Atatürk University Journal of Agricultural Faculty (Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi)

119-125

Authors: Nur ERTEK [1] , Vedat DAĞDEMİR [2] , Atilla KESKİN [3]

In this study, prices of the mandarin producers and consumers and its marketing structure in Turkey were examined. Between 2003 and 2017, production, consumption, foreign trade, price fluctuations, and marketing of the mandarin product were analyzed. The yield of the product in the increased bearer and the production rate increases in Turkey. Based on the current and real prices, the mandarin marketing margins were calculated, while the chain indexes of both producers and consumers were obtained through the current prices. We then compare them with the annual inflation rate in the country. Supply and demand models of the mandarin product were estimated and interpreted statistically. As a result, the real price of diesel and the trend (time) were found to have an impact on the mandarin production amount, while the mandarin consumer real price, orange consumer real price, and national income were determined to be effective on the mandarin consumption amount.

140-144

Authors: Kevser KARAGÖZ [1] , Abdurrahman HANAY [2]

In this study, the effect of bat manure on the some macro element content, pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils was investigated in order to compare with the traditional method of livestockmanure. Both organic materials were applied at increasing doses of 0 (control); 5; 500; 1000; 1500; 2000 kg.da-1 and a wheat plant was used as the experiment plant. The study was carried out in the field of Soil and Water Resources of East Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute (Erzurum) between the years of 2011-2013 and the results were evaluated by LSD multiple comparison test according to the completely randomized block design. When the bat guano and livestock manure results of the study were compared to the control, the highest bat manure dose increased by content of the nitrogen (N) 32%, phosphorus (P) 407%, potassium (K) 61%, pH 3% and cation exchange capacity (CEC) 17% of the soil.

151-158

Authors: Sibel KADIOĞLU [1] , Mustafa TAN [2] , Banu KADIOĞLU [3] , Gökhan TAŞĞIN [4]

This research was planned to determine the performance of some forage pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) genotypes in Erzurum conditions. The study was carried out in the Pasinler Research Station trial areas of the Eastern Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute in 2011, 2012 and 2013. Field experiments were conducted in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. According to the three-year averages; time for flowering was 55.0-62.8 days, time for physiological maturity was 91.6-102.0 days, plant height is 90.3-110.6 cm, green forage yield was 1587.8-2764.5 kg da-1 and seed yield was 145.6-322.0 kg da-1. The highest yield values were determined as 3156 kg da-1 for green forage yield and 283.3 kg da-1 for seed yield in the second year of the experiment and it was determined that there were significant differences between years and genotypes in terms of yield and agricultural characteristics. According to the correlation analysis between yield and yield components; a positive correlation was determined between green forage yield and the number of emergence days, plant height and number of branches, 1% pod number in the plant and 5% significance level, 1% between seed yield and thousand grain weight, 5% significance level in the number of pods. As a result, it is concluded that ecological properties affect yields and different genotypes have different yield potentials. It has been decided that H-13 and H-9 genotypes can be grown in the region without any problems in terms of green forage and seed yield. Among the varieties, because their seeds are easy find, Taskent, Tore, Urunlu and Ozkaynak varieties can be recommended for hay production and Kirazli variety for seed production.

168-175

Authors: Janko KOLAROV [1] , Saliha ÇORUH [2] , İrfan ÇORUH [3]

The objective of this study was to evaluate ichneumonid samples, collected from northeastern Anatolia (Erzurum: Pazaryolu-Kumaşkaya). Samples were collected during the summer period of 2015. Collected 14 species belong to Ichneumoninae, Ophioninae, Orthocentrinae and Pimplinae subfamilies. Cylloceria sylvestris (Gravenhorst, 1829) is new record for the Turkish fauna. Individual diversity, collecting locations, distribution data and short zoogeographical notes are given for each species.

183-189

Authors: Gökhan ARSLAN [1]

In this research; chemical and sensory changes of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) fillets added black cumin oil were examined during 9 days storage period. Chemical (pH, TVB-N and TBARS) and sensory (colour, odour, appearance and general acceptance) analyzes of samples were made in every three days period. According to the results of chemical analysis, TVB-N and TBARS values were lower in the samples with different concentrations of black cumin oil compared to the control group during the storage period. The pH range of all samples was 6.07 (day 0 group D) and 6.39 (day 3 group B). As a result of the sensory evaluations, at least control group (4.25 ± 0.03) samples were accepted by the panelists in terms of general acceptability, while D group (5.00 ± 0.00) samples were liked the most. Sensory analysis results are in line with chemical analysis results.

