Advances in Human Biology

17-21

Authors: Pankaj Mishra, Manas Gupta, Kriti Shrivastava, Neha Singh, Pushpraj Singh.

Background: Body piercing is a cultural practice or tradition in various civilizations dating back to antiquity. In recent years, body piercing has become increasingly fashionable for purely esthetic reasons and the practice cuts across all sectors of society. The emergence of oral tattoos especially among young adults is of concern to dental and medical professionals because of the risks and complications for oral, dental and general health. Intraoral piercings involve the tongue, while perioral piercings involve the lips, the cheeks and to a lesser extent the uvula and the frenum. Education is a primary method to intercept or prevent risky behavior of oral piercing and dental professionals have a major role in providing guidance about pe¬rioral /oral modification.

32-38

Authors: Parul Aneja, Pradeep Shukla, Col. MSM Biir, Suruchi Hans, Vikas Aneja, Amrit Padda.

Aim: Various techniques like cultural methods, Immunofluorescence and ELISA have largely been used for studies of microbial ecology. But nowdays PCR is used as a diagnostic tool that can detect even small numbers of periodontal pathogens with a high degree of accuracy. In this study, the quantity of periodontal pathogens (P.gingivalis, T.denticola, T.forsythia and A.actinomycetemcomitans) in saliva, preoperatively and postoperatively after scaling and root planing was compared by using multiplex PCR test. Materials and Method: Unstimulated saliva of 30 chronic periodontitis patients was taken preoperatively by spitting method in eppendorf vial. After treatment i.e scaling and root planing again saliva of the same patient was taken and sent to the laboratory of Maratha Mandal Dental College, Department of Microbiology, Belgaum, Karnataka for PCR analysis. Results: Quantity of three bacteria (T.d, A.a, P.g) were reduced significantly after scaling and root planing as compared to T.f which did not show statistically significant reduction. Conclusion: Non-surgical therapy like scaling and root planing plays a very important part in treating the patients of chronic periodontitis.

44-48

Authors: Srinivas Nallanchakrava, Radhika Muppa, Silpa Ambati, Shanthan Mettu, Dwitha Animi Reddy, Pratej Kiran.

Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the dermatoglyphic configuration of specially abled and healthy children by comparing the variations that occur in these patterns and evaluating the caries experience associated with it. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study in which dermatoglyphic patterns along with deft and DMFT index was recorded in 100 children of age 6-16 years divided into two groups of 50 each (50-specially abled and 50- normal children). Results: Statistical analysis was done using MANN-WHITNEY U test. Specially abled children showed increased number of loop configurations compared to healthy children and high caries risk children in both the groups showed increased number of arches and decrease in the number of whorls with no statistical significance (P > 0.005). Conclusion: With further research in this field, dermatoglyphic patterns can prove to be an effective diagnostic tool in diagnosis of diseases with a genetic cause.

56-65

Authors: Juliet Josephi, Kranthi K Reddy, Hema Seshan, Vikram Reddy, Jagadish Reddy, Mahipal Nera, Madhusudhana Rao

Aim: Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft (DFDBA) has repeatedly demonstrated significant improvements in soft and hard clinical tissue parameters for the treatment of intraosseous periodontal defects. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has the primary effect of a mitogen, initiating cell division. It was shown that osteoblasts proliferate in response to PDGF alone or with the addition of a progression factor to induce mitosis. However there is no evidence to evaluate whether a combination of PRP and DFDBA-Allograft enhances the clinical outcome compared to treatment with DBM mixed with saline solution. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes obtained with the combination of PRP and DFDBA to those obtained with DFDBA mixed with saline solution in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. Materials and Method: This study was carried out for a period of 12 months. 20 intrabony defects in 10 patients were divided into experimental and control sites. The experimental sites were debrided and grafted with a combination of Platelet Rich Plasma and DFDBA-Allograft. The control sites were debrided and grafted with DFDBA-Allograft with saline. Probing depth, clinical attachment level and gingival margin position were recorded at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Standardized radiographs were also documented at these recalls. Results: On completion of 12 months, the DFDBA + PRP sites had significantly lower mean PD (7.0 mm versus 2.10 mm; P <0.003) and CAL (7.0mm versus 1.90 mm; P <0.003) compared to the DFDBA+saline sites. At 12months, there was no significant difference between the study groups for mean gingival margin position (P >0.05). Conclusion: Overall, both therapies led to significant improvements of the investigated parameters. The combination of PRP and DFDBA-Allograft was more effective in terms of improving clinical parameters than DFDBA-Allograft alone. There is a need for further long term controlled studies evaluating the adjunctive benefits of a combination of PRP and DFDBA-Allograft as compared to DFDBA-Allograft alone in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects.

