Caspian Journal of Dental Research

8-15

Authors: Sorour Soltani , Hossein Hessari , Reza Yazdani *

Introduction: Oral health can influence general health and then the quality of life. Regular toothbrushing with toothpaste plays a fundamental role in oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of utilization of toothpaste among Iranian population. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated the family members of patients (n=715) presenting to dental clinics of School of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in 2017. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the pattern of utilization of toothpaste by the subjects. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test via SPSS 25. Results: Of all, 81% participants reported that they personally use toothpaste when toothbrushing and 75.9% stated that all the family members used toothpaste when brushing their teeth. Moreover, 57.2% reported that all the family members shared the same toothpaste; 86.6% reported that they started brushing the teeth of their children at the age of 3 years. When asked about the factors considered when for purchasing - toothpaste, the most important factors were the manufacturing country (42.5%), date of production (38.7%), having standard and authenticity labels (29.5%), the price (29.5%). Conclusion: According to the results, Iranian families have inadequate knowledge about the correct pattern of use of toothpastes.

26-34

Authors: Azadeh Majidian, Maryam Seyedmajidi, Hamid Abbaszadeh*, Majid Sharbatdaran, Sina Jafari, Hemmat Gholinia

Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an immunologically mediated mucocutaneous diseases. Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen presenting cells resident within oral mucosa which, together with intraepithelial lymphocytes, play a role in mucosal defense. The aim of present study was to determine the immunohistochemical expression of LC in Oral Lichenoid reaction (OLR) and OLP compared with normal oral mucosa (NOM). Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 61 oral mucosal specimens diagnosed histopathologically as OLP (n=31) and OLR (n=30) and 11 NOM were used to study the immunohistochemical expression of CD1a. The CD1a positive LCs in three regions (basal, suprabasal, and connective tissue) were counted in six randomly selected fields. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 24, T-test, ANOVA, LSD, Games-Howell tests. P<.05 was considered significant. Results: CD1a expression in OLP and OLR was significantly higher compared to NOM (P<0.001). CD1a expression in OLP was also significantly higher than OLR (P=0.009). There was a statistically significant difference between the three groups in basal, suprabasal and connective tissue regions (P<0.001). The mean of CD1a positive cells in the basal, suprabasal and connective tissue regions was significantly higher in the OLP group than OLR and NOM. Also, in comparison between OLR and NOM, the OLR group had significantly more CD1a positive cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: Increasing the number of CD1a in OLP and OLR compared with the NOM indicates the role of LC in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

42-49

Authors: Atefeh Gholampour , Ali Soleymani , Ali Bijani , Sina Haghanifar*

Introduction: Different materials cause artifacts in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, which, in turn, reduce the quality of images. The aim of this study was to investigate the abundance of artifacts induced by different root canal therapy sealers with two different CBCT resolutions. Materials & Methods: Roots of four maxillary central phantom teeth were prepared using rotary files in three steps. In the first step, the first tooth was scanned first without gutta-percha and then with gutta-percha No. 25. Gutta-percha No. 25 with resin, the zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE)-based sealer and the ceramic-based sealer were placed in the teeth No. 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The second step was performed similar to the first step, except that gutta-percha No. 35 was used in the tooth No. 1 with resin- and ZOE-based sealers in the teeth No. 2 and 3. due to the lack of access to the ceramic-based sealer that was not used to continue the study . In the third step, canal obturation was performed in the teeth No. 2 and 3 with resin and ZOE-based sealers. At each step, three CBCT scans were obtained in high and standard resolution conditions. Contrast-to-noise ratio was obtained in three root plans, and the data were analyzed. Results: Gutta-percha alone produced more artifacts than gutta-percha with sealers. Moreover, ZOE-based sealers induced more artifacts than other sealers. There was no significant difference between the three steps. Similarly, at different resolutions, there was no significant difference between gutta-percha and sealer artifacts. The ZOE-based sealers had more artifacts at 1/3 apical whereas resin sealers had more artifacts at 1/3 coronal. Conclusion: The higher artifact of gutta-percha in comparison with gutta-percha and sealer and the artifact decrease in the combination of gutta-percha and resin-based sealer than ZOE-based sealer has led us to recommend the use of resin-based sealer while root canal therapy in order to better evaluation of the CBCT Images of root canal.

