Ancient Sumy Land

5-21

Authors: Korol V. M., Korol S. M., Lysenko A. A.

The publication is devoted to the study of the features of the phenomenon of Ukrainians labour migration during the Soviet era. Since the early 1970s, oil and gas production and sales abroad have become a major contributor to USSR profits. More and more personnel from the entire Soviet Union had to be recruited to produce hydrocarbons in the Far North. Thousands of Ukrainians went to work to develop oil fields and build infrastructure. The state government encouraged them with high pay and benefits. Diary of a Ukrainian guest worker Mykola Havrysh is introduced to scientific circulation in the publication. M. Havrysh was born in Sumy region, and at the Stagnation period he worked on the development of oil fields in Western Siberia. This diary describes the life of the author and his construction team chronologically from the autumn of 1974 to the summer of 1975. Different aspects and variants of motivation of workers to come to the Far North are defined in the text. The everyday life and leisure activities of the Soviet workers of the northern oil-producing territories are vividly illustrated. Staying in a harsh climate has made a significant impact on people’s lives. The daily life described in the pages of the diary is marked by unpretentiousness. Hunting and drinking alcohol were the most common entertainments for oilmen. The text of the published diary is accompanied by scanned copies of the author’s sketches and photographs from the Havrysh family archive. Key words: labour migration, guest workers, Far North, Stagnation period, diary, everyday life.

30-45

Authors: Denysenko V. I. PhD in Philology, Head of Centre for the study of Russia and the occupied territories, Kyiv (Ukraine).

The failure to sign the Association Agreement with the EU in autumn 2013 has been investigated. The role of the Russian factor, which became decisive in the foreign policy reversal of the Yanukovych regime, has been revealed. The importance of Viktor Yanukovych’s meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin on October 27, 2013, in the dramatic change of Ukraine’s international vector has been emphasized. On the basis of diplomats’ memoirs, the assumption about intimidation of the Ukrainian President by the Russian side has been substantiated. The timeline of the preparation of the 2013 Vilnius Summit, the position of EU structures and the attempts of the fourth President of Ukraine to win time to trade with the Russians have been reproduced. The thesis about the Donetsk clan’s attempts to prepare public opinion for a 180 degree turn in late October - early November 2013 has been presented. For this purpose, demonstration meetings were organized with representatives of Ukrainian business and trade unions, who called for revision of plans for European integration on their own initiative. The main role in manipulating public opinion rested on the government of Mykola Azarov and the Verkhovna Rada, which had a majority coalition led by the Party of Regions. Instead, Viktor Yanukovych continued his European integration rhetoric and reiterated to Western partners his own willingness to sign the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU. On November 21, the real position of the ruling elite was made available to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. According to it, the process of preparation for the signing of the Association Agreement was suspended, the proposal was made for the trilateral Ukraine-EU-Russia negotiations, and the ministries were tasked with developing measures to maintain economic ties with the CIS countries. The decision was rejected by European partners and led to Yanukovych’s attempts to find other ways to thwart the signing of the Agreement. It has been proved that this role was played by Yanukovych’s requirements for financial assistance from the EU amounting to about 160 billion euros, which aimed to prevent the signing of the Association Agreement.

59-78

Authors: Dolzhenko Y. V. Junior Researcher of department of bioarcheology. Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv (Ukraine). ORCID 0000-0001-9807-2835.

The article deals with the history of studies at the ancient Russian hill Fort and burial ground of the annalistic town Voyin. The author analyses the remains of people buried in Voyin during 13th - 14th cent. compares the morphological complexes from this series mainly to the Eastern European Slavs of 10th - 14th cent. It is possible to make the conclusion that the mail mesocranic series is related to the skulls from Stara Riazan and probably to Slovenes from Novgorod according to craniometrical data. According to the skulls’ classification by T. Aleksieieva, the mail selection belongs to mesodolychocranic type with merely wide face along with Tivertsi, Ulichs and Drevlians. According to typology by V. Diachenko, the mail group is a part of Neopolissian anthropological type with certain reservations. The female mesocranic selection is statistically close to Kyivan Polyany and Kryvichs. According to the scheme by T. Rudych, the female series belongs to mesocranic craniological type with the moderately wide face together with Kyivan Polyany after a sort.

5-17

Authors: Podhorna A. A. researcher, Poltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University (Ukraine).

