Biogeosystem Technique

55-65

Authors: Rama Mohammed Daoud, Sergei I. Kolesnikov, Anna A. Kuzina, Kamil Sh. Kazeev, Dang Hung Cuong, Nguyen Dang Hoi

Arid ecosystems occupy a significant part of the world's ecosystems and play important role in the biodiversity and stability of natural ecosystems. At the same time, Soils of arid ecosystems significantly differ in their ecological and genetic properties, and, accordingly, in their resistance to chemical pollution. It has been established that the soil pollution of arid ecosystems by gasoline in Russia leads to decrease the biological activity: Inhibition of enzyme activity (activity of catalase and dehydrogenases), decrease the general number of bacteria in the soil, decrease the galore of bacteria of genus Azotobacter in the soil, phytotoxic properties, cellulolytic ability. In most cases, there is a significant decrease in all the studied parameters. The degree of decrease depends on the concentration of gasoline in the soil. The obtained sequence of arid soils resistance of the south of Russia to gasoline pollution: ordinary chernozem (haplic chernozem loamic) > chestnuts soils (haplic kastanozems chromic)> dark chestnuts soils (haplic kastanozems chromic) ≥ light chestnuts soils (haplic kastanozems chromic) ≥ sandy soils (calcaric arenosols) ≥ brown semi – desert soils (haplic calcisols) > solonetzes medow (gleyic solonetz albic) > shor solonchaks (puffic solonchaks aridic). Used in the study indicators of the soil biological state can be recommended for forecasting, assessment and control of chemical contamination of arid soils. Based on the assessment of soil ecological functions violation in oil industry, the quantitative regional standards landmarks were developed of the maximum permissible gasoline concentrations (MPC) in arid soil.

38-44

Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad Magaji, Wali Umar

The locations of petrol retail stations in Bauchi Town does not seem to be in compliance with the requirement of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) that distance between any two stations should not be less than four hundred (400 m). This study evaluated the compliance of the filling stations with this requirement. This was achieved by obtaining, from the DPR, a list of all the approved stations in the Town and their non-spatial attributes, measuring and mapping their coordinates, and appraising the spatial distribution of the stations. Garmin Handheld GPS receiver was used to obtain required coordinates. The Google Earth satellite image of the Town (downloaded using Terra Incognita 2.4 Software) was georeferenced and overlaid on the scanned analogue map of the Town that was similarly georeferenced. On screen digitization for the update of the township roads, plotting of the locations in the stations, buffering, and the Average Nearest Neighborhood analysis were undertaken with ArcGis 10.1 Software. The results suggest that there are 73 filing stations in the Town. Out of these, 60 % were clustered along out bound roads while 58 % violated the 400m requirement by the DPR. Better synergy between the DPR, the Ministry of Lands and Survey, and the State Development Board is suggested to ensure total compliance with DPR regulations in the future. Physical development control and location allocation should be enhanced by migrating from analogue GIS guided operations. Existing stations should be compelled to comply with all public safety regulations at all times to forestall any negative consequence of the already violated regulation.

83-90

Authors: Anna Yu. Krupinnikova, Elena V. Pechatnova

The article is devoted to the problem of air pollution in large cities and the need for its research, taking into account territorial features (zoning of the city). Much attention is given to studies of Russian and foreign scientists in this area. The aim of the investigation is to study the influence of the territorial features of the districts of the capital of the Altai Territory – the city of Barnaul on the air environment by calculating a generalized indicator that could be used as a basis for improving quantitative environmental assessment procedures. The analysis of the state of atmospheric air in the city of Barnaul for the winter period: December-February 2019 was carried out to calculate the generalized indicator. The main source of information was the daily data of the Altai Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring on exceeding the maximum permissible concentration in each of the five districts of the city for six pollutants: carbon monoxide, suspended solids, nitrogen dioxide, carbon (soot), phenol, formaldehyde. Using the method of two-stage ranking, the integrated indicator of the level of air pollution in each district was calculated based on the rating of the regions. The calculation method can be applied for similar purposes in a comparative assessment of the ecological state of the districts of any cities. The results of the study are presented on a city map using the color scale. Areas with the most complex and most favorable environmental conditions have been identified. The analysis of the causes has been carried out, among the leading factors of air pollution in the city the following are highlighted: the main characteristics of the transport network in the district, the presence of industrial enterprises and the peculiarities of wind rose in the period under review. In conclusion, options for improving the situation are proposed, among which the leading one is to change the path of movement of transit transport, currently following through the regional capital.