57-62

Authors: Reza Tavasoli , Akam Saeidi *, Elham Mahmoudi , Naeim Berijani , Hemmat Gholinia

Introduction: Root mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a type of MTA that has been introduced in the Iranian market. There have been few studies on this substance. This study compared the push-out bond strength of Root MTA and CEM cement, which were both Iranian products. Materials & Methods: This in vitro study was performed on 20 extracted maxillary incisors. Samples were divided in two groups. The canals of the first group were filled with Root MTA and the second group by CEM cement. In order to investigate the push-out bond strength, the device applied a force in the direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sample so that the desired materials would fail. Each sample was classified into one of three types of failureincluding adhesive (failure in the material and dentin interface), cohesive (failure in the material itself) or a combination of both. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean pressure on teeth for the two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the frequencies of different types of failure between the two groups (P>0.05). Cohesive failure in the CEM group was twice as high as in the MTA group (P>0.05). Conclusion: There was not any significant difference between the push-out bond strength of CEM cement and Root MTA cement. These findings demonstrated that Root MTA material showed a satisfactory result in the bond strength test compared to CEM material, and could be used as an alternative to CEM cement.

71-78

Authors: Mahtab Banimostafa, Behnaz Esmaeili, Effat Khodadadi*, Soraya Khafri

Introduction: Glass ionomers are often used as a base under composite restorations in deep cavities by sandwich technique. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of composite to resin modified and conventional glass ionomer using total etch , self-etch and universal bonding systems. Materials & Methods: Ninety glass-ionomer samples were prepared for this research: Fuji II (F II), IonoStar Plus (IS) and Fuji II LC (F II LC).Then the specimens were divided into 9 groups (n=10). The surface of the specimens were prepared with three types of bonding: Adper single bond2 (SB), Clearfil SE bond (SE) and Single bond Universal (SU).Then Z250 composite resin was applied on the glass ionomers. The specimens were incubated in distilled water for 24 hours at 37 ° C and then were tested for shear bond strength. The type of failure was determined by a ×40 stereomicroscope and the results of the study were analyzed by nonparametric statistical analysis and Kruskal Wallis test. P≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: The highest shear bond strength was observed in the Fuji II LC + Single bond2 group. There was a statistically significant difference in the shear bond strength of the composite to the two glass ionomers F II and F II LC using SB and SU bonding systems (P=0.033 and P=0.040, respectively).There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the type of failure. Conclusion: Unlike the Fuji II LC and IonoStar Plus glass ionomers, the shear bond strength of the composite to the Fuji II conventional glass ionomer is affected by the type of bonding system. Total-etch and self-etch bonding systems can be used effectively in sandwich technique. Using a resin modified glass ionomer with total etch bonding can improve the shear bond strength of the composite to the glass ionomer.

8-16

Authors: Masumeh Darabi, Samaneh Sadeghi*

Introduction: The inclination of the occlusal plane (OP) is related to type of dental occlusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the inclination of occlusal plane in Class II patients treated with the upper first premolars extraction or non-extraction modalities. Materials & Methods: Totally, forty 16-25-year-old patients (15 males and 25 females) with class II malocclusion, whose active phase of orthodontic treatment was completed using MBT with 0.022-inch slot size, were selected. Twenty patients were treated with extraction of upper first premolars and the rest were treated without any extraction. Pre- and post-treatment cephalograms were traced and several cephalometric variables were measured. The pre- and post-treatment changes of angles within each group and between two groups were compared via paired t-test and independent t-test, respectively. The statistically significant level was set at p<0.05. Results: After treatment, functional occlusal plane (FOP) angle to sella-nasion (SN) plane angle increased in both groups (0.5 degree in extraction group and 0.6 degree in non-extraction group), which was not statistically significant in both groups. Bisecting occlusal plane (BOP) angle to SN plane one in the extraction group enhanced by 0.8 degree, which was not statistically significant, but it decreased by 0.8 degree in the non-extraction group, which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Although the use of extraction and non-extraction protocols for the treatment of Class II patients did not cause significant changes in the BOP-SN and FOP-SN angles, small changes in these angles can have marked clinical changes in facial harmony and occlusal relationships. Extraction decision depending on factors such as amount of crowding, incisors protrusion, etc.

