IMPACT : International Journal of Research in Business Management

13-18

Authors: G. VAISHNAVI & S. K. G. GANESH

Interactive Voice Response system (IVR system) is the self service technology which provides the round the clock service for the customers. The purpose of the research paper is to identify and study the effect of certain demographic factors (gender, age and educational qualification) in relation to the customer perceived frustration. The paper used a structured questionnaire to obtain data from the IVR system users. Based on the collected data, the tools such as, independent sample t-test and ANOVA were utilized to analyse the relationship of demographic factors and perceived frustration. The paper found that IVR system users different age groups have a positive relationship on perceived frustration and whereas the gender and educational qualification does not have a significant effect on customers perceived frustration.

27-38

Authors: ATUL DHYANI & ANANT AGARWAL

This study aims at developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for dynamics and conflict of Spousal buying decision (SBD). The study also build a conceptual model of Spousal-joint Purchase Decision Matrix Model (SPDCM) used by spouses for purchase decision making exercise. The basic purpose of above is to explain the spousal involvement in family purchase decision and their conflict that arise in decision which lead to either joint or autonomous decision and finally arriving at a final decision with the help of conflict resolution strategies. Based on the theoretical evidences (C.B.Ward, 2003), it was concluded that Low initial level of disagreement results in lower level of relative conflict while High initial level of disagreement results in higher level of relative conflict among couples and High levels of disagreement should produce higher levels of relative conflict than low levels of disagreement for across product category decisions, while, for within product category decisions, there is no difference between high and low levels of disagreement on relative conflict.

49-54

Authors: HARTESH PANNU & SUKHMANI SANDHU

India is rapidly gaining importance world-wide as the country has become an investment hub over the last decade. Global investors have retained their faith in the flexible Indian economy even during the toughest of the times. As a result, India enjoyed high foreign inflows and investments when rest of the world was struggling to even survive. According to the Investment Commission of India, the retail sector is expected to grow almost three times its current levels to $660 billion by 2015. However, in spite of the recent developments in retailing and its immense contribution to the economy, retailing continues to be the least evolved industries and the growth of organized retailing in India has been much slower as compared to rest of the world. Former Government supported FDI in retailing sector to enhance its growth. This paper will analyze both the advantages & disadvantages of FDI in Indian Retail sector.

61-67

Authors: B. SRINIVAS RAO

In order to keep the organizational strategies and objectives aligned, this paper proposes that knowledge management (KM) should be grouped into five dimensions, Knowledge management process; knowledge management system; knowledge management structure; knowledge management strategy; knowledge management assets. It is observed that a better understanding of compatibility between KM and process re-engineering and restructuring is needed to aid the reduction of existing tensions and to facilitate the advancement of the application of KM best practice. Many knowledge management activities, methods, or modules have been discussed within the literature suggest an integrated knowledge management framework that comprises the following activities: initiation, generation, modeling, repository, distribution and transfer, use and retrospect, while, differentiating between specifying a requirement, capturing, distributing, and using knowledge. The dimension “Knowledge management process” is a necessary precondition for the core processes of knowledge identification and knowledge use. With respect to the dimension “knowledge management system”, in order to be sure that knowledge is most frequently used, technology must be accompanied by a knowledge-compatible culture. As regards to dimension “knowledge management structure”, achieving a “knowledge culture” requires managerial focus in three areas: preparing the organization, managing knowledge assets, and leveraging knowledge for competitive advantage. In the context of the dimension, “knowledge management strategy”, the process of knowledge generation and development not only requires organizations to alter their cognitive frameworks, but also forces organizational members to view reality in new perspectives. In order to manage the dimension, “knowledge management assets” information technology is creating the basics of new kinds of business assets (speed, agility, reach, and insight). These new assets created by information technology are certainly going to help and assist knowledge management function of an organization to a greater extent.