102-113

Authors: Anton Z. Mindubaev, Edward V. Babynin, Elena K. Badeeva, Salima T. Minzanova, Lubov’ G. Mironova

The presented study compared the growth of Aspergillus niger strain AM1 in culture media varying in composition but containing P4 as the sole source of phosphorus. Of the ten media, two in which Aspergillus grew the fastest were selected. These media were concluded to be optimal for growth. Comparing the compositions of the media and the growth rate of Aspergillus in them, we found a key component that is a favorable factor for the growth of AM1 and the biodegradation of white phosphorus. This component was sodium nitrate (NaNO3). It has also been shown that copper sulphate (CuSO4) has no effect on the growth of Aspergillus in media with white phosphorus, regardless of the composition of these media. This result is in harmony with our previous findings. Furthermore, in the present work, attempts to increase the concentration of white phosphorus in the culture medium to values above 1 % are described for the first time. For this purpose, we added the following solvents to the culture media: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diesel, in which white phosphorus dissolves relatively well. Apparently, the presence of these substances adversely affects the growth of Aspergill. Therefore, the problem of further increasing the concentration of P4 remains an unanswered. White phosphorus, reacts with ions of divalent copper even at room temperature. and the Pridham-Gottlieb medium, which we have chosen for our purposes, contains copper sulfate in its composition. The addition of an emulsion of white phosphorus led to the formation of a black precipitate, which is evidence that a chemical reaction took place. Thus, the growth of microorganisms occurred in the presence of not so much white phosphorus as the products of its chemical transformations, and the experiments were not completely clean. Therefore, in the present study, we carried out further modification of the Pridham-Gottlieb nutrient medium, excluding from it not only phosphates as a source of phosphorus, but also copper sulfate. In addition, we compared the white phosphorus resistance of our A. niger strains AM1 and AM2, with three strains from the All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms (ARCM) (strains FW-650, FW-2664 and FW-2731), as well as four different bacterial species. Though highest resistance was observed in strain AM1, the three strains of A. niger, sent from ARCM, also showed a higher resistance to white phosphorus than the bacteria. It was shown that exclusion of copper sulfate from the composition of the nutrient medium with white phosphorus does not prevent the growth of fungi. In addition, white phosphorus does not react with the formation of a precipitate and remains for a longer period under these conditions. This fact is a serious argument in favor of biodegradation and has practical applicability in the method of microbial detoxification of white phosphorus. However, a higher resistance of AM1 in comparison to the ARCM strains was only observed in a medium with copper. Apparently, strain AM1 is most resistant to the toxic products from the reaction of white phosphorus with Cu2+. Our previous studies demonstrated for the first time the presence of genotoxic properties in white phosphorus. This in no doubt makes white phosphorus even more dangerous to handle. However, our initial studies were carried out on prokaryotes (Salmonella typhimurium). Since the genetic apparatus of prokaryotes is differently arranged than in eukaryotes (including humans), the results of the studies on Salmonella is not completely transferable to humans. In addition to the gene mutations studied by the Ames test and the SOS-lux test, which have a common nature in all living organisms, there are genomic rearrangements that should be studied in eukaryotes. For this purpose, an Allium test is used on onion rootlets (Allium cepa L.). In this work, we present the first report on the negative effect of white phosphorus on the cell cycle of eukaryotes by the Allium test method. It turned out that white phosphorus, even at very low concentrations of 0.01 %, exponentially increases the number of chromosomal aberrations.