199-206

Authors: Baki AYDIN [1] , Süleyman AKHAN [2]

In this review, the distribution, biology, feeding, breeding potential and commercial importance of doctor fish (Garra rufa), which have increased in importance in recent years due to the intensive use of ichthyotherapy and fish SPA centers, have been emphasized. The doctor fish, which was first used in 1989 for ichthyotherapy purposes, is used in fish SPA centers for fish massage and pedicure purposes, which are of great interest all over the world today. Due to the increased interest and demand for doctor fish for the purpose of ichthyotherapy and fish massage in the health and tourism sector, cultivation of this species is very important in terms of ensuring the demand through aquaculture and preserving natural fish stocks. Although there are various studies on the distribution, biology and genetics of the doctor fish, it has been observed that there are not enough studies and resources about its breeding. The researches about the culture of doctor fish are very few and these studies are on its thermal tolerance range, the effect of feeding frequency on growth, hormone application and larval feeding. The demand for doctor fish is rapidly increasing in our country and in the world, and this increasing demand is met by import or from natural stocks. For this reason, it is essential that the breeding of doctor fish begins immediately in our country.

1-7

Authors: Nur ERTEK [1] , Okan DEMİR [2] , Atilla KESKİN [3]

In this study, the orange producer and consumer prices and marketing structure in Turkey were examined. Between 2003 and 2017, production, consumption, foreign trade, price fluctuations and marketing were emphasized. The yield with the increase in the number of bearer and the production rate was determined to be an increase in Turkey. According to the current and real prices, the orange margins are calculated and the producer and consumer chain indexes are calculated according to the current prices and compared with the annual inflation rates. Supply and demand models related to orange were estimated and interpreted statistically. As a result, it was determined that the real price of the fertilizer on the orange production quantity and the trend (time) on the orange production amount and the population on the orange consumption amount were effective.

21-31

Authors: Aysun ÇELİK ÇANGA [1]

Salt Lake, located in the Central Anatolia Region, is a prominent lake with its geological structure. The natural values of the salt lake; The source of salt, flora and fauna characteristics, natural landscape quality. Natural resources can be used irreversibly if used over self-renewal power. Determining the goals and strategies for the planning and management of the Tuz Gölü, whose natural structure is under threat and depreciated visually, is a priority issue. The purpose of this research is; Salt lake in Turkey, an important geological heritage area and thus to determine the recreational tourism facilities, tourism and recreation as how to use this field to contribute to topics that will be developed and managed. Research method; It is based on the analysis of the data obtained from the literature research and field study by SWOT method and its evaluation according to the purpose. SWOT analysis is the most important and first step in the creation of plan decisions. SWOT analysis is a method that can be used in many different areas and it has been used as a method in the field of recreational tourism planning. In this study; It is emphasized that the salt lake is an important natural landscape on the global scale with its flora and fauna and it is emphasized that the use of Tuz Gölü is protected. As a result, natural and sensitive landscaping character of this area were determined according to the creative activities and suggestions were developed accordingly.

44-52

Authors: Ömer ERTÜRK [1] , Atilla ŞİMŞEK [2]

Social wasps build their nests in nature by using various organic and inorganic materials. In this study, the total phenolic content, antioxidant potentials based on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity, biochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of Vespa crabro germana Christ, 1791 nest were investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal activity was determined by disc diffusion method against 8 bacteria and 2 fungi species. The ethanol extract of the investigated nest sample showed maximum antimicrobial activities against Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtillis, Micrococcus luteus and Candida albicans. On the other hand, the minimum activities obtained against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aspergillus niger and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Total phenolic content (TPC) of sample extract was analyzed using Folin–Ciocalteu assay and calculated as 0.56 mg gallic acid equivalent/g sample. FRAP value and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract value were determined as 1.94 mg trolox equivalent/g sample and 0.88 mg trolox equivalent/g sample, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the sample was according to solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique and 44 compounds were identified. The presence of these compounds with bioactive potential, add value to investigated sample extract with a pharmaceutical meaning as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral agents and so on. In other words, the antioxidative and antimicrobial potantial of the nest sample could be attributed to presence of these compounds. For this reason, the materials used in the structure of the nests used for breeding by the social wasp are important for the biological activities.

