European Researcher. Series A

62-74

Authors: Jelisavka Bulatović, Goran Rajović

The rural settlement of Vranještica is located in the northeastern part of Montenegro (Kolašin municipality). It extends in the zone 42 ° 47´ 09 "north latitude and 19 ° 37´ 35" east longitude. It borders the rural settlements of Rečine in the west, GnjiliPotok in the southeast and Bare Kraljske in the south. It is located at an altitude of 1519 m and covers an area of 2.480 hectares.The traffic-geographical position of the rural settlement of Vranjestica is unfavorable, because it is located far from the main roads. Except for the road Andrijevica–Trešnjevik–Mateševo–Kolašin, no other important road intersects or touches this rural settlement. Vranještica is 44.6 km from Berane, 29.6 km from Andrijevica and 11.2 km from Mateševo. Isolated traffic-geographical position adversely affects its economic and social development. The paper discusses the natural and social benefits for tourism development. The results of the research indicate that without greater economic potential in this settlement, there is no wider existential base of the population.Bearing in mind that the studied geo-area has a predominantly agricultural population, agriculture should, all the more so, play its undoubtedly large and notable role in future economic development. Tourism as an additional source of income for the inhabitants of Vranještica could certainly improve their quality of life.

80-89

Authors: Abdallah Boureima Gaziboa, Filiz Katmana

This article focuses on the first democratic regime in Niger after the advent of multiparty system in 1990. The study will concern the direct and indirect causes that led to the failure of the democratization process. Niger experienced in 1991 a National Sovereign Conference which ended the one-party system by establishing a multi-party democratic system under a semi-presidential regime. In 1993, the CDS Rahama party with the support of the AFC won the first presidential and legislative elections marking the beginning of the 3rd Republic. Unfortunately, in 1994, an unexpected turning marked the beginning of an intricate regime. The AFC will lose his major ally and the parliamentary majority at the same time. This event led to a political cohabitation in Niger. Thus, clashes between the presidential clan and the opposition, took more and more magnitude until the normal functioning of government was almost impossible. The regime of the 3rd Republic will be interrupted in 1996 by a military coup. The problematic of this article will focus on three aspects, namely, the conditions under which the AFC coalition was born, how did the regime of the 3rd Republic end up in a political cohabitation? And the democratic challenges that followed. These three aspects will allow us to understand how democracy, which foresaw situations like what happened in Niger in 1995 and whose institutions were supposed to facilitate the settlement of this type of crisis, failed.

4-18

Authors: Halima Moalim Adam, Filiz Katman

Since the collapse of the central government in the early 1991, the country experienced prolonged civil war and chaos which has taken almost two decades. Destruction of state structures accompanied by huge violation of human rights subjected to women and girls. The civil war same as it affects people negatively, it also positively transforms societies which is the case of Somali women who acquired new roles and responsibilities during the decades of war. On the other hand, in post-conflict settings new government structures are established with constitution being adopted. Social, political and economic transformation occurs within the post-conflict spaces. Based on this setting, this paper is aimed to examine the extent of human rights violations specifically subjected to women and girls. It also traces the role of Somali women played during the conflict particularly their role in taking part of peace building efforts of the country. The study further evaluates if any progress is being made in regard to women political participation in post-conflict period with analysis on the issues preventing women to fully participate in Somali politics.

26-37

Authors: Nereida Hadziahmetovic, Amel Pintol, Fahrudin Budnjo

The advent of social media is changing the view of marketing and thus of political marketing as a part of it. This review paper provides information on the real impact of social media on political marketing today in 2020, analyzing the impact of social media on political marketing through an analysis of 47 articles published in six renowned journals, between 2010 and 2020. The article provides answers for which parts of the world were the first to talk about it, through which social media tools, which institutions and finally which authors made the most impact. The most researched topics and subcategories are analyzed, and which keywords are the most common repetition. Trends in the growth of social media’s influence on modern political marketing have been measured through the number of articles published in the years starting from 2010 to the present. When authors compare the number of articles written in the initial research interval in 2010 and today in 2020, it is noticeable how the number of articles has increased and given increasing importance to social media in modern political marketing management. This directly demonstrates a shift in awareness in modern political marketing towards social media. The biggest findings are thought to be the emergence and expansion of this topic on US soil, with the emergence of political figures such as President Obama and continued through the work and activities of President Trump. The most used tools for this work are Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. These tools were mostly used for advertising campaigns during elections time. After these events, the spread of influence in Europe is noticeable, and it is very important to emphasize that more and more articles are appearing year by year, which provides space for new researchers to continue their work in this field.