11-24

Authors: KHALIL MHADHBI

This paper investigates the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth in Low-income countries. We develop a new proxy for financial development that refers to the input of real resources into the financial system. The panel causality testing approach, developed by Kónya (2006), based on the Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Wald tests with the country specific bootstrap critical values, is applied to the panel of twenty one Low-income countries for the period 1970–2012. Our findings support the supply-leading hypothesis, as many financial development variables lead economic growth in Benin and Zimbabwe. Our results also confirm for twenty one Low-income Countries suggesting that their financial development does not depend on economic growth.

31-46

Authors: KAWALJEET KAUR & NEENA MALHOTRA

In the emerging global economy, telecommunication sector has made a significant impact on economic growth. It is one of the prime support services needed to promote growth and modernization of various sectors of an economy. Telecommunication is one of the sectors having high forward and backward linkages. The paper attempts to investigate the causal relationship between telecommunication development and GDP as well as various sectoral components of GDP in India. The results of the study reveal a long run relationship between growth of telecommunication and economic growth at aggregate level as well as at sectoral levels. The study indicates that there is causal relationship between telecommunication growth and growth of manufacturing sector as well as services sectors. Growth of FIRB services (Finance, Insurance, and Real estate and business services) is causing telecommunication growth in India while the causal relationship is other way round that is growth of SPC and TTHC is caused by telecommunication growth in India. The results show structural break in data in 1995 and 2005 which indicate strong impact of telecommunications on development of various sectors of the economy.

57-64

Authors: NAGARAJU BATTU, BALMURI SATYASAGARRAO & VENKATA RAMAMURTHY K

The art of successfully managing businesses and projects requires the ability to both design and execute an effective IR strategy. This means that risks need to be identified and understood with sufficient time and leeway to enable them to be avoided. The Industrial relations management recognized as an essential element of organization’s strategy. Present paper look into the Industrial relations influence on Productivity in NTPC. This research explores the IR practices contribution for maintain Productivity in NTPC. Study was conducted in NTPC unit at Ramagundam in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

73-78

Authors: ALMA SPAHO & MAJLINDA GODOLJA

The lecture remains at the centre of most universities approaches to teaching and learning, despite the emphasis on quality and flexibility, and the introduction of new technologies. But, lecturers increasingly face very low levels of lecture attendance. Concern for improvements in student learning has attracted a large amount of literature in search for the correlation of class attendance and student performance. The majority of these studies show that students attending classes perform better on assessment than those skipping lectures. Class attendance has been shown to be correlated with grades across a wide range of disciplines. The aim of this research is to analyze the business student’s attendance in general mathematics lectures and their final examination success. The population of the study consists of business students attending first-year at the Faculty of Economy, University of Tirana for 2012-2013 academic year. Using the simple random sampling, 143 students are randomly selected and completed a survey during the first week of June. The logistic regression is used to estimate the impact of lecture attendance on final success. The results indicate that lecture attendance of business students has a statistically significant impact on their final success in General Mathematics course. These findings suggest that enhancing student participation should be a crucial aspect of administration, in order to improve performance. At the same time, the lecturer should also create a good learning environment, to motivate students and engage their interest in the course.