The article deals with the morbidity and mortality of smallpox in Western Europe and the Russian Empire from the 16th to the beginning of the 19th century. At that time smallpox was almost a childhood disease, because before the introduction of vaccination in the 18th century about 80% of its victims were children under the age of 10. Widespread was the theory that the pathogens are present in the human body from birth. Effective treatment for smallpox has never existed, but the main procedures were correspond to the general level of medicine (bloodletting, laxative, herbal treatment). The first thing that really could protect for the disease was variolation. It is an artificial infection of a healthy person with smallpox material from a sick person with the hope that it can cause a mild illness with a small rash. It spread in Europe in the first quarter of the 17th century, thanks to E. Timoni, J. Woodworth and Lady M. Montagu. Vaccination was the inoculation of humans with cowpox material, which also gave immunity from smallpox. It was invented in 1796 by the english doctor E. Jenner. His experiment based on the common belief that milkmaids never get sick with smallpox, but only with the cowpox. Since 1800, this method has spread into the Europe, displacing variolation. In the Russian Empire in 1811 the decree about the spreading the cowpox vaccinations was officially issued. It include the point about origination of the provincial and county smallpox committees to promote vaccination. Imperial officials in the case of the introduction of mass vaccination were relied on a church organization. It allows us to track smallpox control measures in the local level. In particular, the documents about the fight against smallpox in Pyriatyn County are concentrated in the fund of the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board of the State Archives of Poltava region (F. 801). The first official appeal to the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board in the case of encourage the population to vaccinate cowpox took place in 1804. In 1806 in each church was send the book about the usefull of cowpox vaccination and the practice of this procedure. In 1831 the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board, for appeal of the County doctor, was call for priests to practice the vaccination against smallpox himselfs in their parishes. Poltava spiritual consistory established a number of decrees that introduce the duty of parishes clire to sent the semi-annual reports. They‘s content was different in different decree, and include the number of birth, death and vaccine children. The first was issued in 1806, and the next were after the establishment of smallpox commetee in 1812, 1824 and 1833. The last of them provided the fixation of the number of death of smallpox among the children for every 6 month, from the second half of 1832. There was preserved corresponding reports of parish priests for the period from the second half of 1832 to the end of 1841. The most completed they was in 1833. In this year the general number of smallpox victim in the whole county was about 985 person. The following reports show significantly smaller numbers of them - less than 20 deaths per year in 1835, 1837, 1840 and 1841. This issue needs further investigation. Key words: smallpox, vaccination, morbidity, mortality, childrens mortality

32-45

Authors: Bazhan O. G., Zolotarov V. A. PhD (History), Senior Researcher, Department of State Terror of the Soviet era, Institute of History of Ukraine, NAS of Ukraine (Ukraine) PhD (Technical Sciences), Associate Professor of Kharkov National University (Ukraine)

Among the employees of the Soviet state security agencies, who at different times worked on the territory of modern Sumy region, the figure of MykhailoTymofieiev is prominent. He played an important role in the repressive measures by the Soviet authorities on the political grounds in the North-East of Ukraine, Being the Head of the Novhorod-Siverskyi district department of the DPU, MykhailoTymofieievgoverned the elimination of anti-Soviet armed formations led by the Atamans Vashchenko and Rubliov-Chernov. During the Holodomor, as head of the Kharkiv Regional Department of the State Political Administration, M.Tymofieiev promoted the implementation of an operational plan of eliminating insurgent groups and organizations on the territory of Sumy region. For this activity he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. The period of his being the head of the Chernihiv Regional Directorate of the NKVD of 1934-1936 was marked by repressive actions against the Trotskyist supporters. Tymofieiev’sexcellent work in Chernihiv received a positive assessment by the Ukrainian SSR Internal Affairs Commissar V.A. Balitskyi. Despite his close friendship with the disgraced chief of the GPU-NKVD of Ukraine, M. Tymofieiev managed to avoid repressions by the state security agencies at the times of the Great Terror. During the years 1937-1956 M.M. Tymofieiev held high positions in the system of the Main Department of Correctional Labour Camps. Key words: MykhailoTymofieiev, NKVD, political repressions, Bilomor-Baltic canal.

55-63

Authors: Ziakun A. I. PhD in History, Associate Professor, Sumy State University (Ukraine)