72-77

Authors: Neha Agarwal, Umang Agarwal, Swati Katiyar, Shubhi Gupta

Aim: The objective of this in vivo study was to compare the amount of bacterial colonization associated with metal, self-ligating and ceramic orthodontic brackets . Materials and Method: The study was done on 30 orthodontic patients who were randomly divided in to three groups. Group I bonded with metal brackets wire ligated with steel ligature , Group II bonded with self-ligating brackets and Group III bonded using ceramic brackets wire ligated with elastomeric module. Amount of bacterial colonization was evaluated from right of the maxillary dental arch at day 1 and at day 21, the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial count was then compared. Result: ANOVA test for anaerobic and aerobic log bacterial count showed significant difference between group I, group II and group III observations at 5% level of significance at day 21. Conclusion: The result of this in vivo study concluded that higher bacterial colonization was associated with ceramic brackets ligated with elastomeric modules followed by metal brackets ligated with steel ligatures and comparatively less microbial growth was observed in self - ligating brackets.

88-92

Authors: Rani Somani, Shipra Jaidka, Deepti Jawa Singh, Gurleen Kaur Sibal

Aim: To evaluate shear bond strength of conventional Type II glass ionomer cement with triclosan incorporated Type II glass ionomer cement. Materials and Method: Forty extracted non-carious permanent molars were taken. Triclosan incorporated glass ionomer cement was prepared at a concentration of 2.5%. Specimens were divided into two groups of twenty teeth each. Group A was restored with conventional GIC whereas Group B with triclosan incorporated GIC. Thermocycling was done to simulate oral conditions. After 24 hours Groups A and B were checked for shear bond strength using Instron Universal testing Machine at crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min until fracture. Results were recorded. Results: Data was statistically analyzed by student’s t-test. Shear bond strength of triclosan incorporated GIC was higher than conventional GIC. Conclusion: Triclosan incorporated GIC can be considered as an alternative to conventional GIC with enhanced antibacterial property.

5-13

Authors: Dhruv Yadav, Divyaroop Rai, Vikas Gill, Akrati Dosi, Abhilasha Choudhary.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to examine the changes in dimension of pharyngeal airway spaces (PAS) and hyoid bone position after surgery in class II and class III skeletal malocclusion. Methods: This study included 50 patients of class II and class III skeletal and dental malocclusion who had undergone orthognathic surgery. The pre and post treatment lateral cephalograms were taken to calculate upper and lower air way spaces and position of hyoid bone was also measured before and after the surgery. Results: Changes in upper and lower airway spaces and alteration in the location of hyoid bone was seen in Class II cases only. Conclusion: Maintaining of lower air way spaces in surgical class III cases of mandibular set back and position of hyoid bone is very important.

18-24

Authors: Sameer V Savaliya, Manish B Shah, Pooja N Patel, Margi R. Patel.

Aim: In office bleaching has gained popularity in recent times as one of the most efficient and cost effective technique for treatment of discoloured teeth. Aim of this study was to evaluate the bleaching efficiency of two different In office bleaching materials and the efficacy of light on the shade change. Materials and Methods: 24 patients were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups. Treatment involved application of 40% H2O2 (Opalescence Boost, Ultradent, US), 35% H2O2 (Whiteness HP Maxx, FGM Dental Products, Brasil) with and without using LED Bleaching light. Evaluation of shade change was done subjectively (Vita Classical shade guide) as well as using spectrophotometer (Vita Easy shade). Results: Statistical analysis of data revealed that there was no significant difference among the two bleaching materials with or without the use of light, but a significant difference was observed when bleaching with light was compared to bleaching without light. Conclusion: The use of light enhances the bleaching efficiency of in office beaching gels irrespective of the concentration.