91-104

Authors: YASMIN BEGUM R. NADAF & SHAMSHUDDIN M. NADAF

My interest is the future, because I am going to spend the rest of my life there. - Charles F. Kettering Every social and global issue is a business opportunity just waiting for the right kind of inventive entrepreneurship, the right kind of investment, the right kind of collective action. - Peter Drucker Green marketing is a vital constituent of the holistic marketing concept today. It is particularly applicable to those businesses that are directly dependent on the physical environment. Changes in the physical environment may pose a threat to fishing, processed foods tourism and adventure sports industries. Consequently new types of products were created, called "green" products, which would cause less damage to the environment. Thus green marketing plays an important role to promote and reinforce the idea of environmental protection and sustainable development both in the minds of the customer and the firms. Many global players in diverse businesses are now successfully implementing green marketing practices. Various studies by environmentalists indicate that people are concerned about the environment and are changing their behavioural pattern. The most of the consumers, both individual and industrial, are becoming more concerned about environment-friendly products. Majority of them feel that environment-friendly products are safe to use. As a result, green marketing has emerged, which aims at marketing sustainable and socially-responsible products and services. Now is the era of recyclable, non-toxic and environment-friendly goods. This has become the new mantra for marketers to satisfy the needs of consumers and earn better profits. Green marketing is the process of developing products and services and promoting them to satisfy the customers who prefer products of good quality, performance and convenience at affordable cost, which at the same time do not have a detrimental impact on the environment. It includes a broad range of activities like product modification, changing the production process, modified advertising, change in packaging etc., aimed at reducing the detrimental impact of products and their consumption and disposal on the environment. Companies all over the world are striving to reduce the impact of products and services on the climate and other environmental parameters. Marketers are taking the cue and are going green. Thus there is growing interest among the consumers all over the world regarding protection of environment in which they live; People do want to bequeath a clean earth to their offspring. Worldwide evidence indicates people are concerned about the environment and are changing their behaviour. As a result of this, green marketing has emerged which speaks for growing market for sustainable and socially responsible products and services. The paper examines the need and significance of green marketing in the 21 century. This paper attempts to capture some of these initiatives in India, which may provide ideas for other companies in both developing and developed markets and evaluates the challenges and strategies faced by the Indian companies and their concern for green marketing to tackle social and environmental problem using innovative solutions.

113-120

Authors: V. P. T. DHEVIKA & O. T. V. LATASRI

This paper investigates the customer value of shampoo among college students. The objective of this paper is to measure the customer value of shampoo through a mathematical model. Customer value is one of the marketing tool through companies acquire new customers and retain existing customers. This study takes into account eight dimensions under customer value. Five dimensions under benefits perceived and three dimensions under sacrifices perceived. Customer value is found out by the difference between benefits perceived and sacrifices perceived.

129-136

Authors: RACHNA NIGAM & SNIGDHA MISHRA

People are important asset to the organization. Organizations invest a lot of time, money and energy to hire, coach and manage performances of their employees. At the end of the day an organization gets an identity and success only because of his employees. Therefore, there is nothing more challenging than to focus on employee retention and more upsetting to know that one of your team members is set to depart. Exit interviews are critical to any organisations as they provide an opportunity for the employees to express their reasons for exit and enable the organizations to review and improve upon their employee retention policies. This is an unique chance for an organization to understand the perception of departing employees who generally will more open and objective about their perception on organizational policies and practices. However corporate insecurity and defensiveness can act as a barrier in implementing exit interview process objectively. Also the feedback received from the employees during the process are masked due to their personal reason or simply not taking the exit interviews seriously. They even feel that it will block their re- entry in the organization, if so desired and may find it difficult to face an ex-colleague or manager in future if they cross paths.

149-162

Authors: KM. UPASANA

Today’s we all lives in a 21st century, everything changed very rapidly & continuously for the betterment of future, new technology is simply a modified version & a technique to overcomes the drawbacks of previous one, that’s proves very beneficial for all. In the era of globalization, traditional education system is losing its relevance. Role & importance of e-education in areas like commerce, management, IT etc. is increasing day by day. India too acknowledges importance of e-education in dissemination of knowledge.

7-16

Authors: GHOLAMREZA KHORASANI & LI ZEYUN

This article determines the level of satisfaction among the USM bus transit system. The study is based on a survey carried out from the questionnaire that is administered involving 400 students. All data are analyzed by SPSS software. By using the descriptive analysis the level of satisfaction among the students towards the facilities provided are examined. The findings show that the levels of satisfaction among students are mixed. However, majority of students are satisfied with the facilities provided by the university. The findings of this study will help the company or organization or the university to improve their service provided to the students in achieving the student’s satisfaction due to the evaluation of satisfaction level for every variables (facilities).