23-45

Authors: Alla A. Okolelova, Thinh V. Nguyen

There are no reliable mechanisms for preserving the diversity of the soil cover as a whole, as information about soils is dispersed among different departments, each has its own idea of the value of soil objects and ways of its preservation. The following interrelated elements are included in the soil objects "red book": 1) soils of agricultural lands; 2) soils of the system of specially protected natural areas, including soils listed in the Red book; 3) soils alienated for non-agricultural use. The following categories are proposed as tools for assessing soil productivity: optimum or well-being area, normal state area, tolerance range, extreme. The division is based on the score of soil bonitet. It is offered to allocate the high productivity soils of the agricultural land which soil bonitet value is above of the average in the administrative and land-estimation areas that will serve as a basis for the sparing land-use mode assignment. The initiative to create the Red book of soils, the introduction of the status of "soil monument of nature" belongs to Russian scientists. But already in Vietnam too, on the basis of available protected areas for biodiversity conservation, they are working to identify the zonal soils types and assign them a status that allows to complete the monitoring of ecosystems and to protect the soil. Southeast Asia is a region of very high diversity of flora and fauna. In Vietnam after establishing the CUC Phuong national Park in 1962 in the North of the country, a network of protected areas was created. At present, in the country there are 30 national parks, 58 nature reserves and 46 protected natural areas. In the International Union for Conservation of Nature network (IUCN) of protected areas in Indochina and Malaysia, Vietnam is characterized by the highest level of endemism (WWW, 2008; FAO, 2010).

59-64

Authors: Evgeny V. Shein, Ahmed Y. Mady, Leonid I. Il’in

HYDRUS-1D program is commonly used to estimate soil moisture, solute, and temperature flow in saturated and unsaturated zone under different initials and boundary conditions. The aim of the work was to validate the efficiency of HYDRUS-1D program for predicting soil moisture and temperature dynamics with hysteresis using HYDRUS-1D for clay loam Albic Glossic Retisols (Lomic, Cutanic) soils. The efficiency of HYDRUS-1D was determined by comparing field experiment measurements of soil moisture and temperature dynamics with its calculated soil moisture and temperature dynamics by HYDRUS-1D based on soil physical properties. The distribution and the values of measured soil moisture and temperature dynamics in the field were close to its calculated soil moisture and temperature using HYDRUS-1D with hysteresis effect of soil water retention. HYDRUS-1D program can be used for simulation of soil moisture and temperature dynamics, but more accurate calculations are possible when using the hysteresis effect of soil moisture retention curve for Сlay loam and silty Сlay loam soils.

159-196

Authors: Alexey P. Glinushkin, Valery N. Kudeyarov, Michael S. Sokolov, Vladimir E. Zinchenko, Vladimir V. Chernenko