34-38

Authors: Meghna Amin, Rupal Mehta, Shilpa Duseja, Khushboo Desai.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of commercially available nano-hydroxyapaptite paste as a desensitizing agent. Materials & Methods: The study included 30 subjects complaining of dentinal hypersensitivity. After prophylactic scaling & root planing, patients were instructed to brush with the given commercially available nano-hydroxyapatite paste twice a day. A numeric rating scale was used to measure the parameter of pain related to the stimuli at the baseline and after the application of gel at the intervals of 24 hours, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. Results: There was remarkable decrease in the dentinal hypersensitivity at the end of 6 months. Intragroup comparisons at various time intervals were significant (p<0.0001). The mean pain score at the end of 6 months was 3.00 +/- 0.468 from 7.93 +/- 0.248 at the baseline. Conclusion: Hence, commercially available nano-hydroxyapatite paste is effective in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity.

43-47

Authors: Seema D Bargale, Shital Kiran DP.

Background: Twinned or geminated teeth may cause spacing, caries, aesthetic and periodontal problems which are usually seen in the anterior region. Various treatment methods can be used for correction of double teeth according to the demands of the condition. This article reports bilateral fused maxillary incisor teeth. The fused right side incisor was separated by hemisection and remaining mesial incisal margin was built using composite. Further, comprehensive orthodontic treatment was done to align the anterior maxillary teeth.

52-55

Authors: Rohan Bhatt, Bhavna Dave, Megha Sheth.

Background: The term Riga-Fede disease has been used historically to describe traumatic ulceration that occurs on the ventral surface of tongue in neonates and infants. It is most often associated with natal and neonatal teeth in newborns. A case of Riga-Fede disease is presented here.

60-64

Authors: Arvind K Shetty, Pooja Wadkar.

Background: Pyogenic granuloma is primarily a reactive tumour like overgrowth seen in the oral cavity caused due to irritation, physical trauma or hormonal factors. Pyogenic granuloma is not an infectious but a reactive lesion, and causes functional and esthetic challenges. This case report describes the occurrence of multiple pyogenic granulomas; a rare entity; in the oral cavity of a 35 year old female patient. Diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic granuloma is important to prevent its recurrence. Based on clinical findings and histopathological reports a proper diagnosis was achieved and the multiple lesions were treated using a minimally invasive technique of excision using a diode laser.

71-74

Authors: George Francis, Paul Kariyatty, Joseph lijo, Mathew M Alani, Pramod PS, Donny Philip Varughese.

Background: Prosthetic reconstruction of partial maxillectomy defects is a challenging procedure that requires multidisciplinary expertise to achieve an acceptable function, speech and esthetics. This procedure improves the quality of life for the patient as a normal individual. Obturation of the defect depends on its volume and position of remaining hard and soft tissues which determine the retention, stability and support for the prosthesis. The prosthesis should be simple to handle, easy to maintain, biocompatible, light in weight and convenient for future adjustments. This case report describes a clinical case of partial maxillectomy which was successfully rehabilitated with a definitive closed hollow bulb obturator and cast metal denture base.

7-9

Authors: Rachna Kaul, Shilpa PS.

Background: Intra oral periapical radiographs remain the backbone of diagnostic assessment of dento-facial pathologies. However, in some clinical situation like in developmentally disabled individuals, those with an exaggerated gag reflex, pediatric dental patients and anxious dental patients, it may be very difficult to obtain an intra-oral periapical radiograph of diagnostic quality. In such situations, extra oral periapical radiographs are very useful. They are obtained by placing a sensor outside the oral cavity and then making the radiographic exposure using a digital X ray machine for intra oral radiographs. The radiation dose in this technique is much lesser as compared to panoramic radiographs. This article reviews the technique, advantages, disadvantages and indications of extra oral periapical radiographs.

21-25

Authors: Bhavin Patel, Samir Shah, Santosh Kumar.

Aim: Gingivitis is a common periodontal condition affecting most of the population of the world. Beneficial results have been achieved by researchers with use of antibiotics as an adjunct to phase I therapy. This study was done to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of Ornidazole containing gel as an adjunct to scaling in comparison with scaling alone. Materials and Method: Total 30 subjects of both the sexes diagnosed with chronic generalized gingivitis were recruited for the study. A split mouth study was conducted where scaling was done on the control site & scaling along with Ornidazole gel application was done on the test site. Modified gingival index and plaque index were recorded at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Results: This clinical study showed statistically significant improvement in gingival status of all the patients. For both the groups significant difference in mean score (0.52) of modified gingival index was observed but there was no significant difference in mean plaque score between two sites. Conclusion: The result showed that scaling alone can improve the gingival status; however additional benefits can be obtained when antimicrobial gel is used as an adjunctive therapy.