27-36

Authors: ER. AMIT B. DUTTA & ER. SNEHA BANERJEE

In the present business scenario, competitiveness of manufacturing companies is determined by their ability to meet and respond as swiftly as possible to the changing environment scenario and to produce and supply high-quality products at lower cost as per demand of the customer. All the manufacturing companies are striving too hard to achieve their aims, objectives and their capabilities by proper planning and skilfulness, through application of automation and innovative concepts, e.g. lean manufacturing, just-in-time (JIT), and total quality management (TQM). Among these innovative concepts, lean manufacturing is recognized by the manufacturing companies as a major driver to achieve world-class capabilities. Many large and medium-size manufacturing companies have adopted lean manufacturing concepts, and experienced reduction in manufacturing lead time and material handling cost, and improvement in quality with other benefits. It is generally agreed that for a lean manufacturing programme to be effective, it should include a set of tools and techniques or provisions to ensure management obligation, employee association, identification of wastes, development of controls for wastes and training and education for employees. These tools and techniques are said to be typical of any comprehensive lean manufacturing implementation programme. The implementation of lean manufacturing reduced the waste in the industry and enhances the profit and production.

45-62

Authors: VIKAS NATH, NITIN NAYAK & ANKIT GOEL

Society is facing most complicated issues of climate change. People nowadays are more conversant with global warming and its inherent consequences on human life. So change is the need of the hour for the survival and continuous efforts should be made for the environmental management in a sustainable manner. It is not only the concern of the government and the direct polluters but also of other stakeholders like financial institutions such as banks, which are playing a fundamental role in the development of the society. Banking activities are not physically related to the environment, but the external impact of their customer activities is substantial. So there is need for banks to adopt green strategies into their operations, buildings, investments and financing strategies. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the green rating standards given by RBI, the World Bank’s environmental and social norms, the initiatives taken by public and private sector banks in India in the adoption of Green Banking practices and to enlist the significant strategies for adoption of Green Banking.

67-72

Authors: D. PRANAYA

The problem of job hopping has been researched upon by a number of researchers in diverse fields. In the different sectors, which contribute to form a major chunk of a country’s GDP, and, claims to provide employment to a major part of the workforce, it is pertinent, therefore, to analyze the factors which lead to the employee’s disengagement from these sectors. Further, with the increasing permeability of boundaries on the global front, thanks to neo-liberalisation waves, the cross-occupational and cross-organizational mobility of the employees has witnessed a phenomenal growth. Concurrent with the job hopping of the employees is the attempt by the organizations to bring in practices which might help in the retention of the employees in a bid to offset the damages of the rising attrition. The present paper is one such attempt at reviewing the literature of the concept of job hopping and retention.

95-100

Authors: SHRISHAIL SHIRUR & SUWARNA TORGAL

India is the second largest producer of agriculture products such as fruits and vegetables. One of the key issues, which require research, is the method by which we can reduce the post harvest loss, which is quite substantial at present. This would need design of cost effective, efficient, environment friendly storage system. Also, there is need for value addition to agricultural produce to maximize the agriculture return. India is likely to become the food basket to the world considering 52% of total land under cultivation as compared to global average of 11%. India is also having the labor cost advantage; organized research is growing very speedily. Because of these developments, farmers would get latest market prices and various products, weather reports and best farming practices. This paper discusses importance of Information Technology to enhance effective supply chain management systems in improving agro business in Indian economy.

9-24

Authors: JOSEPH OSEI ASANTEY

This paper reviews related philosophical debates on research pertaining to the relative flexibility of criteria of lending to small and medium size enterprises by foreign and local banks in Ghana. Based on reasonable academic arguments on this subject, the researcher decides to apply the realist stance in his doctorial research. With this, the positivist and interpretivist stances would be blended. Therefore, both quantitative and qualitative research techniques would be used in the light of inductive and deductive research. By opting for the realist’s stance, the researcher argues ontologically that part of knowledge about the relative flexibility of SMEs lending criteria of local and foreign banks exists whereas the other part does not exist in reality but can be established based on his construction and interpretation of it. Epistemologically, moreover, knowledge about the relative flexibility of SMEs lending criteria of local and foreign banks in Ghana can be established both by observations independent of the researcher and by judgments, conceptions and interpretations of the researcher. The realist stance savors the strengths of positivist and interpretivist stances and minimizes their weaknesses.