218-224

Authors: Sherzod A. Khalilov

The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards is to increase the volume of foreign investment in the domestic market and expand the opportunity to access international markets by providing investors with the necessary information environment. Therefore, joint-stock companies, commercial banks, insurance companies, and large taxpayers operating are being required to organize accounting based on IFRS from January 1, 2021, and from the ending of 2021 to prepare reports based on international financial reporting standards in Uzbekistan. For that reason, a study was conducted to determine the rights and obligations of customers under contracts, combining and modification of contracts based on the criteria of stage 1 of the 5-step revenue recognition model of IFRS 15 in recognition of revenue from operating activities in construction companies. The results of the study show that IFRS 15 provides an appropriate basis for measuring rights and obligations under contracts in the recognition of revenue. Applying these criteria ensures that contractors monitor the terms of the contract over time. Requirements for the consolidation of contracts based on IFRS 15 in construction companies operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan lead to significant changes in practice in the construction industry.

135-149

Authors: Reyhan Canavar, Filiz Katman

In the aftermath of 9/11 attacks, many European governments have been dictated by a state-centric discourse on terrorism in which human rights have taken a backseat to state security. In doing so, civil liberties have been trade-off for the stake of state survival. In particular, European Muslims have been direct victim of these policies as they have been subject to repressive state practices, which are most often justified under the guise of war on terror. However, repression usually hit hard back since the ones who fall victim for those policies become more prone to take up radical thought, and thus become more willing to engage in terrorist activities, with the aim to take revenge. Consequently, in the long run, this may aggregate the threat of terrorism, and thus may pose a greater threat to the survival of the state. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to break free from a state-centric discourse on terrorism to move towards a human right framework in which terrorism and its responses are approached with all its consequences on state behavior, human security and state survival. The study consists of case-study, which is based on a qualitative research method, whereby twelve peoples were interviewed. It examined the link between counter-terrorism and human rights violations, within the Dutch context. To be more precise, it examined whether the Dutch anti-terror policies infringes on civil liberties and points out the long-term effects on the national security. The results have shown that the Dutch counter-terrorism measures are at odd with the human rights. In particular, the Dutch Muslim seems to be hit the most ever since the political debates around terrorism are dictated by an anti-Islamic political discourse. However, the securitization of the Islam has led to false security narratives, and paved way for extreme proposals to stop Islamification. In this way, the government have provided the base for radicalization within own group. Consequently, this have led to a dichotomy between Muslim and non-Muslim groups, which have crashed the togetherness of the society and and resulted in a vicious circle in which terrorism has feed itself, and with that endangered the national security even further.

159-208

Authors: Yuri A. Privalov, Michael I. Ojovan, Mikhail B. Loshchinin

Socio-economic science has not revealed the objective structure of society: it has not recognized and does not study the objective unavoidable poverty, ignores the working class, and has not established the objective properties of the hierarchy of power. The objective boundaries between poverty and prosperity, between prosperity and luxury are undisclosed, which discredits the social policy of states. Social science imposes on society the subjective criteria of poverty, a fictitious category of the middle class, and false parameters of inequality, designed not to identify, but to mask huge social problems. Humanitarian science has not clarified the content of socio-economic relations, including solving the problem of exploitation, which has brought incalculable sacrifices to the world. Socio-economic science has withdrawn itself from the development of ethics, effectively losing the right to be called humanitarian. Socio-economic knowledge limited itself to a special status and self-isolated itself from the family of objective sciences, did not find the basic empirical phenomena, and eventually turned out to be a fruitless non-empirical branch. Within the framework of humanitarian knowledge, there are no fundamental studies aimed at finding the relationships of nodal categories and general laws, including the topology of the socio-economic space, the ignorance of which is destructive for developed science. There are no theories of the most important categories including family, capital and capitalism in the humanities, there is no analytical formula where dimensional categories are linked in a stable manner. Socio-economic knowledge did not develop the theory of social evolution and was unable to understand the phenomena of historical degradation of the labor communities and demographic transition – the most tragic events in modern human history.