31-36

Authors: Pranav Vanajassun P, MS Nivedhitha, NT Nishad, Dona Soman.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) to the conventional Glass-Ionomer Cement (GIC) on its antibacterial and selective mechanical properties. Materials and Methods: Conventional posterior glass ionomer restorative cement- Fuji IX was used as the control group (control-GIC). Experimental group was prepared by incorporating zinc oxide nano particles of size <50nm into the powder of Fuji IX at 3% W/W concentration with P/L ratio 3.6:1. The antibacterial activity of the set material against Streptococcus mutans was assessed using the agar diffusion test. The compressive strength and shear bond strength were measured using the Universal testing machine. Data was analyzed using Independent T test. Results: Experimental group showed significant increase in antibacterial properties for both set and unset specimens. Incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles has no significant difference over the mechanical properties of set Glass Ionomer Cement. Conclusion: The study showed significant increase in antibacterial property of set GIC with ZnO nanoparticles without modifying the mechanical properties. Thus incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles in glass ionomer cement can be considered as a better alternative to conventional GIC.

44-47

Authors: Kush Pathak, Madhusudan Ashtekar, Rashmi Metgud, Suruchi Tekade, Sandeep Jain, Satyajit Tekade.

Aim: Regarding the high prevalence of hyperlpidaemia, which is one of the major risk factors of cardiovascular disease and uncertain reports about the relation between periodontal disease and serum lipid profile, this study was conducted to assess the relation. Materials and Methods: The cohort study was conducted on 45 cases including 30 persons with chronic periodontitis as case group, and 15 healthy subjects as control group. Both groups had same age and weight ranges, sex and diet, without any periodontal treatment history in the past six months, underlying systemic disease such as diabetes, anti-hyperlipidemic drugs or active tobacco smoking history. Low density lipoprotein (LDL), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol levels (CHOL) were measured by direct enzymatic assay. Results: TG level was 116.713+/-30.485 mg/dl in control group and 166.197+/-69.332 in case group (P = <0.001). In control group, LDL was 90.347+/-21.565 and in case group, 105.813+/-19.197, which presents a significantly higher level (P=<0.01) in case group. Other serum level indices also showed highly significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The study along with other studies till date has provided evidence that periodontal disease has a causal link to atherosclerosis. Further research must be conducted to definitively establish the role of periodontal disease in the etiology of atherosclerosis.

54-59

Authors: Rohan Bhatt, Applu Bhatt, Dhruva Gurjar, Lipee Dave.

Aim: The next decade of dentistry is speculated to see unparalled advances in the field of stem cell tissue engineering. The discovery of stem cells in the pulp of deciduous teeth raised intriguing possibility of using dental pulp stem cells for various life threatening disorders. This novel therapy has been proved to be a huge scope in dentistry and currently has large-scale clinical applications. The WHO recommends dentists should encourage following evidence based literature in order to educate patients about the collection, storage and use of stem cells. There is a need to assess graduating dental care professionals, which would help in understanding awareness on this topic. Materials and Methods: Four dental colleges from Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar districts participated in the study. A structured questionnaire containing 13 questions was prepared and distributed to the participants. Data was analyzed after all the participants submitted their questionnaire. Results: Out of 372 students, 231 reverted back for the study. Majority of the graduating interns were ignorant about the canine being the best deciduous tooth for the extraction of stem cells. 24.84 % students believed dental pulp stem cells as best source for therapeutic use whereas almost 30% considered as bone marrow or umbilical cord. Majority of participants had no idea regarding the optimal root length to get the vital stem cells post extraction. Conclusion: Updating ourselves in medical profession is key to clinical success. In recent years due to influence of media, patients have become aware of latest innovations in medical and dental science. Therefore it has become necessary for the dental professionals to keep themselves updated to new world of dentistry.