23-28

Authors: Hadis Majd , Valiollah Arash *, Manouchehr Rahmati Kamel, Ali Bijani, Mohammad Ali Bayani

Introduction: Biochemical markers play an important role in the growth and repair of bone and can be evaluated in different biological fluids. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the level of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in urine as a puberty index and to compare it with cervical vertebral maturational stages (CVMSs) in lateral cephalometry. Materials&Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 50 8-18-year-old patients (males and females), referred to Faculty of Dentistry with CVMS of 2 to 6 and needed orthodontic treatment as well as lateral cephalometry were selected. All of these patients were healthy. The CVMSs were recorded based on lateral cephalometric radiographs and urinary levels of IGF-I was determined using a urine-based ELISA kit. Mean IGF-I values for each CVMS were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests in SPSS. P<0.05 was statistically considered as significant level. Results: In this study, the mean age of participants, ranged from 8 to 18 years was 12.96±3.82. There was no statistically significant difference in gender distribution between CVM groups (P=0.106). The level of urinary IGF-I had no significant difference between groups, except for CVMS3 group (P=0.073). In CS3, the mean urinary IGF-I level was 0.2727, representing a significant difference from other groups (P=0.000). IGF-I levels had no significant differences between males (0.030.04) and females (0.080.011), (P=0.492). Conclusion: The highest urinary IGF-I level was found in both genders in CVMS 3 and 4, which coincided with peak growth spurt in patients.

35-41

Authors: Kosar Shakeri , Farida Abesi *, Sina Haghanifar, Soraya Khafri

Introduction: The frontal sinus is the most variable part of the paranasal sinuses in terms of symmetry, anatomical features and degree of development. The aim of this study was to assess the morphometric changes of the frontal sinus in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 CBCT images were examined for anatomical variations such as the presence of frontal sinus, sinus symmetry, lateral frontal sinus extension (LFSE) to orbital roof, scalloping, septum and type of septum. Moreover, Crista Galli (CG) was divided into three equal segments of anterior, middle and posterior in order to have a precise criterion for determining the location of the frontal recess in coronal plane. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with T-test and Chi-square at significant level of P<0.05. Results: Of 200 cases, 113 and 87 ones were male and female with the mean age of 18‒88 years. The results showed that frontal sinus was bilateral in all cases and symmetric in 113(57%) cases. The LFSE to orbital roof had a significant relationship with gender, so that at the external one-third, the LFSE was less frequent in women than men (P<0.001). The most frequent location of the frontal recess was in the posterior one-third of CG (85 (43%)) with significant difference (P=0.012). Conclusion: In this study, frontal sinuses were rather symmetric, and the use of the anatomical CG marker in multiplanar (MPR) images was not feasible method for rapid detection of the frontal recess location in coronal plane.

49-52

Authors: Hadis Majd ,Reza Ghorbanipour *, Soraya Khafri

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine satisfaction in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in the orthodontics department of Babol Dental Faculty. Materials & Methods: Totally, 76 participants answered to a self-administrated questionnaire, categorized into 4 sections: "physician- patient relationship”, “social – mental improvement”, “admittance and environment-related factors”, “patients’ overall experience of treatment”. The answer to each question was scored in 5 levels from “completely disagree” with -2 scores to “completely agree” with +2 scores. Positive scores (+1 and +2) to questions were considered as high satisfaction. Results: Generally, 90% of participants reported high scores of satisfaction with “patient-physician relationship”, 75% with “environmental factors”, 72% with “overall experience of treatment” and finally 60% of them had high satisfaction with “social-mental improvement”. Conclusion: A high level of satisfaction was reported by orthodontic patients in orthodontics department of Babol Dental Faculty.

