemechanics. Telemechanics should be understood as "managing production processes and controlling them at a distance through communication channels." The process of creating radio-controlled equipment in our country began in 1927, when the Military Electrical Academy of the RKKA in Leningrad developed equipment that allowed the tank to operate at a distance. The official impetus for this work was given on January 10, 1930, when the commander of the Leningrad Military District, M.N. Tukhachevsky, made a report on the reorganization of the RKKA drug for maritime and military affairs K.E. Voroshilov. Specialists for these combat vehicles were trained in Ulyanovsk, where a military school of special equipment was established in May 1936. The formation of the school took place in a difficult pre-war time for the country. However, the troops of communication received a great development during these years. Thus, in the mid-1930s, Voronezh, Ordzhonikidzewska and Saratov School of Communication were established in the USSR. In March 1937, the Ulyanovsk Military School of Communications was converted into a military-technical school to train telemechanics specialists. The author uses the memories of graduates of this pre-war school, trained to control the first Soviet combat robots, namely teletanks.

65-75

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran

This article examines the attempt of the command of Army Group "A" by the forces of EK 44 in August 1942 to overcome the resistance of the Soviet troops of the North Caucasian front (NCF) (18 A), cross the passes of the Main Caucasian Ridge (Tuba, Khokuch, Azishsky, Belorechensky) and reach the Black Sea coast in the Lazarevskoye region – Sochi. Having failed in the Sochi and Lazarev directions, in the last days of August 1942, an unsuccessful attempt was made by the troops of the Third Reich – reinforced 101 units to leave the Tuapse direction to the Black sea. As materials there were used the archival documents from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the memoirs of Soviet and German military leaders, as well as collections of archival documents, studies of Soviet and Russian authors. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the difficult operational situation for the Soviet troops, which were retreating with battles along the entire front, the command of the NCF forces 18 A was able to organize the defense of the northern spurs and passes of the Main Caucasian Ridge on the Sochi, Lazarev and Tuapse directions and not miss Wehrmacht troops on the Black sea coast.

4-12

Authors: Andrey V. Mankov

The relevance of the topic is due to the modern process of reviving military and political work in the Armed forces of the Russian Federation. In the 1930s, the cultural revolution took place in the USSR. It did not pass by the basis of the country's military organization – the Red army, as well as the Red Navy. During these years, Soviet artists actively created works about Soviet military personnel, such as cantatas and songs. Some of the composers went to the army, where they searched for material for their works. Special attention was paid to the creation of modern marches. In the cultural life of the Red army and Red Navy during this period, new phenomena appear, in particular, Amateur competitions. The author tells about the most famous of these composers and their works. It is concluded that during this period mass musical art with a defensive orientation was born.

22-27

Authors: Vladislav V. Zhdanov

During the Great Patriotic War, the river fleet of the USSR suffered heavy losses, for their replenishment by the Main Trophy Directorate of the Red Army and representatives of the People's Commissariat of the River Fleet in 1945 on the territory of East Germany, the entire discovered river fleet was described to determine the composition and number of ships expected to transfer to the Soviet Union. Representatives of the Kama Shipping Company in Leningrad and Kaliningrad, received ships, and with their crews ferried them to the Kama for four years. Upon arrival at the shipping company, the ships received new names instead of an index. As a result, in 1950, out of 526 vessels of all types in the Kama River Shipping Company, 156 were ex-German. An attempt is made in this work to reconstruct the biographies of the captured ships that worked in Berezniki. Self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels served the lines Berezniki – Tikhie Gory, Berezniki – Pozhva, Berezniki – Kambarka, as well as at the ferry and the Berezniki pier. The ex-German ships received on reparations made a great contribution to the post-war development of the national economy of the Molotov (Perm) region. They were mostly decommissioned in the 1960-s and 70-s, and some of the barges served until the mid-1980-s.

54-66

Authors: Yuri F. Katorin

The article is devoted to describing the raids on the United States in November 1942 year Japanese Kugisho E14Y1 seaplane with a crew consisting of pilot and observer Fudzito Nabuto instructed a petty-officer Shoji Okuda, launched from submarine I-25, detail directly to both plaque and also traces the evolution of Japanese submarine aircraft carriers, steps to improve their aviation equipment, are characteristics of E14Y1, peculiarities of its storage on the submarine and use as a light bomber, analyzed the results of the raid and its political significance, concludes that the raid was more of a political demonstration, than military action.

74-79

Authors: Alexander F. Mitrofanov

In 2019, the first reconnaissance ship «Laguna», on the basis of a fishing trawler of project 502EM, was launched at the «Kuznitsa na Rybalskom» plant. Several hulls of vessels of this type have been on the territory of the plant since Soviet times. In total, 404 vessels of this project were built. The last commissioning in 2008 was the «Poseidon I» seiner, the construction of a similar «Poseidon II» was frozen and now it is being completed as the «Laguna». The paper provides a technical description of the vessel. In 2019, the ship for completion moved to Odessa.

11-21

Authors: Roman V. Lapshin

The defensive battles of the Red Army of 1941 are traditionally divided into many operations. In one of them, the Tikhvin defensive operation, which had already grown in 1941 into the Tikhvin offensive operation, the presence on the river Volkhov and Lake Ilmen armed flotilla was of great importancer. Unfortunately, only encyclopedic articles are devoted to the Volkhov’s rivermen and their participation in the war. Based on scattered information, the combat route of the Ilmen Flotilla that existed during the defensive battles of 1941 was restored. The ship’s composition of the flotilla was established, and the biography of the vessels was traced. It was shown that the tasks of the flotilla were mainly to evacuate people and property, as well as repel attacks by German aircraft. In connection with the retreat of the Soviet army, individual flotilla vessels entered the Ladoga flotilla and other formations.

32-39

Authors: Alexander F. Mitrofanov

The paper considers the history of the creation and operation of gunboats of the «Cánovas del Castillo» class in the Spanish Navy. Ships of this class became an important stage in the Spanish military shipbuilding; they eliminated the flaws inherent in the gunboats of the previous «Recalde» class, having received a generally quite successful type, well suited for service in Spain and military operations in Morocco. Subsequently, this successful class after a small upgrade resulted in gunboats built for Mexico «Guanajuato» class. Gunboats of the «Cánovas del Castillo» class took an active part in the Spanish Civil war of 1936–39, all of which ended up in the Nationalist Navy. One of the gunboats, the «Dato», was sunk by Republican Naval forces. After her rise, gunboat repair was combined in a modernization that turned out to be so successful that the rest of the gunboats also underwent a similar alteration. However, created for the colonial service, gunboats of the «Cánovas del Castillo» class could not fit into the Spanish post-war doctrines and already in the 1950s they were all scrapped.