63-68

Authors: Gazi GÖRÜR [1] , Özhan ŞENOL [2] , Hayal AKYILDIRIM BEĞEN [3] , Başak AKYÜREK [4]

Aphids are one of the economically and ecologically most important groups of insects due to their unique reproduction, ecological plasticity and life cycles. Aphid causes directly and indirectly crop loses in plant species by sucking plant phloem and transmitting about 60% of plant viruses. Aphid management applications lead to important economic cost each year that increases importance of early detection and accurate determination of aphid species. Turkey located at the junction of the important continents and passageway of the species. Richness of flora, having large agricultural landscape-diversity, consisting various types of climates, being a geographically diverse large country let Turkey to be attractive for aphid species. Turkey consists of about 12.000 plant species and about 31 % are endemic. Despite these particular features, only about 2% of Turkey aphid fauna, which consist around 570 species, originally recorded from Turkey. Studies about Turkey aphid fauna dated back to beginning of the 1990’s and during last two decades more studies have been conducted. It has been clearly shown that any detailed study carried out by aphid specialist team added non-ignorable number of aphid species to Turkey aphid fauna, recently completed each 3 detailed projects contributed about 10% new records. There are still large unexplored areas waiting for to be studied and also no sufficient database about how much aphid caused agricultural crop loose in Turkey. Recent prediction made by various research group clearly pointed out that current composition does not reflect the real situation of Turkey aphid fauna. Furthermore, recent climatic changes are going to influence both composition and agricultural damage level of the aphid species. There should be more research institutes and coordination between them to find out present composition and clearly emphasize agricultural importance of aphid species in Turkey.

79-87

Authors: Asif SARDAR [1] , Adiqa K. KIANI [2] , Yasemin KUSLU [3] , Abdulbaki BILGIC [4]

Climate change poses a severe threat to agricultural livelihood due to the increased intensity of environmental shocks and weather variability. Livelihood diversification plays an important role to cope with climate variability and diminishing food insecurity. This study investigates the main drivers of livelihood diversification such as crop production, livestock farming, and off-farm income diversification, particularly focusing on the part of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategy and its impact on farm households’ welfare. Data were collected from 420 farmers in 35 villages located in different agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Punjab province, Pakistan. We used the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model to regress a system of equations consists of the crop, livestock, and off-farm income-generating livelihood activities. Estimation shows that crop, livestock and off-farm diversification on average have a positive and significant impact on welfare when farmers adopted it as an adaptation strategy to mitigate the impact of climate change and earned more 9.3 % income than nonadopted farmers. Moreover, positive and significant determinants of assets endowment such as human, physical, natural, social and financial capital confirmed that well-endowed farmers were enabled more to adopt livelihood diversification than other farmers. Based on the findings, we suggest the policy implications regarding the institutional interventions aimed at strengthening the most important livelihood diversification drivers, to support for improving the household strategic assets endowments.

97-108

Authors: Melek ZOR [1] , Memnune ŞENGÜL [2]

In this study, some physical and chemical properties, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of quince fruit and quince jam were searched. The total dry matter, soluble solid, ash and protein content of the fruit were 17,11%, 14%, 0,42% and 0,77% total sugar was 9,52%, total sugar ve sucrose levels were determined as 9,52% and 1,29%. In addition, the fruit contained 11,81 mg/100 g of vitamin C, the total phenolic content was found to be 15,69 μg GAE/mg. The β-carotene bleaching method was used to determine the antioxidant activity at 20%. Jam samples in glass jars and plastic case had been stored at 4±2 °C and 20±2 °C for 6 months were analyzed at 0 (start), 3rd and 6th mounths. Storage temperature was found to be statistically significant (P<0,01) on dry matter, water soluble dry matter, titratable acidity and L value. It was determined that the packaging type was very important (P<0,01) on water soluble dry matter, ash, protein, total sugar, reducing sugar and sucrose amount and it was found to be significantly (P<0,05) on total dry matter amount. When the samples are evaluated in terms of storage period; dry matter, water soluble dry matter, pH, titratable acidity, invert sugar levels, a and b values were found to be statistically significant (P<0,01).