8-15

Authors: Faraneh Mokhtarpour, Homayoon Alaghehmand*, Soraya Khafri, Mina Mahdian

Introduction: Dental ceramics are considered as materials that can restore the appearance of natural teeth. Etching the inner surface of a ceramic restoration with hydrofluoric acid (HF) followed by using a silane coupling agent is a well-known and recommended method to increase the bond strength. The aim of etching on ceramic structure is to enhance the surface roughness (Ra) and energy and to cleanse the bonding area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different HF concentrations and etching times on the Ra of IPS e.max CADTM and Vita mark IITM. Material & Methods: Two HF concentrations (5% and 10%) and three etching times (20, 60 and 120 seconds) were evaluated. Etched patterns were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Ra was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface element analysis was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Data were analyzed on SPSS 20 using ANOVA and T-test. Results: The Ra had no significant difference among various Vita mark IITM specimens (P=0.973). Among IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with 5% HF, the AFM results showed that 20-s etching time had the lowest Ra and among those etched with 10% HF and 120-s etching time had the most Ra. In IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with acid for 20 s, a significant difference was observed in Ra of 5% and 10% acid concentrations (5% HF lower than 10% HF) (p=0.012). Conclusion: Among IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with 5% and 10% HF, increasing the etching time lead to higher Ra. For both IPS e.maxTM and Vita mark IITM, 20-s etching with 5% HF provides acceptable Ra for the bond.

25-31

Authors: Fatemeh Pachenari , Shima Nourmohammadi, Saber Babazadeh, Sara Maleki Kambakhsh*

Introduction: In direct aesthetic restoration, microleakage resulting from polymerization shrinkage of resin composites is still challenging. Different strategies such as maximizing the amount of inorganic filler with prepolymerized filler and different silorane matrixes have introduced to overcome this issue. The aim of this experimental study was to compare the microleakage in low-shrinkage methacrylate-based (Clear fil AP-X) and silorane-based (Filtek P90) composite resins in class II cavities on primary molar teeth. Materials & Methods: Classic class II slot cavity preparation was done on 60 healthy human primary molars. Specimens were randomly divided into two groups. For restoring the cavity in group I: methacrylate-based composite resin, and in group II: silorane-based micro-hybrid composite resin were used. The samples were thermocycled and soaked in 2% basic fuchsine dye for 24 h. They were longitudinally sectioned and observed at the gingival margins under ×10 magnification. Scores were assigned upon the amount of dye penetration. The Mann-Whitney U-test through SPSS19.0 was used for statistical analysis of data. Results: In both groups, the major of samples showed score 0 of dye penetration. The comparison of gingival margin leakage indicated no significant difference between two groups. Conclusion: Both restorative materials, irrespective of their type had microleakage. Given the comparable microleakage of silorane-based (Filtek P90) and low-shrinkage methacrylate-based (Clear fil AP-X) composite resins in Class II cavities of primary molars, the clinical efficacy of both materials seems to be similar.