Every political authority, even a historical one, puts forward its “own” demands on history and historians. It was, and probably always will be. This was no exception during the restoration of the Ukrainian state in the 1990s. From ideological monism, Ukrainian science has shifted to reforming social and humanitarian education in the country, including historical education. The beginning was in 1988, when the existing Soviet power, realizing that it was impossible to stop the process of change, brought it under its control, setting up a coordinating committee to develop a program for the development of historical research, to improve the study and propaganda of the history of the Ukrainian SSR. The Commission proposed to separate a course of history of the Ukrainian SSR in secondary and higher education into an independent educational discipline, to expand the number of schools with advanced study of history, and to organize training in leading universities of specialists in the history of Ukraine. But to proclaim does not always mean to do. The cardinal changes will begin later and will be discussed in this article. Until the 1990s, Ukraine had no national concept of historical education. Until 1989, the history of the CPSU was the only basic historical discipline in all higher education institutions of the USSR, as well as in the entire Soviet Union, regardless of profile of study or region. The main educational programs were approved centrally in Moscow by the General Directorate Teaching of Social Sciences of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the USSR. In 1989, the course of the history of the CPSU was withdrawn from the educational program of higher education institutions and was replaced by the obligatory historical discipline - “Social and political history of the XX century”. In 1990, universities were granted more rights in defining the content of training. This facilitated the deployment of a grassroots initiative to improve the content of historical teaching. The first such initiative was made by teachers and students of higher educational establishments of Lviv region, where since 1990 most courses of history of Ukraine were taught in most universities, although the official status of this course has not been determined yet by the goverment. In 1992, universities of Ukraine are moving to an in-depth study of national history, re-profiling the departments of USSR history into the departments of Ukrainian history, increasing the number of hours of studying the history of Ukraine for students of historical specialties. But a major drawback in teaching the history of Ukraine was the lack of science-based course programs. In 1993, the Scientific and Methodological Commission on the History of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine began the development of a typical program for the course of history of Ukraine as a kind of reference for the departments of history of Ukraine of higher educational institutions. The development and approval in 1993 of the program of the normative course of history of Ukraine for students of history faculties of higher educational establishments, as well as the drawing up in 1994-1996 a typical program of the basic course of history of Ukraine for other higher educational institutions contributed the development of scientific approaches to teaching Ukrainian history, and clarification of teachers’ positions on discussion issues in history. At one time with the development of the educational programs, the national concept of historical education in Ukraine was created and improved. Key words: history education, history program, national history, course of the History of Ukraine, higher education institutions.

76-88

Authors: Korol V. M., Slyusareva Ye. O. PhD (History), Sumy State University, (Ukraine) student of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Law, Sumy State University (Ukraine)

The article is devoted to the study of the railway vocational schools activities in the context of the restoration processes of 1943-1950. Railway vocational schools belonged to the Labour Reserves (LR) of the USSR. During World War II and the post-war reconstruction LR system was a centralized structure performed the task of ensuring the strategic sectors of Soviet economy by young workers. It was semimilitary and also largely provided the function of social protection of juvenile. Konotop ZU № 1 and Bilopillya ZU № 2 are in the center of researchers’ attention. In particular, the features of the educational process, the recruting of the students contingent, and the material and household provision of the learners during their training are analysed in the article. Components of the education in railway vocational schools were: industrial training, especially technical and general education subjects, political classes and physical or military training. The main emphasis was placed on gaining practical experience by students through industrial training, to which the largest share of the time was assigned. Organizing of extracurricular life of young people was based on the paramilitary training principles. State standards of the free food supply and material conditions in LR were perceived as satisfactory under the postwar hunger and deficiency of goods. Most students lived in hostels while studying. The barracks regime reigned in hostels. Students lived on a very strict and clear daily time-table. The research is based on materials from the State Archive of Sumy Region. Key words: post-war recovery, vocational education, Labour Reserves, railway vocational schools, Sumy region.

5-21

Authors: Vlasenko V. M. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University. ScopusAuthor ID: 563-3026-3000, Orcid ID: 0000-0003-2220-2239.

The first Ukrainian diplomatic establishment in the Balkans region was the Ukrainian embassy (UNR embassy) in Bulgaria. In 2018 Ukraine and Bulgaria celebrated 100th anniversary of establishing Ukrainian-Bulgarian diplomatic relations. Solemn ceremonies, scientific conferences, new publications devoted to the history of bilateral diplomatic relations took place in both countries. Traditionally Ukrainian authors paid more attention to the figure of the first ambassador in this country Olexandr Shulgin. The chairmen of the embassy Fedir Shulga and Vasyl Dragomyretsky were mentioned by chance. The activity of the former UNR Minister of foreign affairs, professor Kostiantyn Matsievych as the head of UNR embassy in Bulgaria was not covered properly by the researchers. On arrival in Sofia he was the head of the UNR Extraordinary diplomatic mission in Bulgaria simultaneously. The current publication provides two documents kept in the National state archive of highest authorities and management in Ukraine, which concern K. Matsievych’s visit to Bulgaria in March 1921. The first document is the report of the head of UNR Extraordinary diplomatic mission in Romania to the UNR Minister of foreign affairs Andriy Nikovsky. The document pours the light on his stay in Bulgaria, the course of negotiations with the highest officials and perspectives for uniting the representatives of Ukrainian emigration in this region. The second one contains the text of the conversation between the head of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Bulgaria Simeon Radeev and K. Matsievych, which took place in the premises of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Bulgaria in Sofia in March 1921. The documents, being published for the first time, cover the negotiations between the Ukrainian diplomat and the Prime Minister (the Minister of foreign affairs simultaneously) of Bulgaria Olexandr Stamboliysky, the Head of People’s Assembly Olexandr Botev, the Chairman of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Bulgaria Simeon Radeev and some other foreign countries’ ambassadors in Bulgaria. During his stay in Bulgaria (March 5-11, 1921) the Ukrainian diplomat succeeded in settling the following matters. Firstly, he presented credentials to the Prime Minister and made personal contacts with some Bulgarian officials. Secondly, he discovered the political overtones in Bulgaria in general and within the Russian emigration in particular. Thirdly, he adjusted the activities of the Ukrainian embassy. Finally, he identified the status of the Ukrainian emigration and helped in the process of its uniting.