226-230

Authors: Şeyma YİĞİT [1] , İzzet AKÇA [2] , Erol BAYHAN [3] , Selime BAYHAN [4] , Fethullah TEKİN [5] , İslam SARUHAN [6]

One of the major forest pests in Turkey, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), causes serious damage in pine trees. Mechanical and chemical control tactics are applied for management of this pest in forest areas where the chemical control is mostly preferred. However, due to its adverse effects of chemicals on the environment and human health, alternative control methods have gained importance. In this study, three different doses (0,1%, 0,5% and 1%) of each of five different thyme essential oils (Origanum majorona, O. multiflorum, O. saccatum, Thymus cilicus, T. spicata) were applied to the larvae of the pine processionary in four replications. When the 1% dose of all oils were assessed, the highest mortality rate was observed in T. cilicus with 95%, followed by O. saccatum (90%), T. spicata and O. multiflorum (80%) and O. majorona (75%). As a result of the study, it was seen that the application of essential oils is effective even at low doses, and the effect increases along with the respective doses. This study revealed that thyme oil could be used as a bio insecticide in the control of T. pityocampa in forests.

239-247

Authors: Murat ZENGİN [1] , Sevgi YILMAZ [2] , Başak ERTEM MUTLU [3]

Various environmental problems such as decreased outdoors/green spaces, air pollution, distorted urbanization emerge and cause lower thermal comfort in the cities as a result of the activities carried out to meet the need for housing in the residential areas where the urban population is rapidly increasing. Thermal cameras are used to record the surface temperature of spaces with different characteristics in Atatürk University Campus; the natural herbaceous plants in various colors and seasonal plants. 6 of records made in July 2018 in clear weather with similar characteristics in terms of their position to the sun, altitude, and location are selected and 12 locations with disparate characteristics in those records are analyzed according to 15:00 o'clock. As a result of the measurements and evaluations, it was noted that natural herbaceous plants form a cooler environment compared to the current temperature of the environment and asphalt has the highest temperature value in conditions. Also, it was determined that the grass joint pavement is on average 12.0 0C cooler than the stone pavement with andesite material. As a result of the analyses and evaluations, some suggestions were developed by emphasizing the importance of natural herbaceous plants in the provision of thermal comfort in urban area planning and the necessity of the use of climate factor in terms of planning.

255-262

Authors: Hatice ERTEM [1] , Songul ÇAKMAKÇI [2]

In this study, it is aimed to determine the condition of the cow's raw milk, which is offered for sale in the centre of Erzurum province, in terms of some tricks and to determine the bacterial load in winter conditions. Thus, a comparison/update was made in terms of compliance with the Communiqué on the Supply of Raw Milk (Communiqué No: 2017/20). For this purpose, in February 2019, a total of 30 raw milk samples were taken as 6 groups, all from different market/sales locations. The samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory under cold conditions and stored at 4±1°C during the analyses. First, microbiological analyses [total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB) and coliform bacteria] were performed, followed by other analyses [titratable acidity (lactic acid), pH, carbonate, antibiotic, specific gravity, fat and dry matter]. According to the research results; the temperature of the samples at the time of sale ranged from 9.5 to 19°C. pH values 6.30-6.86; their acidity was found between 0.156 and 0.177%. It was determined that 20 of 30 samples had carbonate. Antibiotic was found in 2 milk samples. The dry matters of the samples were 10.83–13.98%; fat amounts of 1.4-4.9%; their specific gravity varied between 1.032 and 1.041. The lowest and highest TAMB and coliform group bacteria counts were found to be 6.17 to 8.40; 5.02 to 7.01 log cfu/mL. The results of this research; most of the samples were not in compliance with the relevant Communiqué (Communiqué No: 2017/20), raw milk sales still have problems, and therefore, the need for further study of the control mechanism has revealed.