35-52

Authors: HEMKANT KULSHRESTHA

Since Indian capital market is vast and attract investors as their investment destination. The Indian market is steadily growing and had allured domestic investors community and foreign investors group in the past. The major part of investment in Indian capital market is attributed to institutional investors among whom foreign institutional investors (FIIs) are of primary importance. One eminent concern in the matter is whether these foreign institutional investors (FIIs) regulate the Indian capital market. This paper examines whether market movement can be explained by these investors and their impact on the capital markets. FIIs, because of their short-term nature, can have bidirectional causation with the returns of other domestic financial markets such as money markets, stock markets, and foreign exchange markets. Hence, the understanding of determinants of FII is very important for any emerging economy as FII exerts a larger impact on the domestic financial markets in the short run and a real impact in the long run. The present paper is an attempt to find out determinants of foreign institutional investment in India, a country that opened its economy to foreign capital due to their foreign exchange crisis. The objective of the study is to find out whether there exist relationship between FII and Indian capital market

61-62

Authors: SHRISHTI DEEP

With the increasing number of vehicles on road, it has become a matter of concern to manage traffic efficiently. The present lifestyle does not allow any minute to go waste. This paper presents two ideas that will help in managing traffic issues and ultimately gives a new direction to the traffic management. First- CCTV camera synchronised with traffic light. The on off timing of the traffic light is managed according to the traffic on the road. Second-The CCTV camera will be integrated with the street lights(preferably the ones near the junction) which will give a specific light(say, red) whenever the camera detects there is a jam ahead, thus helping a vehicle to avoid that path and take other possible routes.

73-78

Authors: N. SAI BABU

Life Insurance is conceptual and intangible in its nature and it is not understood by majority of the Indian population. Attitude exploration plays a vital role in the segment of insurer, who usually knows that insurance is not bought and it has to be sold. There is a lot of gap among the attitudes of insurers and agents, which creates a lot of problems for agents and vice-versa. Understanding different segment people attitude is a very tough job indeed. There is a need of variety strategies which should be stratified in to different segments and afterwards can be formed and implemented at field level. Promotional activities and agents of life insurance companies is all about to inform, bringing awareness, develop belief, to reinforce trust etc. in the minds of the consumers by using tools such as advertising, public relations, displays, word of mouth, sales promotion, personal selling etc. Promotion bring positive attitude or may cause negative attitude so knowing the feelings of respondents found essential. This paper presents different attitudinal conflict issues related to consumers and agents and its impact on consumers and vice versa. It also suggests some remedial strategies to recover from the attitudinal conflicts.

89-96

Authors: R. DHANEESH1, V. T. R. VIJAYA KUMAR2 & R. V. SIVA BALAN3

Employee’s stress has increasingly become an anxiety for many organizations. Although it has been created a steady turn over in all sectors, it is quite huge in IT industry. Several researchers have pointed out a variety of factors that may scale back the negative impacts of occupational stress. The proposed framework is based on Job Demand Resource model (JDR model) to reduce negative impacts on occupational stress of software professionals which act as a primary level intervention. Providing necessary resources and fixing demands depending upon the skill discretion of an individual can help to avoid some kind of depression initially and mitigate negative impacts within the task. The result states that work resource and skill variety are inversely proportional to occupational stress, where as work demand is directly proportional to occupational stress. The consolidated degree of relationship between considered variables with the scope of reducing occupational stress is said to be the moderator called “Moderators for Satisfaction”.