31-39

Authors: Radchenko N. М. PhD (History), associate Professor Department of the History of Ukraine, Uzhgorod National University (Ukraine).

An important place in the complex of sources of the credit and banking system of the Russian Empire of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is occupied by the management materials of provincial institutions, they constitute a significant complex of sources, which is consisting of both, normative regulatory documents and reporting and executive in accordance, with existing legislation. Which are their mass, were not published and stored in funds of central and regional archives of Ukraine. It should be noted that, the management materials have been repeatedly involved in the researches of: O. V. Kudimov, A. C. Minakov, H. V. Rudyk. Analyzing, the documents between themselves and various events of that time allows us to study in detail the history of the formation of the first banks, institutions of mutual credit, pawnshops, savings and loan cash desks. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the information potential of management materials of the provincial chancelleries of the second half of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century, and their using in the study of the history of credit and banking institutions of the Dnieper Ukraine. Whereas, the local authorities used to deal with it daily banking and lending issues with guidance the national government of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Thus, all their activities are subordinated to the execution of their decisions, orders, instruction letters sent to each province, and then to the local establishments. The specifics of the activity of each province were reflected in it document circulation, as evidenced by the materials we have reviewed, the following Ukrainian provinces: Kyiv, Podolsk, Volyn, Kharkiv, Kherson and Tavriysky for the period of 1865-1914. The Governor’s Office was an enforcement body of all office work during Nineteenth century. Credit and banking institutions have been dealing with administrative, reporting and business departments. Structure of the chancellery, was aimed at providing the governor with the most reliable analytical information on all issues of province life, including the direction of economic monetary relations in his region. Chancelleries of the governors, under such a system of conducting cases, have accumulated a large array of reporting documents. The analysis of сhancelleries documents, testifies about presence of staggering in their preparation: drafts, texts with edits, the final version of the document. Both handwritten and typewritten versions are presented. To the last, usually, were brought editorial edits. It was concerned to the reports of governors. Quite often these documents were prepared by a team of authors, each of whom was responsible for its part of the report, and the governor met with completely shaped text, editing, or changing the emphasis on lighting affairs. In the form of documents, the work of chancelleries was represented by private and public-law acts, decrees, orders, resolutions, reports, protocols, statutes, official correspondence and etc. official documents. It is advisable, to distinguish three documentation groups that relates directly to the researching problem: 1) administrative documentation; 2) correspondence; 3) reporting documentation. Thus, detected and analyzed documents of provincial chancelleries give an idea of the very different aspects of the formation and development of credit- banking network of provinces, that is: firstly, reveal the reasons and the preconditions for the opening of new institutions or, conversely, explain the prohibition reasons of their activities; and secondly, highlighting attitudes and assessments. The activities of the institutions on the part of local authorities and the population, especially in matters concerning the shortcomings and the most common causes failures in the activities of banks and small lending institutions; Thirdly, allow to reconstruct a network of credit and banking institutions of Ukrainian provinces of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; fourthly, trace the directions of activities of banks and small lending institutions, which were subject to increased attention and controlled by the state.

50-62

Authors: Goncharenko A. V., Klochko M. O. PhD (History), Associate Professor of Sumy National Agrarian University (Ukraine). PhD (Philosophy), Sumy Regional State Administration (Ukraine).

The article researches the US foreign policy towards the PRC during the presidency of L. Johnson in 1963-1969. It describes the reasons, course and consequences of the intensification of the US foreign policy strategy in the Chinese direction during the investigated period. There was explored the practical realization of the doctrine of «deterrence of China» by Washington. The role of various groups in the American establishment in the question of the formation of the Chinese White House policy has been analyzed. The specific foreign policy actions of the administration of the US president Lyndon Johnson on the PRC in 1963-1969 are analyzed. Despite the presence in the political, academic and social circles of the United States of certain attitudes in favor of the recognition of the People’s Republic of China as the political reality of international life, the question of the actual and, more so, legal recognition of China in the second half of the 1960’s constantly moved to the background. Even in 1968, when the massive anti-war movement overwhelmed the United States, public opinion polls showed that, despite the critical attitude to the situation in Vietnam, the preservation of Washington’s military presence in Indochina was endorsed mainly through the «Chinese factor». This was mainly contributed to the deployment of a «cultural revolution» in the PRC with its extremism of foreign slogans and installations. China was perceived in the United States as an aggressive, chauvinistic and unpredictable state, capable of any international adventure. The tone of the statements of the US media about the PRC in the mid 60’s XX century was invincible hostile. This hostility abruptly collapsed after the Soviet-Chinese border incident in March 1969. Therefore, while in office in the United States under the administration of the US president Lyndon Johnson in 1963-1969, China’s policy in Washington has not undergone dramatic changes and remained focusing on the containment and isolation of the People’s Republic of China, as well as the full support of Taiwan. In spite of this, in the late 60’s of the twentieth century the objective preconditions began to evolve gradually, which promoted to the normalization of US-China relations in the future, and allowed to resolve most of the controversial issues that ultimately led to the international recognition of the People’s Republic of China by the United States of America.