274-281

Authors: Yasemin KUŞLU [1] , Emre ERTEM [2]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of land consolidation projects in the road network. Erzurum-Beypınarı rural settlement was chosen as the research area. In this study, the number of parcels owned by the farms before the land consolidation were grouped as 1-10, 11-15, 16-20 and 20+. The farms were selected from each group according to the density by random sampling method. Before and after land consolidation, road network sufficiency of the parcels with the farms was evaluated. The road network was evaluated according to the compactness of the farm (AYU) and external farm compactness (KUYUU) coefficients. In the research, it was determined that the average length of the road between the farm center and parcels decreased by 7.14% with the land consolidation project. After the land consolidation, it was seen that the operating system at the road network between Beypınarı and parcels improved. The decrease in the difference between road length (YU) and air line path length (KUYU) before and after consolidation is an indicator of the improvement in the road network system, and the project has achieved a great improvement by 62.50%. The most development appeared in farms with a large number of parcels before consolidation. This is especially important in terms of reducing fuel consumption and reducing the time spent on the road. It was concluded that land consolidation projects are the most effective way to develop the road infrastructure in rural areas.

292-298

Authors: Mustafa TAN [1] , Emre AKÇAY [2]

This study was planned to determine the development of root and shoot in different salinity levels of 10 quinoa varieties obtained from different sources. The research was conducted in 2015 under controlled conditions in the greenhouses of Agricultural Faculty of Atatürk University. Quinoa plants were grown at different salinity concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mM NaCl) during seedling period. In the study, which was carried out with 3 replications according to completely randomized plots experimental design, shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weights and tolerance to salinity were determined. According to the data obtained; the highest shoot length (18.0 cm), the shoot dry weight (0.68 g) and the root dry weight (0.049 g) in Qhaslala Blanca variety, the root length (7.6 cm) in Red Head and Moqu Arrochilla varieties were determined. Depending on the level of salinity, the development of root and shoots decreased significantly. However, the responses of the varieties to salinity levels were found to be different. Titicaca and Mint Vanilla were identified as varieties with high salinity tolerance.

305-311

Authors: A. Yusuf ŞENGÜL [1] , Hakan İNCİ [2] , Ömer ŞENGÜL [3]

The chickpea, cultivated in the world and in our country since very long years ago, is important in terms of meeting the need of plant-derived protein in human nutrition. With approximately 23% crude protein, chickpea with its high nutritional value is an important protein source not only for humans but also for animals. Chickpea may have potential at certain levels to replace of soybean meal to meet the protein requirements of poultry. Moreover, since chickpea is not GMO, in organic poultry diets are a very important source. It not only contains the nutrients but also contains various anti-nutritional factors (protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, lectins, tannins, oligosaccharides). In the case of chickpea joining on a certain level of ration as a raw, the anti-nutritional factors in question can negatively affect the health of poultry, especially. This negative effect limits consumption of raw chickpea. For this reason, it is recommended to apply heat treatments to neutralize the anti-nutritional substances contained in chickpea. These processes are usually autoclaving, cooking, scalding, extruding, fermenting and exposing to microwave. In researchers reported that positive results were obtained by using different heat treatments of chickpeas. In this review, it was discussed using possibilities of chickpea in poultry diets.

107-114

Authors: Banu KADIOĞLU [1] , Mustafa Yıldırım CANBOLAT [2]

The purpose of this study was to determine the hydrophysical properties of the growing media prepared by mixing different doses of inorganic materials such as pumice and perlite, and organic material such as peat into fine textured soil. Moisture content from hydrophysical properties of growing media was determined by drying saturated samples under controlled conditions and saturated hydraulic conductivity was determined according to the constant water head method. The results indicated that the mean volumetric moisture content of the samples from the saturation state until the end of the moisture loss wasthe highest in the “peat:soil” media (34.1%) and the lowest in the “pumice: soil” media (22.9%). It was also determined that waterholding capacity of the mixing media at 25%:75% pumice and perlite was higher than these of the other mixing media. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values of the growing media were significantly affected by both material (pumice, perlite and peat) and mixture rates. As a result of the multiple comparison test, it was determined that materials and mixture ratios were different (p <0.05) in terms of the effect of pumice, perlite and peat on hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion it can be stated that the addition of the materials used in this study to a fine textured soil would have effects on physical properties of the growing media and would contribute positively on both living activities and plant development.