101-106

Authors: K. V. NAGESWARA REDDY1 & B. VENKATA KRISHNA REDDY2

This paper attempts to share the learnings of an action research project aimed at improving the livelihoods of Indian society. The project has adopted a research on output of resources and their support to livelihood of society. The output provides purchasing power and creates business. Developing business with low subsidies and investment provides affordable prices of commodities and living standards of society. All these increases domestic productivity develops economy and controls inflation.

119-126

Authors: NITHILA VINCENT

Values are commonly regarded as the most deeply rooted, abstract formulations of how and why consumers behave as they do. Values exert a major influence on the consumer’s decision making in any situation where a conflict of choice exists. This paper throws insight upon the value perceptions and value orientations of young adult consumers in Bangalore, India. The variables under study are ten values adapted from Kahle’s List of Values- LOV (1983). The total sample for the present study is 1478 respondents who are young adults in the age group 18-25 years residing in Bangalore, India. The paper also analyses the influence of gender and regional background on the value orientations of young adult consumers. Information regarding the personal values that are important to the target market, which influences their purchase behaviour, would be valuable to the manufacturers and the marketers in the product design, development, positioning and advertisement decisions.

133-136

Authors: ARNAB BANERJEE

Economic and financial difficulties, changing technology develops the world wise competition. For ideal firm to develop capability, the important approach was producing innovative standard and create things renowned. For recognizing and utilizing chances, an ideal firm looks like to perceive some troubles. Gertz and Baptista (1996) stated that the firm comes out with enough resources for chances seeking and chances development is more harmful. To develop the firm presentation and advance innovative chances commercial private enterprises plays very important role. Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) management main approach was connecting individuals or group of individuals with present association. For new organization it’s generates an enhanced idea and provide modernization and create things renowned. Various characteristics of top-down procedure are to generate and intent corporate modification, regeneration elasticity during administration disposition towards positive risk performance was believed by canvassers. Inside the private enterprise, the current stage of an organization can be available. Various features of entrepreneurial activities are shown across the managerial levels considered by canvassers. Approach of research looks into various vertical managerial stages is desirable to realize the appropriate value and much victories of an association. The important reason of this study is the organization differentiates between industrial actions which are set off top-down plan, and the workforce of organization follows bottom-up actions. The main variation between top-down and bottom-up set off industrial behavior is essential to recognize the various outline environment for industrial performance of both organization and employee level. For entrepreneurship, various CE conditions are frequently used exchange ably found by researchers. Entrepreneurs define as, for the enhancement of creative projects workforce have a thought about accountability.

9-22

Authors: Adolphus J. Toby & Deborah B. Peterside

This study analyzes the role of banks in financing the agriculture and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria from 1981 – 2010. Data were generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (2010) and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential techniques. Two multiple regression models were estimated using the Software Package for social Sciences (SPSS). The tolerance values are greater than zero in the estimated models. The absence of multicollinearity among the independent variables (IVs) is further supported by an engenval that is less than 0.5. The descriptive results show that Nigeria’s commercial and merchant banks lagged behind in financing agriculture when compared to manufacturing. Average bank credit to agriculture, within the period, ranged between 9.0% and 10.1%. Average bank credit to the manufacturing sector ranged between 32.0% and 36.8%. Within the period, average contribution of agriculture to GDP was 33.5% while contribution of the manufacturing sector to GDP averaged 5.4%. The inferential results show a significantly weak correlation between commercial bank lending and the contribution of agriculture to GDP. However, there is a significantly positive correlation between merchant bank lending and agricultural contribution to GDP. The beta coefficient shows that agricultural contribution to GDP increased significantly by 48.22% with a 100% increase in merchant bank lending to agriculture. With a 100% increase in commercial bank lending, the contribution of manufacturing to GDP declined by 27.32%. However, the contribution of the manufacturing sector to GDP increased by 40.08% as merchant bank lending to manufacturing increased by 100%. There is also a significantly inverse correlation between commercial bank lending and manufacturing contribution to GDP. The model R2 shows that 23.04% of the variation in agricultural contribution to GDP is explained by an increase in bank lending to the sector. It also shows that 18.75% of the variation in manufacturing contribution to GDP is explained by a change in aggregate lending. The results, however, indicate that the role of banks in facilitating the contribution of the agriculture and manufacturing sectors to economic growth is still significantly limited. The rise of numerous public intervention funding programs in these sectors is evidence of the lagging banking intermediation. The growing risk aversion of Nigerian banks is indicative of the liquidity and funding shortages in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Monetary policy should, therefore, emphasize mandatory sectoral allocation of credit with appropriate incentives to boost the flow of bank credit to these sectors.