64-68

Authors: Nikunj Bhuva, Rupal Mehta, Shilpa Duseja, Khushboo Desai

Background: Significant changes in bone volume and morphology following tooth extraction can make implant rehabilitation very difficult and these changes increase as the time from extraction to implant placement increases. The extraction socket preservation technique conserves the alveolar architecture and prevents hard and soft tissue collapse that minimizes the necessity for future augmentation procedures. Many techniques have been discovered for socket preservation which allows the dentist to place the implant in extraction sites that were thought to be compromised. Recently, to reinstate alveolar bone loss and to support efficient placement of dental implants many different bone substitute such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, synthetic biomaterials and osteoactive agents have been proposed. The aim of this case report was to evaluate the aptitude of bioactive glass with collagen membrane in the socket preservation for the development of ideal future implant site.

72-76

Authors: Rajasekhar V, Gautam NS, Narsimha Rao VV, Srinivas Kumar CH.

Background: Perforations represent pathologic or iatrogenic communications between the root canal space and the attachment apparatus. Root perforations are significant complications to endodontic treatment and, if not detected and treated properly, the breakdown of the periodontium may ultimately lead to loss of the tooth. Iatrogenic root perforations are the second most common reason for endodontic failure. As a repair material for perforation, MTA is considered to be gold standard. Complete clinical and radiographic examination and adequate knowledge of the morphology of the teeth is necessary for successful clinical outcome.

3-8

Authors: Sareen Duseja Dipti Shah Kalpesh Vaishnav Shilpa Duseja Santosh Kumar Khushboo Desai

Aim: This study was done to evaluate the accuracy of dies obtained after pouring different elastomeric impression materials in different viscosities using dual arch/ triple trays. Materials and Method: Tooth preparation was done on mandibular left first molar in a typodont. Fifty impressions each of condensation silicon (putty and light body), vinyl polysiloxane (putty and light body), monophase vinyl polysiloxane and monophase polyether were made in dual arch/triple trays. These impressions were poured in Type IV gypsum. The buccolingual width of the prepared tooth was calculated and was compared with the dies prepared using stereomicroscope. The data was subjected to ANOVA test. Results: The dies obtained from impressions made with monophase vinyl polysiloxane in triple trays were most accurate followed by monophase polyether, condensation silicon (putty and light body) and vinyl polysiloxane (putty and light body). Conclusion: Triple trays when used in conjunction with proper impression material and technique may prove to be a simplified yet accurate method of impression making.

14-21

Authors: Chintan Joshi, Mahendra Patel, Parth Desai, Pathik Patel

Aim: To determine the influence of nanocomposites such as nanofilled, nanoceramic and fibre reinforced composite restorative systems on the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars with Class II mesio-occlusodistal (MOD) cavities. Materials and Method: Eighty sound maxillary human premolars were divided into four groups of 20 teeth each. Teeth in the first group were left intact (unprepared) and tested as positive controls. Teeth in the remaining three groups were prepared with MOD cavities and were restored with a nanofilled composite (Ice), a nanoceramic composite (CeramX mono) and a fibre reinforced composite (Tetric N Flow & CeramX mono). All groups were stored in water at 37°C for 24 hours and thermocycled and then tested in universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was done by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Results between each group were statistically significant (P> 0.05) except between nanoceramic and fibre reinforced composite system. Conclusion: Under compressive load testing, all restored teeth had lower cuspal fracture resistance than unprepared control teeth. Nanoceramic showed the highest mean cuspal fracture resistance while nanofilled showed the least and fibre reinforced composite proved to be a true tooth reinforcing agent.

32-39

Authors: Akash Azad, Niraj Kinariwala, Rupal Vaidya, Shraddha Chokshi

Aims: To investigate amongst endodontists the incidence of percutaneous injuries, the circumstances associated with them, the therapeutic measures taken after the injuries and their compliance with infection control measures. Materials and Method: Information on percutaneous injuries and infection control practices were gathered from one hundred and forty endodontists through a questionnaire form. Data was analysed using independent samples t-test. The level of significance was set at p≤0.05. Results: Endodontic files were associated with 66% of the injuries and fingers were injured in 75% of the most recent cases. Medical assistance was sought in 36% of the most recent injuries. Endodontists, who always or usually practiced 4-handed endodontics (p≤0.007) as well as those not performing surgical endodontics (p≤0.007) reported significantly fewer injuries. In 91% of the participants, a complete hepatitis B virus vaccination was reported. Gloves, Double gloves, Long sleeve labcoat and puncture-resistant containers for disposal of sharp instruments were always used by 92.6%, 58%, 19% and 63.4% of the respondents respectively. Conclusion: The practice of four-handed endodontics was associated with reduced number of percutaneous injuries but the performance of surgical endodontics increased their incidence. Also the endodontists showed a high level of compliance with infection control measures.