122-127

Authors: Emine İKİKAT TÜMER [1] , Adem AKSOY [2]

The study was conducted in Erzurum province to determine the factors that affect consumers' preferences in potato consumption. For this purpose, 281 consumers were interviewed in 2017 and Analytical Hierarchy Method was used in the analysis of obtained data. According to the results, consumers consumed an average of 10.42 kg potato and spent10.46 TL. per month. Consumers pay more attention to the taste while buying potatoes, followed by palate tastes, color and price. While the consumers in the research region are buying potatoes, they firstly place importance on criteria of "Hasankale", then "Ahlat" and "Nevsehir" respectively. Potato producers and the institutions and organizations that are active in the sector should make production considering the taste, palate taste, habit and color choices, which affect the purchasing preferences of potatoes, resulting in an increase in producers’ income and in the utility level of consumers.

136-152

Authors: Orhan DENGİZ [1] , İnci DEMİRAĞ TURAN [2] , Barış ÖZKAN [3]

The main aim of the current study was to determine basic geographic properties and potential arable lands of Erzurum province using the AHP-Fuzzy approach and GIS overlaying analysis by taking into consideration of current data. In order to detect potential arable lands of Erzurum province which covers about 25 000 km2, 9 criteria were used that four of them are slope, depth, erosion and parent material for land properties while, organic matter, bulk density, soil erosion, pH, and calcium carbonate content were concerned as soil features. In this study, to generate slope and elevation, digital elevation model (DEM) which has 10 m pixel size was used. In addition, land use land cover, digital geology and soil maps, long term meteorological data and 329 soil samples were used. According to obtained results, it was found that 19.64% of the total area is highly suitable and suitable (S1 and S2) whereas, 49.45% of the it is not suitable (N) for cultivation in the study area.

159-166

Authors: Şekip YAZGAN [1] , Esra KADANALI [2]

The study reveals the equal/unequal distribution of the public agricultural investments that have been implemented in the region of Southeastern Anatolia Region (TRC) with the Gini coefficient. The region includes the districts of Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), as the most comprehensive regional development project in Turkey. The empirical findings reveal that the average value of the Gini Coefficient for public agricultural investments is 0.712. Therefore, public agricultural investments are unevenly distributed in the TRC region. The results of the Gini Coefficient Decomposition Analysis conducted in order to explain the inequality of intra-regional and inter-regional inequality in the TRC Region show that the inequality between regions has started to decrease in the TRC Region from 2000 to 2017, while the inequality within the region has increased.

174-186

Authors: Ekrem Lütfi AKSAKAL [1] , Yeliz BUDAK [2]

Despite the use of several organic and inorganic soil conditioners for development of the physical properties of the soil, the investigations on the effects of zeolite on soil physical properties are very scarce. This laboratory study was carried out to determine the effects of zeolite (clinoptilolite) with different rates on soil physical properties in soils with different textures [clay (soil I), loam (soil II), sandy loam (soil III)]. Mean weight diameter of soil I decreased from 9.24 mm to 5.06 mm with zeolite application. These values were obtained as 5.16 mm to 4.14 mm and 2.61 mm to 2.77 mm for soils II and III, respectively. Zeolite applications significantly increased aggregate stability of all the soils in all aggregate size fractions as compared to the controls. Dispersion ratio of soils amended with zeolite showed significant decreases. Whereas the aggregate stability of control was 26.64%, it increased to 43.51% with 5% zeolite application, which is almost 63% greater than that of control. Zeolite applications on all three soils significantly decreased bulk density and increased porosity and hydraulic conductivity. When means were compared it is seen that the control bulk density value (1.16 g cm-3) decreased to 1.10, 1.08 and 1.06 g cm-3 with 1%, 3 and 5 zeolite application, respectively. While the hydraulic conductivity was determined as 21.45 cm h-1 in control, it was determined as 27.4, 30.51 and 38.37 cm h-1 for 1%, 3 and 5 zeolite application rates, respectively. Results have shown that zeolite can be used as an amelioration material to improve soil physical properties.

201-216

Authors: Memnune ŞENGÜL [1] , Elif Feyza TOPDAŞ [2]

In recent years, biomolecules have attracted attention due to their nutraceutical potentials and studies on development of techniques for the extraction of these components from various natural sources are increasing. The presence of polysaccharides such as hemicelluloses, starch, pectin inside the plant cell wall, reduces the extraction efficiency of conventional extraction techniques. Also, conventional techniques has negative aspects namely, long extraction times, large amount of solvent, low extraction selectivity, high cost and the necessity of solvent evaporation in excess amounts. Therefore, there is a need for the development of green and new extraction techniques for the efficient recovery of biomolecules. By ultrasound application which is a modern extraction technique, micron sized cavites cause degradation in the cell wall and a decrease in particle size and so it accelerates mass transfer and increase the extraction rates. Ultrasonic extraction shortens the processing time and provides a higher product purity, reduces energy consumption and results in an environmentally friendly technology with less solvent usage. In this review, modern extraction techniques are considered from a holistic point of view and the location of the ultrasonic extraction among these techniques is expressed in detail.