33-42

Authors: Ljupco Davcev & Nikolas Hourvouliades

The global economy crisis confirmed the need for development of the production sector in FYROM as a key element for decreasing the trade deficit. The effects of the crisis show that FYROM does not have economic structure capable for development without inflow of foreign capital. The question whether FYROM economic structure is compatible to current level of development and whether the country has sustainable economic development in the last ten to fifteen years should be answered negatively. In fact, the last economic crisis confirmed that the development model that FYROM applied is not sustainable. Although the privatization process finished, the private ownership and liberalization do not show the expected effects. The companies are not competitive in the international markets, and did not start to create new productive jobs in manufacturing and export oriented sectors. On a macro level, there has been a development model based on fixed exchange rate of the domestic currency and weak economy, chronic trade deficit and reliance on the foreign capital inflow. Obviously, the economic model should be changed. FYROM needs radical change of the economic policy, with fast restructuring of the economy and new economic and legal conditions for investments in manufacturing and other export-oriented economy sectors. All these should be done parallel to general development of infrastructure and human resources. In order to start the investment cycle, which will invoke faster economic development, there is a need for change in the economic structure, which can be analyzed by the structure of GDP, as the main macroeconomic aggregate in the economy.

53-62

Authors: Miniar Ben Ammar Sghari & Sami Hammami

For any developed country, an increase in the proportion of the elderly entails an increase in per capita health care expenditure. This is undoubtly true, given that individual health care expenditure is an increasing function of age. But what is the magnitude of this effect in comparison with other drivers of health care expenditures? In this paper, we use micro data to evaluate the respective effects of demographic change, changes in morbidity and changes in practices on the growth in health expenditure that occurred in developed countries. In addition, the distribution of health care expenditure over different age groups is analysed. The study shows that changes in population aging account for barely 13% of the total increase in health care expenditure and that it is the combined effect of changes in population aging plus the faster increase in health care expenditure per capita in older age groups that governs the development of an increasing concentration of health care expenditure to older age groups.

71-76

Authors: Mohammad Aslam Khan

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Because the purpose of business is to create a customer, the business enterprise has two – and only two – basic functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs.-"Peter Drucker" Difference between Entrepreneurship and Innovation An entrepreneur is a person who starts a new business. That's not necessarily innovative, but it can create new jobs and new wealth, so it is valuable. Sometimes, entrepreneurs create new businesses based on new ideas, either inventions or new innovations. However, a person running a McDonald's is also an entrepreneur, but not necessarily innovative. Innovation can happen in any organization, of any size. An innovation is a new idea that is put into valuable or profitable action. Innovation is a part of our daily life. An innovation can be created by an inventor who then licenses her invention to others to commercialize, or commercializes the concept herself as a small business person - in this case as an entrepreneur. An innovation can (and often is) created by a large organization to disrupt an existing market space or create an entirely new market (the iPod or Flip Video recorder are two good.

85-98

Authors: Ed. Priyadharshini & S. Sam Santhosh

Foreign direct investment in retail sectors is a burning issue in all parts of our country. Retail shops are more in south side of Tamil Nadu state and there is more families depend upon this retail shops as their only source. There are many shoppers doing retail for generations.