42-48

Authors: Maryam Hosseini , Mohammad Mehdi Naghibi Sistani, Soraya Khafri, Mahtab Hamzeh*

Introduction: Since the first permanent molar (FPM) as a first permanent tooth erupts between 6-7 years old and has a long period of eruption, it is the most caries prone tooth. One of the problems is inadequate knowledge of parents about the eruption time of the FPM; because these teeth erupt behind the deciduous teeth without a primary successor. In the present study, mothers' knowledge about its eruption time and its effect on health of these teeth was evaluated. Materials& Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 406 schoolchildren (7-9 years old) and their mothers using multi-stage sampling in Babol in 2017. Mothers completed the check list according to the study objectives. Clinical status of FPM was measured using DMFT (Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth) index. Finally, data were analyzed with SPSS 18 using t-test and chi-square. Significance level was considered as p<0.05. Results: Mothers’ awareness about the eruption time of FPM (p<0.001) was associated with higher ratio of children with sound FPM. Mothers’ education level was the most significant contributing factor to mothers' knowledge about FPM eruption time. Conclusion: Mothers’ education and their knowledge about the FPMs eruption time were the major predictors of FPM caries status.

56-62

Authors: Imaneh Asgari*, Asma Amiri

Introduction: Although though the best way to assess individual’s oral hygiene is to measure plaque and calculus indices, various studies have evaluated an individual’s self-report of oral-hygiene behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate diagnostic values of self-reporting tool and relationship between current oral self-care behaviors and plaque index (PI). Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 260 13-15-year-old students from girls’ schools in Isfahan using two-stage randomized sampling. Data collection tools on oral-hygiene habits were extracted based on available studies and presented in two versions for student and parent. Then, students’ PI was measured by a trained and calibrated examiner using Silness and Loe PI. The frequency of oral-hygiene behaviors reported by parents and students with PI was measured by McNemar, Kappa and Mann Whitney tests with significance level of 0.05. Sensitivity and specificity of the tools were calculated based on the standard PI. Results: The PI mean (SD) was 1.07 ±0.5. There was a significant relationship between PI and self-reported toothbrushing status (p=0.017). The PI was higher in students with bad toothbrushing habits based on the reports of themselves and their parents as well as with bad flossing habits based on their parents’ reports (p= 0.017, 0.001, 0.005). Diagnostic value of children’s self-report and parental report about toothbrushing status indicated low sensitivity (about 35%) and high specificity (about 83%). Positive predictive value was approximately good (about 71%) and negative predictive value was low (about 52%). Diagnostic value of parental report about flossing status represented high sensitivity (85%) and low specificity (26%). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that among such population, students with bad toothbrushing habits based on parental and self-reports are more likely to have undesirable (moderate/poor)PI.

8-15

Authors: Zahra Sadat Madani, Zinat Sadat Rezaie*, Ebrahim Zabihi, Zeinab Abedian

Introduction: Following dental avulsion, the immediate recommended treatment is tooth replantation to avoid adverse effects. Therefore, the tooth must be stored in a physiological storage medium to preserve the viability of the periodontal ligament fibroblast (PDLF) cells during transportation to dental office. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of several storage media in preserving the viability of human PDLF cells at different times and temperatures. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the human PDL cells were obtained from the healthy extracted third molars and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). The studied media were DMEM (10% FBS + 1% penicillin G Na (10000 IU) + 1% streptomycin (10 mg)), tap water, sterilized whole milk, zero fat milk and soy milk. After the cells had reached sufficient density in the plate, they were added to the experimental media and kept at 1, 2, 4 and 24 hours at 4° and 37oCentigrade. After incubation, the cell viability was determined by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. The results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Tests. Results: Whole milk and DMEM showed significantly higher protective effect than other media. The viability of PDL cells had significant difference at 4oC compared to 37oC at 4 and 24 h in DMEM group and at 24 h in whole milk group (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The results have suggested that the whole milk like DMEM have enough essential nutrients for PDLFs and have confirmed the hypothesis that the milk similar to HBSS or DMEM might be effective in preserving the PDLF cells.