71-74

Authors: Mayboroda D. V. research worker Municipal Enterprise of Sumy Regional Council Memorial Museum of A. P. Chekhov in Sumy (Ukraine).

Although known by few people, apart from regional ethnographers, Alchevsk was named after Oleksiy Kyrylovych Alchevskyi, who was born in Sumy in 1835. His father was a merchant, grocer and colonial products trader. Few people know that our compatriot’s family was acquainted with Anton Pavlovych Chekhov, a famous writer. They even exchanged some commemorative gifts. How did they happen to meet? The following article provides an answer to this question. In particular, it is stated that Chekhov was interested into the Ukrainian culture including the literature. There was a lot of talking about it when the Chekhovs were renting a summer house in the manor of the landowners Lyntvariovs supporting the national movement. Alchevskyi, as well as the members of his family, especially his wife and daughter, Khryctyna took part in the movement. It were they who initiated the meeting with A. P. Chekhov in Yalta in the spring of 1900. They presented him with books intended for public education, and the writer, who also was interested in the issue, presented them with his photo with a donatives inscription.

5-18

Authors: Sribnyak I. V. Dr. (History), Professor (Ukraine), Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University. ORCID 0000-0001-9750-4958, ScopusAuthor ID: 5719784842229.

The concentration of Ukrainian soldiers in Alexandriv took place in the first decade of December 1920, in the camp there was the 6th «Sichova» Infantry Division of the Army of the UPR and several more of its units and institutions. While retaining its structure and headquarters, they were consolidated into one group of interned UPR troops headed by General M. Bezruchko. The camp had the proper infrastructure to properly organize the life of the interned on a military basis. In the winter of 1920-1921, the life of war was marked by considerable difficulties, due to the lack of money security, unsatisfactory sanitary and epidemiological situation in the camp, not always high-quality food, lack of part of the fighting of lingerie and some elements of clothing. The problem was that the barracks were not adapted to their everyday life in them in the winter, and for their heating (especially in severe frosts), there was a lack of fuel. The moral condition of the Ukrainian battleship also left much to be desired, as the recent military defeat of the UNR army generated in the souls of interned skepticism and despondency. Not all the elders were «burned by desire» to work with the soldiers, and the constant difficulty in everything prevented the implementation of the instructions of the head of the group of interned. The level of self-organization of combat in the camp was unsatisfactory, which led to the abandonment of the area around the lobster, and the actual neglect of sanitary norms. This state of affairs led to two outbreaks of a very terrible illness - typhus, and although they managed to localize, M. Bezruchko and his headquarters were faced with the need to find the necessary means to improve the conditions of internment in the camp. At the same time, there is every reason to state that the command of the interned Army of the UNR in Alexandria duly fulfilled its organizational and consolidating function, being able to give the warriors hope for change to the best. This function was performed by the orders of the camp issued by M. Bezruchko and the Chief of Staff of Colonel M. Zmienko (in the absence of the head of the group). Analysis of their content shows that they effectively performed regulatory and organizational-educational functions, and in addition - and mobilized the warrior at the most critical moments of their stay in the camp. The latter was achieved due to the fact that sometimes M. Bezruchko turned too interned not as a senior boss, but as a more experienced colleague, the instructions of which can be fulfilled only by joint efforts of the entire camp community. Thus, interned, albeit with difficulties, withstand the first three places of internment In the camp, already during February, the situation in the camp stabilized, and in addition - by the efforts of energetic and caring elders began preparations for the military training of Cossacks and elders. Winter was coming to an end, and only this circumstance filled the souls of the Interned with hopes for the continuation of the struggle against Bolshevism in the spring of summer 1921. The majority of the interned was ready to continue to withstand the disadvantages of the camp’s existence, sincerely believing in the ideals of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the inevitability of overthrowing Soviet power in Ukraine.

38-50

Authors: Vlasenko V. M. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University. ScopusAuthor ID: 563-3026-3000, Orcid ID: 0000-0003-2220-2239.