45-49

Authors: Kruti A Shah, Hemal R Brahmkshatriya, Rushit J Patel, Mansi H Brahmkshatriya

Aim: Oral Leukoplakia is considered commonest precancerous white lesion affecting oral mucosa. There are several medicinal and surgical options available to treat the lesion. Scalpel removal of the lesion leads to scar formation and pain along with bleeding at the time of surgery. Removal with Laser is another option for managing leukoplakia. There are very few studies present with removal of leukoplakia using Diode Laser. This study was undertaken to clinically and histopathologically evaluate the efficacy of Diode Laser in leukoplakia. Materials and Method: Six patients, 5 male (84%) and 1 female (16%) with leukoplakia were treated with Diode laser (980nm) at 3 - 4 watts. Patients on steroid therapy or immune-suppressants and suffering from any other chronic debilitating diseases were excluded from the study. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was applied for assessing the p-Value for statistical analysis. Result: After one month, the patients were examined for normal clinical healing of the site. For more confirmation, re-biopsy was done and result showed normal tissue healing except in one patient (16%). Only one patient (16%) developed pain, swelling, fibrosis and recurrence. Conclusion: It was concluded that laser provides good coagulation, healing, reduces surgical time and prevents high-grade infection.

57-64

Authors: Pinojj, Arvind Shetty, Devanand Shetty, Sanyuktha Shetty

Aim: A considerable number of agents are effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. This3 month randomized clinical trial compares a dentifrice containing Calcium Sodium Phosphosilicate, Nanoparticle Hydroxyapatite and Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calicium Phosphate. Materials and Method: Eighty teeth were selected in each group. The volunteers selected at baseline had a history of dentin hypersensitivity caused by gingival recession or after scaling and root planing. Patients were evaluated for dentin hypersensitivity using visual analog score and Schiff test. Patients were required to have a visual analog scale score of ‡2 to be included in the study. After sensitivity scores for controlled air stimulus and cold water at baseline were recorded, subjects were given toothpastes randomly and sensitivity scores were measured again at 2nd week, 4th week, 2nd month and 3rd month. Results: All three groups showed reduction in sensitivity scores at 2weeks, 4 weeks and at 3 months for air stimulus and cold water. The nanoparticle hydroxyapatite group was found to be significantly better in reducing the visual analog scale score as well as Schiff test score and at any time point for both measures of sensitivity. Conclusion: The Nanoparticle Hydroxyapatite group showed comparable reduction in the symptoms of dentin.

69-73

Authors: Dipti Shah, Kalpesh Vaishnav, Sareen Duseja, Saloni Naik

Background: Acquired facial defects caused by extirpation of neoplasms, congenital malformations or traumatic injury results in a huge functional, cosmetic and psychological handicap in those patients. These defects can be restored by facial prosthesis using different materials and retention methods to achieve a life-like appearance and function. This clinical report describes a treatment schedule using mechanically retained poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin nasal prosthesis for a patient who has undergone a partial rhinectomy due to squamous cell carcinoma of the nose. The prosthesis was made to restore the esthetic appearance of patient with mechanically retained spectacle glass frame prosthesis without any prosthetic adhesives so that the patient is more comfortable and confident to resume daily activities.

78-80

Authors: Parthvi Patel, Prasad Muley

Background: The Sturge Weber syndrome (SWS) or Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis is a congenital, non-hereditary rare condition of unknown etiology. The classic pathognomonic features of disease include angioma of the leptomeninges extending to cerebral cortex with ipsilateral angiomatous lesions, unilateral facial nevus usually affecting one division of trigeminal nerve and convulsions. Here, a case of 4 year old male child who presented with congenital skin lesions, convulsions and glaucoma that was diagnosed as type I SWS is being reported.