24-30

Authors: Zahra Hashemi * , Leila Manzouri , Fatemeh Rahimi , Maryam Farzadmoghadam , Seyed Ali Saleh Gholami

Introduction: Healthy primary teeth are necessary for a child's physical and mental health. Increasing mothers’ awareness of the importance of these teeth is significant for the creation of healthy teeth in their children's mouths. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate mothers’ awareness of the importance and care of their children’s primary teeth in Yasuj Material & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 384 mothers with their children aged ≤6 years were enrolled. The data were collected via a 12-item researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Spearman and binary logistic regression tests. Results: The mean age of mothers was 29.71±5.04 years. The mean score of mothers’ awareness of the importance of primary teeth was 5.9±2.76) score of 0-12).No mothers had good awareness, 119 (31%) and 265 (69%) mothers had moderate and poor awareness in this regard, respectively. A significant relationship was found between mothers’ age and awareness (p=0.0001, r=0.18) as well as between parental education level and awareness (p=0.0001, r=0.25). Parental education levels including subdiploma P=0.009, EXP (B)=15.19, 0.95% CI= 1.97-116.91; diploma and technician P=0.0001, EXP (B)=39.42, 0.95% CI= 5.03-308.81; Bachelor’s degree P=0.001, EXP (B)=27.02, 0.95% CI= 3.55-205.73; Master’s degree and higher P=0.003, EXP (B)=26.26, 0.95% CI= 2.95-233.26 as well as maternal age P=0.008, EXP (B)=1.07, 0.95% CI= 1.02-1.14 were predicting factors for mothers’ awareness of the importance and care of the primary teeth. Conclusion: Considering the undesirable level of mothers’ awareness of the importance and health, the interventions and planning are essential to enhance mothers’ awareness in this regard.

37-42

Authors: Azin Jamshidifar,Zahra Sadat Madani*

Introduction: Most of the materials used in endodontic procedures may lead to discoloration.This study compared the discolorations induced following treatment by MTA, CEM ,and Biodentine using a spectrophotometric analysis. Material & Methods: In this experimental study Forty extracted mandibular anterior teeth were selected and sectioned from 2 mm below Cemento Enamel Junction (CEJ) using a disc. A retrograde method was used for drilling cavities 2 mm away from incisal edge. Then the cavities were washed using 5.25% NaOCL and normal saline and the samples were divided randomly into 4 groups. The cavities in groups 1, 2, and 3 were filled by MTA Angleus, Cem cement, and Biodentine, respectively as deep as CEJ level and they were sealed by 2mm of A3 composite color. All of cavities of group 4/control, were all filled by composite A3. Then the samples were stored in a glass incubator with 100% humidity and under laboratory light .they were exposed to a spectrophotometric analysis within 6 periods from placement including base line, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17 ,Tukey HSD and ANOVA statistical test. Results: The results showed no statistically significant difference in discoloration rate during measurement periodsin each group. However, the discoloration rate varied in various materials. The minimum and maximum discolorations occurred in Biodentine and MTA, respectively and their difference was statistically significant. (p=0.033)Other groups showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The biodentinehad minimum discolorations compared with other two materials; thus, it seems that it can be recommended for cosmetic areas.

51-54

Authors: Azade Mahmuodi Kelarijani , Mohammad Mehdi Naghibi Sistani *, Shima Nafarzade

Introduction: Regarding the lack of data on the frequency of oral cancer in Babol, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of oral cancer in Babol during 2012-2016. Material & Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using pathology sheet records of oral cancer patients during 2012-2016. Survival status of patients was collected through telephone contact. Results: The mean age of 48 patients was 62.2% (22-95) years, and 64.2% were male. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most prevalent malignancy, and the most common site was tongue followed by pharynx. Frequency of oral cancer patients was 9 (18.8%), 9 (18.8%), 10 (20.8%), 12 (25%) and 8 (16.7%) patients from 2012 to 2016, respectively. Conclusion: SCC, specifically on the tongue was the most frequent malignancy. It seems that the oral cancer prevention training is necessary for elderly adults.