Interwar Ukrainian political emigration in Romania was formed as a result of several waves and emigration flows in 1918-1922. This is not about the whole emigration from Ukraine, but only about its political part. The given paper observes this notion in the narrow sense. That is, it was that part of emigration, which was politically motivated, ideologically determined, organizationally structured, as well as embraces a cause of Ukraine as an independent state in any form. During the period between the First and Second World Wars there were 2 - 1,000 political йmigrйs in Bulgaria with the tendency to reduce their amount. Their majority were supporters of the Government of the UPR in exile, as well as followers of the former Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Йmigrйs built a network of public organizations, which were engaged not only in sociopolitical, but also cultural and educational activities. The most influential in the йmigrй environment were the Ukrainian community in Bulgaria with its affiliates in the regions, the Ukrainian Cultural Association in Bulgaria, the Union of Ukrainian Organizations in Bulgaria, and the Ukrainian-Bulgarian Society. The cultural activity of emigration civic organizations was wide and diverse. Its organizational forms were social evenings, musical performances, concerts and theatrical performances. Usually they were confined to national, state, religious and secular holidays, anniversaries of historical events and figures. Social evenings and musical performances consisted of the one part, where some artists, choir and instrumental groups participated. Their repertoire included Ukrainian and Bulgarian national anthems, folk songs and dances, opera arias. Sometimes there was the recitation of Ukrainian poets, acting the peculiar scenes (pictures, fragments of plays) from the theatrical performances. The concerts consisted of two parts, one of which was the one-act play. The most complex form of the cultural event was a performance for 4 or 5 acts. The most popular were operas “Cossack beyond the Danube,” “May Night,” “Cherevychky,” plays “Nevolnyk,” “Shelmenko-denshchyk,” “Matchmaking in Goncharivka,” comedy “Buvalshchyna” and other. The great popularity among the Bulgarian public had the Ukrainian folk choir under the direction of I. Orlov. His performances were broadcast on the Sofia radio. Social evenings and musical performances took place in the premises of Ukrainian public organizations, concerts and theatrical performances were in the specially rented premises - the halls of the Bulgarian society “Slavonic disputes,” the Christian Youth Union and the salon of the international organization Alliance Franзaise.

60-70

Authors: Gоncharenko A. V. PhD (History), Associate Professor of Sumy National Agrarian University (Ukraine)

The article investigates the US position in colonial contradictions in the Far East in the late XIX - at the beginning XX centuries. There are described the causes, course and effects of the US colonial expansion in relation to China during the investigated period. There were explored the reasons for the establishment and practical implementation of the «open door» and «equal opportunities» doctrine according the Qing Empire by Washington. It was analyzed the role of the United States in the intensification of the colonial struggle in China in the late XIX - at the beginning XX centuries. At the end of the XIX - early XX centuries the United States is entering the international arena as a great state. By opposing its republican imperialism, as «liberation» and «civilizational», imperialism of other countries, the United States firmly began to intervene in colonial politics, trying to subordinate the ambitions of states to their own interests. The main object of American expansion in the Far East was China, in which the United States had, first of all, economic interests, defending of them at that time was impossible without establishing a political superiority in the Asia-Pacific region. Strengthening Washington’s colonial positions in the Far East at the end of the XIX and early XX centuries was determined by its long-term geopolitical interests in this region. The colonial contradictions that aggravated as a result of this in the Celestial Empire were the result of the divergence of economic interests of the great states. The doctrine of «open doors», introduced by the US government in a diplomatic service, proclaimed a new principle in colonial politics, aimed at cooperation between the leading countries of that period world, which was supposed to replace isolationism, the system of blocs and military-political rivalry. In this case interests of the United States coincided with the interests of Great Britain, which saw in this doctrine the protection of its empire from the ambitions of other states, which laid the foundations for further Anglo-American cooperation. However, the United States failed to significantly strengthen its colonial positions or establish its hegemony in the Far East because of the irreconcilable position of Japan. American policy in the region was unsuccessful due to the strengthening of Japan’s position in China and the violation of the «open door» policy in Korea and Manchuria. However, to pursue anti-Japanese policies in the Far East, the American leadership did not dare, which was due to the relative weakness of military positions, the presence of the Anglo-Japanese alliance and the growth of the revolutionary movement in China. In addition, the White House has devoted a lot of efforts to minimizing Russia’s presence in Manchuria.