64-70

Authors: Hue Duong Dang, Luan Nguyen Thanh, Nhat Pham Minh

This research focuses on analyzing and clarifying the content of current regulations on the coordinating mechanism between state agencies and the institutional representatives of enterprises in providing legal aid for enterprises in Vietnam today. At the same time, the article also assesses these regulations in practice in recent years to record the achieved results and detect the existed shortcomings. Based on the detected inadequacies, the article will propose solutions to amend and supplement the current legal provisions on the coordinating mechanism between state agencies and the institutional representatives of enterprises in legal aid for businesses in Vietnam to operate this mechanism effectively, thus contributing to the development of businesses in Vietnam today.

82-90

Authors: Milan Lalić, Milka Bubalo-Živković

Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in geographical terms, includes the northern part of Serbia, northwards from Sava and Danube. Vojvodina covers one quarter of Serbia, and about 27 % of the population of Serbia lives on its territory. It consists of three mesoregional units: Banat, Bačka and Srem. The subject of this paper is the analysis of population changes in the central part of Bačka – the region of the Great Bačka Canal, comprising the areas of municipalities through which this canal flows. At the end of the 17th century, around 40 % of surfaces in this region were covered with ponds and swamps. With the digging of Great Bačka Canal, drainage has increased the surfaces of fertile land and living conditions have been improved, which lead to mass immigration of mainly Germans, but also of members of other ethnic groups. The Great Bačka Canal region is a constant migration area, with extremely high percentage of agricultural land, with a sharp decline in the share of economically active population engaged in agriculture, an industry that was not adaptable to the transition processes and the time of disintegration of the former Yugoslavia, with deterioration of the quality of water in the Great Bačka Canal down to the level of endangering living conditions, it has been a depopulation area for more than three decades. The paper contains a comparison of changes in the number of inhabitants in the region of Great Bačka Canal, Bačka and Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.

104-111

Authors: Farooq Saeed, Filiz Katman

This paper aims to explain the purpose of international sanctions in general and economic sanctions, in particular. This research highlights the fact of the negative outcome of the imposition of comprehensive economic sanctions on human rights in countries that have been subject to them, such as Iraq since Iraq has faced more economic sanctions than any other country in the world in the 1990s. As an alternative, this research emphasizes smart sanctions because this approach has been applied as being more effective and less detrimental to human rights. This paper discusses the various factors behind the transition from comprehensive economic sanctions to smart sanctions. Smart sanctions do not arbitrarily impact all citizens of the sanctioned country, but only those responsible, through “targeted” sanctions which target particular individuals and entities without any serious harm in civilian life. However, it may not mean that smart sanctions avoid a humanitarian crisis, it still faces many challenges, and other alternatives may emerge.

119-125

Authors: Anastasia V. Sheps

This article, based on scientific literature and historical sources, provides a brief analysis of the ideas that formed the basis of the Hussite movement, led by the Czech preacher Jan Huss. Compares the theological views of several medieval theologians (John Wycliffe, who was dubbed the "Morning star of the Reformation", Peter Lombard, Anselm of Canterbury, and Pierre Abelard), whose teachings influenced John Huss and formed the basis of the reformation of the Bohemian Church in the XIV – XV centuries, and also led to changes in the religious, political, social and cultural life of the Kingdom. The relevance of the chosen topic is explained by the presence of many lacunae that require detailed study and historical reconstruction to create an objective view of historical events related to the Church reformation in Bohemia. The article analyzes and compares the opinions of medieval theologians on the following issues: on freedom of will in Christian teaching, on the perception of the cross by believers, on the relationship between God and man, on the attitude to sin, on the right to freely preach the gospel teaching (including in national languages), on the attitude to spiritual and secular power.