Soil fertility is associated with the soil health, which determines the environment-forming (ecological) functions of the terrestrial-soil ecosystem – biological quality of products, and minimized eco- and sociosphere eco-toxic load. In the current conflict of the biosphere and technogenesis, it is important to avoid the increasing evolutionary risks associated primarily with the negative consequences of the global socio-environmental problem. For this a predictable co-evolution of technosphere (noosphere) and biosphere is the most acceptable wayout. In this regard, the development of fundamentally new nature-similar solutions and technologies in relation to balance – pools, drivers, fluxes – of the most important biophilic elements (carbon and other) is relevant. Today, the ability to control the carbon cycle in agrosphere is very limited. In addition, the data on this balance calculated via different models differ significantly. Apparently, it is most realistic to intensify carbon sink into the terrestrial-soil ecosystem. The technological potential for Balance enrichment of C capture and storage (BECCS) currently looks truncated due to traditional approach to ecosphere management. The nutrients (in particular, nitrogen) that are introduced into the soil in large quantities are largely eliminated from the root layer due to leaching and/or volatilization. In general, the agrogeochemical balance of NPK in the soils of Russia is very unfavorable, largely due to the systematic surplus exports of mineral fertilizers abroad. With the soil improvement and optimization of the most important crops mineral nutrition, the country in the nearest future can become a leader of the food exporters. It is necessary to rethink the interaction of socium with biosphere as well as with most important component of biosphere, the pedosphere. As a new development paradigm, “Biogeosystem Technique” was proposed – an innovative scientific and technological direction as a framework of nature-similar algorithms, technologies and technical solutions. One of this is a soil aggregates and biogeochemical cycle management in order to create the nature-similar biogeosystems with transcendental properties. The principle proposed of soil reclamation via the milling of illuvial horizon (layer 20–45 cm), which ensures the growth of agrocenosis productivity and achieving the consistently high economic indicators for a long period. A new nature-similar water strategy of Biogeosystem Technique is proposed – the intra-soil continual-discrete humidification paradigm. In the supply phase, water is injected into the soil in a controlled dose, distributed in a vertical primary moistening cylinder at a depth of 10–40 cm. Subsequently, moisture from the primary moistening cylinder is redistributed by capillary, film, and vapor transfer. The proposed humidification technology eliminates the loss of water, its negative excess effect on the soil and agrolandscape, typical for standard irrigation. A nature-similar technology for mineral and organic wastes recycling has been proposed and substantiated, ensuring (simultaneously with a 20–45 cm layer intra-soil milling) the in-situ synthesis of meliorating and fertilizer substances. The developed artificial geophysical aggregate system ("soil – waste") is a priority recycling substrate. As a result, the phytoimmune status of the soil is optimized, its bioremediation is ensured, and a phytosanitary situation in the agrophytocenosis is improved. Thus, the controlled coevolutionary intensification of the agrosphere by the methods of Biogeosystem Technique will ensure an effective implementation of the state strategic programs for development of nature-similar technologies. This will improve the quality of life of the population, and a real solution to the global socio-environmental problem will provide the additional biofuels, raw materials and food production, the sustainability of biosphere will be increased by implementation of biodiversity saving, agriculture biologizing, and soil-protective strategy.

213-228

Authors: Anton O. Nigten

During the last 200 years the idea became paramount that crops grow well on inorganic artificial fertilizers. After World War two there was a high pressure in the USA and Western Europe to stop investigating other forms of plant feeding. At the end of the 19th century there was the controversy between Béchamp and Pasteur about microbes. Béchamp defended the idea that the circumstances create diseases in plants and animals, and Pasteur was of the opinion that it was mere accident. Pasteur won, but not on scientific grounds. During these 200 years the debate never stopped completely. Inorganic fertilizing with a strong focus on nitrogen, potassium and phosphor led to crops which were more and more out of balance. A reaction was unavoidable. Many scientists concentrated their efforts on the risks of unbalanced crops. Especially for cattle. But only few scientists translated these findings into the risks for humans. Other groups found out that the ideas of Pasteur on microbes were incorrect. Microbes attack higher organisms when the macro elements are not in balance and nitrogen is not converted into proteins. In this paper I tried to investigate the risks of the dominant paradigm in the science of feed and nutrition with regard to fertilizing and health. I developed optimal rations for the macro elements potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphor. And with these optimal ratios we can see where things go wrong. Through the quality of the feed and fodder the quality of the milk has gone down, and the risk of mastitis has gone up, and important crops like potatoes, tomatoes and fruits are not in balance and have lost their natural resistance, their qualities and their taste. As a consequence in many countries people don’t get enough magnesium – the key element for staying healthy. In most of the food research the role of magnesium is completely ignored. The second line is about the role of the microbes in health and disease. The recent research regarding the role of viroids in our cells starts where the work of Béchamp ended. Only a small group of scientists continued finding out about the role of microbes smaller than bacteria. There was a special focus on their role in cancer. But with the recent findings of Pradeu and his colleagues about their role in supporting our health the focus is back on their unmissable role in the health of plants, animals and men. The main question is when and why these symbiontic viroids stop being symbiontic and start being pathogenic. The balanced minerals and trace elements are the main clue.