80-89

Authors: Bezdrabko V. V. Dr. (History), Professor, Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts (Ukraine)

The technologically changing world in recent decades has made radical challenges to society, offering a short amount of time for high-speed orientation, adaptation to human being in the new conditions. Changes affect all spheres of human life. Archivistics isn’t an exception, and at the turn of the century also undergoes serious changes in practices associated with a qualitatively new form of existence of the main object of its attention – the archive document. The electronic archive document needs to take into account the peculiarities of functioning, and, therefore, the individual theoretical and practical statements in order to ensure its successful “life” in the static phase. In Ukrainian Historiography of the Archivistics, we can find not many works devoted to the problems of Archival Affairs in the conditions of the electronic information environment. Nevertheless, foreign colleagues have been studying archiving of electronic documents for several decades, they demonstrate important theoretical and practical, scientific and technological findings. The first scientific projects on archiving of electronic documents have been developed by A. Gilliland «Bentley Historical Library Computer Conferencing Appraisal Project», Pittsburgh project of R. Cox and D. Beаrman, as well as «Preservation of the Integrity of Electronic Records Project» (so-called «Project UBC») under the direction of L. Durantі, T. Eastwood and G. MаcNeil. R. Cox and D. Berman have developed production rules for the construction of electronic systems for registration, access, and accounting of e-documents, and their colleagues from Canada – L. Durantі, T. Eastwood and G. MаcNeil, have taken care of the integrity and completeness of all processes of the time slot under the title “life of the e-document”. In both cases, they were adapted to technological developments in other areas of social activity, related to electronic information management information processes in the conditions of e-environment. Difficulties in project implementation were: the absence of such experience in the archival sector, the initial accumulation of the potential of the practice of working with e-mail, the recognition of the legal validity of e-documents (including letters) and the preservation of the confidentiality of information, protection against unauthorized access and use, as well as verification of authenticity. In Ukraine, we note low interest of archivists for such sources as e-mails, tweets, blogs, publications in social networks, on video channels, and so on. Numerous “traces” of life and creativity of many public, media or ordinary people remain aside from the formation of their personal foundations, or collective portrait of an era that is perceived by the life of a “small” person. Therefore, for the Archival Affairs in Ukraine, it is an important issue to make accumulation and structuring of these types of sources possible, for the purpose of their saving and accessibility for those who are interested in the future.

5-15

Authors: Lysenko M. S. PhD hab. (History), Associate Professor, O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv (Ukraine)

The article studies the public activities of the Kiev Society of Agriculture. It spread to the province of the Right-Bank Ukraine. The author analyzes its main directions. An important form of interaction was working with authorities, primarily the Ministry of Agriculture. This relationship was carried out in the form of filing petitions, providing government agencies with the necessary information on current issues, providing background information on various agricultural sectors of the province. The agrarian organization carried out numerous public initiatives (exhibitions, congresses of rural masters, the creation of bureaux for the employment of employees, pension and insurance funds). Members of the Kiev Society of Agriculture were engaged in charity, financed various events in the Kiev province. Relations with local and all-Russian agricultural societies are characterized. It’s contribution to the establishment of agrarian schools was studied. The evolution of different forms and methods of work of agricultural societies, attempts of their unification was described. A conclusion is drawn on the role and significance of social activity of the Kiev Society of Agriculture.

25-34

Authors: Sribnyak I. V. Dr. (History), Professor (Ukraine), Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University. ORCID 0000-0001- 9750-4958

1921 here there were two full-fledged divisions of the Army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (in a quantitative composition of more than three thousand people, including about 100 women and children). While retaining its structure and headquarters, these divisions were consolidated into one group of interned UPR troops. The camp had all necessary infrastructures, which allowed to properly organizing the lives and lives of the interned, while adhering to the military background. The camp continued to replenish all the time, but the number of its “inhabitants” was steadily decreasing in connection with the desertion of part of the camp, dismissal from the camp by the decision of the Polish authorities, departure to study and employment of certain categories of soldiers within Poland. At the beginning of 1922, interned units of the UPR Army in Kalisz, due to the economic crisis in Poland were in an extremely difficult position as a result of almost complete cessation of funding. This led to the fact that almost all areas of the activity of interned Ukrainian armies in the camps were temporarily paralyzed. With a few exceptions, almost all military schools and colleges have ceased their work for some time. The moral condition of the Ukrainian part of the war was at a low level, because food was not always at the proper level, and part of the war was lacking in clothing and footwear. Nevertheless, the majority of the interned was ready to continue to withstand the disadvantages of the camp’s existence, sincerely believing in the ideals of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. In the summer of 1922, the situation of the interned improved in connection with the assignment of a significant part of them to perform various jobs within the working teams. For 34 СУМСЬКА СТАРОВИНА 2017 №LI this, interns received daily cash rewards, which allowed them to save or spend to buy the most necessary things, as well as improve your nutrition. The command of the Army of the UPR took steps to ensure that the departure of the interned from the camp for work did not lead to the loss of ties between the workers’ units and the headquarters of the units, who were left in the camp. At this time, a powerful consolidating factor was the camp press, which, in addition to uniting belligerence around the idea of restoration of the UNR, also met their information needs. With the approach of the fall, the need for workers was gradually diminishing, and the interned again were in a difficult position. Against them, the sad prospect of hibernating in the barracks that were not fit for this purpose arose again. Although, in connection with the significant decrease in the number of interned in the camps of the huts there was no shortage for them, their heating (especially in severe frosts) remains one of the most urgent problems of the campers. But this did not shake their commitment to the idea of restoration of the UPR. The camp itself remained one of the largest places of the accumulation of Ukrainian warfare, who in their overwhelming majority consistently advocated national liberation slogans, and were ready to continue the fight against red Russia.