7-12

Authors: Anantha Reddy, Vijay Prasad Koganti, Parth Satwalekar, Sudharshan Reddy, Ramaswamy Reddy, N Sandeep

Aim: The acrylic resin material is an indispensable material in removable prosthodontics. There has been continuous search to reduce processing time and enhance physical properties such as strength deformation. Fracture of acrylic resin is an unresolved problem in removable prosthodontics. Numerous attempts have been made to determine its causes. The present study was done to compare the fracture resistance of acrylic resin denture base reinforced with steel strengtheners. Materials and Methods: To measure the fracture resistance of heat cure acrylic resin, a total of 45 specimens were prepared and divided into 3 categories: Group1: No strengtheners, Group 2: Thin gauge strengtheners and Group 3: Thick gauge (0.6 mm X 7 mm). All the samples prepared were of specific dimensions i.e. 55 mm in length, 22 mm in width and 3 mm in thickness as a means for standardization. The flexural strength of the samples was recorded using a universal testing machine and the data obtained was statistically analysed. The statistical analysis was done by calculating the average and standard deviation for each parameter used in the study. To find out the significant difference between different concentrations and different time intervals unpaired ‘t’ test was performed. Here ‘p’ and‘t’ value is used to evaluate the fracture resistance. Results: Acrylic samples with steel strengtheners fared better when compared to those without steel strengtheners. Thick gauge strengtheners were found to be more resistant to fracture. The difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: The incorporation of thick steel strengtheners few millimetres apart and perpendicular to anticipated line of fracture will produce significant resistance to flexure and reduce the likelihood of fracture of the acrylic resin denture base.

20-25

Authors: A Radhika Reddy, Vijay Prasad Koganti

Aim: To compare shear bond strength and surface structure between acid etching and air-abrasion techniques Materials and Methods: Sixty three extracted human premolar teeth were taken, divided into three groups and mounted with color codings. Group l was acid etched with 37% phosphoric acid. Group ll and lll –air abrasion was done with 50µ & 90µ Al2O3 particles respectively. After enamel preparation, from each group one tooth was selected for surface roughness study by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The other sixty teeth were selected to evaluate shear bond strength by Instron universal testing machine. Results: Group I showed significantly higher shear bond strength (10.1± 3.6 Mpa) than Group II and Group III. In SEM study Group l etching pattern showed peripheral dissolution of the prisms. The enamel removal of Group ll was more regular, uniform and less as compared to Group lll. Adhesive remnant index showed that no adhesive material was left on the tooth surface of Group ll & lll as compared to Group l after debonding. Conclusion: From the present study it was concluded that air abrasion can be used as an adjunct to acid etching but by itself it is not a potent enamel preparation agent.

31-36

Authors: Asha M Rathod, Omkar K Shetty, Sameer R Gharat, Raina Dsouza

Planning and executing the restorative rehabilitation of a decimated dentition is probably one of the most intellectually and technically demanding tasks being faced by a dentist. Full mouth rehabilitation involves restoring the dentate or a partially dentate mouth to provide an orderly pattern of occlusal contact and articulation that will optimize oral function, occlusal stability and esthetics. This case report demonstrates a full mouth rehabilitation of a patient for esthetically and functionally compromised dentition by a recently introduced ‘metal-free’ restoration. The final prosthesis ensured a restoration resulting in predictable posterior disclusion and anterior guidance in harmony with the condylar path.

41-43

Authors: GV Reddy, GS Prasada Reddy, CN Sreenivas, I Venkata Krishna, K Dinesh Sharma

Multiple impacted teeth by itself is a rare condition and often found in association with syndromes. A rare case of multiple impacted mandibular anterior teeth in which no syndrome or systemic conditions are associated is being reported.

51-55

Authors: Sanyuktha Shetty, Arvind Shetty, Devanand Shetty, Suyog Dharmadikari

Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis is a rare hereditary condition that has no definite cause. The pathogenesis of gingival fibromatosis is still unknown but an increase in proliferation of the gingival fibroblasts as well as increased collagen synthesis may be involved. In modern times, a mutation in the son of sevenless-1 (SOS-1) gene has been suggested as a possible cause of isolated (non-syndromic) gingival fibromatosis, but no definite linkage has been established. A twenty four year old patient presented with gingival enlargement since one year. Based on clinical and radiographic examination, laboratory tests, and thorough oral hygiene instructions, an external bevel gingivectomy was performed to remove excess gingival tissue. There was recurrence within two months following the surgery. The exact cause of the gingival enlargement was not identified, although amelioration of the fibrotic, enlarged gingiva was observed which recurred within two month after performing conventional gingivectomy. Recurrence of gingival fibromatosis in such patients can also be attributed to genetic predisposition.