8-15

Authors: Mitra Tabari, Ziba Nourali*, Iman Jahanian, Soraya Khafri

Introduction: Evaluation is a tool that can be used to achieve the goals of higher education. The aim of this study was to evaluate the achievement level of educational objectives in Babol dental school using the CIPP (content, input, process, and product) model based on the point of view of students. Materials&Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire based on CIPP model for educational groups of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), endodontics and periodontics among dental students admitted to Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2008 and 2009. Total scores were calculated for each field and categorized as undesirable, relatively desirable and desirable with scores less than 50, 51-70 and 71-100, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, T-test and Tukey HSD tests and P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean scores of four areas were not significantly different between groups for two entries using ANOVA test. By comparing two groups, the mean scores of input area were significantly different in periodontics (p=0.007) and OMFS (p=0.002) departments. Conclusion: Achieving to educational goals within the context area was desirable in all departments. But there are some problems in other studied areas which must be pay attention.

24-29

Authors: Ehsan Moudi*, Sina Haghanifar, Kave Kazemian, Ramin Foroughi, Mehrdad Nabahati, Ali Bijani

Introduction: Diagnosis of lesions and bone defects is very important and there is a lack of substantial studies on the most appropriate method for bone defect measurement. Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis of mandibular bone defects present in sheep. Material & Methods: This in vitro study was performed on 15 sheep's mandibular bones. Some defects were created in cortical and spongy bone using high-speed hand piece at the buccal and lingual cortical bone of the lower jaw. Totally, 75 mandibular bone defects with a depth of 1-3 mm were created. The mandibular bone samples were scanned using MSCT and CBCT scanners, and these scans were evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for both methods. Results: The sensitivity of MSCT and CBCT were 78% and 96.5%, and Specificity of MSCT and CBCT were 90% and 92% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 97.5% and 89.5 % for CBCT, and 90% and 92% for MSC respectively. The negative and positive likelihood ratios (LR-) and (LR+) were 0.035 and 13.04 for CBCT as well as 0.245 and 7.82 for MSC respectively. Conclusion: The study results demonstrated a higher accuracy of CBCT, compared to MSCT, in the diagnosis of bone defects.

38-43

Authors: Mahtab Hamzeh , Farida Abesi, Soraya Khafri, Ana Rakhshandejoo*

Introduction: Considering the good geometry and possibility of simultaneous observation of the roots of the maxillary and mandibular molars in vertical bitewing radiography, the present study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of vertical bitewing radiography in determination of root length of maxillary primary molars. Material & Methods: One hundred first primary molars and forty second primary molars which were planned to be extracted for reasons other than this study, were used in this cross-sectional study. All radiographs were taken by a radiologist with vertical bitewing technique using XCP pediatric bitewing film holder. The root length was measured from the highest visible point of the occlusal surface to the most apical point of the root using caliper with accuracy of 0.1 mm. After removing the teeth, the length of each root was measured from the highest point at the occlusal surface to the tip of the root. Data were entered into SPSS 20 and analyzed using Pearson correlation and one sample t-test. Significance level was considered as 0.05. Results: According to the results of one sample t-test, although the root length was estimated slightly higher than the actual size in all cases, the difference was significant only for distobuccal root of the first primary molar (P˂0.05). The results of Pearson correlation test showed that in 95% of cases, the true root length values were consistent with those measured by radiography. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, except for distobuccal root of first primary molar, the vertical bitewing could precisely determine the root length of primary molars.

49-53

Authors: Masoumeh Mehdipour, Mojdeh Hakemi Vala, Maryam-Sadat Sadrzadeh-Afshar, Narges Gholizadeh*

Introduction: Cinnamon zeylanicum is used for various medical purposes. The aim of this study was to compare the antifungal efficacy of cinnamon and amphotericin B against Candida species in vitro. Material & Methods: Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Candida krusei (C. Krusei) were obtained from the Iranian Industrial and Scientific Research Center. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon extract was determined and compared with that of amphotericin B. Results: The results of this study showed that Amphotericin B, ethanolic and aqueous extract of cinnamon inhibited the growth of C. albicans and C. Krusei with different MICs. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of cinnamon has inhibitory effects on Candida species comparable to that of amphotericin B. So, it can be used as a herbal alternative.