48-63

Authors: Degtyarev S. I. Dr. (History), Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University. Nesterenko V. A. PhD (History), Assosiate Professor (Ukraine), Sumy State University

The article covers World War II through the prism of the policy of memory. The latest is considered to be the mass beliefs about the past. This notion includes the events of the past with the participation of the person and also without it. In this case the ideas of those events have been brought to the person’s consciousness through the perception of socially significant information. “The policy of memory”, which is an integral part of the state’s policy, has an important impact on the process mentioned above. The modern Ukrainian historiography highlights a number of factors which influence the content of the population’s historical memory and therefore determine people’s self-identification as the part of a certain territory, region, country and ethnos. At the personal level the formation of a particular person’s historical memory is greatly influenced by “the patrimonial memory” - the reminiscences of parents, grandparents and other relatives. This aspect is especially important for taking into consideration the contradictory events of World War II. The authors have come to the conclusion that the subject matter of World War II is still used frequently within the policy of memory; however it is interpreted differently according to the purposes of a certain political force. As usual it leads to the negative social and political consequences. To avoid this situation it is necessary to reject the outdated interpretations of this tragedy. The personification of the historical memory could be very helpful for reaching this goal. “The patrimonial memory” ought to play an important role in this process.

77-87

Authors: Goncharenko L.L. PhD (History), Associate Professor of Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko (Ukraine) Koneva A.V. Master of Educational and Scientific Institute of History and Philosophy of the Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko (Ukraine).

The article analyzes the role of the Lend-Lease policy as a form of US military assistance to the USSR during the Second World War. The essence of the Lend-Lease concept is considered in its constituents and peculiarities of suppling the assistance. The value of deliveries by the United States of America during the Second World War is revealed. Particular attention in article is paid to the issue of the need for military assistance to the USSR, in every possible way diminished, and even completely suppressed by Soviet historiography and little studied by the СУМСЬКА СТАРОВИНА 2017 №LI 87 contemporary Russian scientific community. This scientific publication reveals the historical aspects and preconditions of the US-Soviet policy of cooperation in the context of the LendLease policy. That is why, attention is paid to four (Moscow, Washington, London and Ottawa) protocols, according to which the maximum volumes of military and civilian materials that the United States could allocate to the Soviet Union were set. This article provides specific statistics on the quantitative component of care and its breakdown by type. In particular, data are presented in the Lend-Lease policy on the supply of non-ferrous metals, fuel, industrial equipment, vehicles and food supplies, which played a key role in the course of hostilities. Summarizing the facts disclosed in the article, the researchers note that without US supplies to the Soviet Union it would be virtually impossible to withstand the German invasion. This dependence was wellunderstood by the Soviet leadership, but deliberately diminished.

101-114

Authors: Ilnytskyi V. I. PhD hab. (History), Associate Professor, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University (Ukraine). Hrynyk L. N. 4th year student, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University (Ukraine)

In the article five papers are published. They disclose the issues of training and detachment of the Red Army units of the red army (hereunder, RA) into the Western Ukrainian region for the period of elections to the USSR Supreme Soviet. Specific examples have confirmed the fact of using the parts of the RA in the fight against the Ukrainian Liberation Movement. The general forms and methods of Soviet Administration approval in Western Ukraine are briefly described. We have recently found five documents that enable to enlarge a greater understanding of the expansion of the Soviet system struggle with the Ukrainian Liberation Movement, which 114 СУМСЬКА СТАРОВИНА 2017 №LI differ significantly from the official picture presented in official Soviet advocacy. In general, five documents are submitted in the publication: information on (for 11-14 January 1946) the preparation to dispatch and redeployment of the Red Army units, who were sent to Western Ukraine to protect polling stations during the elections to the USSR Supreme Soviet. In the first document specific military units their locations and points of redeployment (even indicating the carriage number, which transported the unit) are mentioned. The second document informs on the progress of the preparations (studying of guidance documents, obtaining tasks), and the specific departure time of echelons with the relevant departments from their current location. Specific armoured trains, which were accompanied by are also named. The third, fourth and fifth documents complement the second one with information about the specific time of arrival and places of relocation. It should be mentioned that the published documents are an important source of comprehensive research as to the use of the Red Army units in the establishment of Soviet Authority in the Western Ukrainian region in general and in the confrontation with the Ukrainian Liberation Movement in particular. So, the repressive-punitive system in the fight against the liberation movement in the Carpathian region, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) used a number of forms and means. In the process of struggle these tools were «improved». Each of them had its impact and caused serious losses to the underground. It should be noted that the repressive and punitive apparatus in the fight against the Ukrainian underground also changed their tasks.