1-10

Authors: Sinan DURU [1] , Arzu SEÇER [2]

Turkey’s has geographical position for reasons of climate structure and cultural heritage traditional foods has an important place. This study was carried out in Mersin Province to reveal consumers purchasing behaviors and attitudes towards traditional food products. The main material of the study is the primary data obtained by face to face interwievs with consumers. The data was analysied by calculating frequencies, ratios and averages. Consumers usually buy traditional food products from grocery stores and mostly prefer milk products. The most important factors affecting the purchasing behavior of the consumers are the expiration date, healthy and quality. %63.50 of survey participants explained that they would pay an additional price for packaged traditional foods, %40.16 of these participants said that would accept only an extra cost for %1-5 of the product price.

18-31

Authors: Özgür ÖZERDOĞAN [1] , Sibel OYMAK [2] , Buse YÜKSEL [3] , Coşkun BAKAR [4]

The aim of this work is to examine the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of farmers about the use of plant protective products (PPPs) and personal protective equipment (PPE). This descriptive study was conducted in a village located in Çanakkale Ezine town, Marmara region of southern Turkey. The questionnaire was applied by face to face interview method. Criteria for inclusion in the research were determined as voluntary participation, being 18 years old or older and actively farming or previous active farming experience. 194 people were interviewed in the study. The data of 184 subjects were included in statistical analysis. By the study it was concluded that farmers knew the harmful effects of PPPs, but did not use adequate PPE. Total score data of PPPs behaviour were obtained from 11 questions. In further analysis, it was determined that total score data of PPPs behaviour increased with not doing livestock, knowing the harmful effects of PPPs and not experiencing discomfort after using PPPs in the last year. In order to protect human and environmental health should be undertaken multidisciplinary training on farmer-safe personal protective use and PPPs applications and the level of knowledge, attitude and behavior of farmers should be improved. Periodic monitoring of farmer health and safety may be useful.

40-56

Authors: Yavuz TOPCU

The aim of this study is to determine the risk levels based on the performances of the dairy farms by creating the income and costs account tables including their current period data in Erzurum during 2013-2014. For this end, the primary data obtained from a survey conducted on 145 dairy farms in Oltu, Narman, Pasinler and Çat Districts were used for the main material of the study. The income and costs account tables for 2013-2014 production period of the dairy farms was created by taking into consideration these data, and then it were done financial risk analyses related to some operating and profitability rates associated with their management successes. The results of the study indicated that the dairy farms in Narman and Pasinler Districts in terms of their sustainable activities faced with lower economic risks, but pointed out a potential risk due to low capital turnover. However, the dairy farms in other districts faced with much greater risks as a result of the interaction between the operating and capital turnover. On the other hand, it was highlighted that the dairy farms in Narman District had an absolute advantage in view of the profitability ratios at the end of their activity, and that their successes were much higher than the others. All the dairy farms, therefore, could make it possible to perform a profitable and sustainable activity at the medium and long terms by increasing in their assets via their equities, especially net working capital.

66-74

Authors: Galip BAKIR [1] , Nazire MİKAİL [2]

This study was aimed to investigates structural and demographic and social characteristic of sheep and goat farms in Siirt province which are; location of farm, altitude, animal race and number, government support, being member of cooperative and unity. Research material was obtained from a survey which carried out in 286 farms located in Siirt city center and 6 districts. As for location, just 8.7% of farms were in Centrum, however most of the farms as their intensity were being in Pervari (25.5%), Şirvan (19.9%) and Eruh (18.2%) districts respectively. The average altitude of the villages where farms located was 1134 m altitude, and 44.8 % of farms were mountain villages, 29% in slope villages and 24.5% in lowland villages. Only 1.7% of the farms were doing migratory livestock. The average age of the farmers was 47.3 years old. The educational status rate was observed as 61.2% graduates from primary school and followed by illiterate (26.2%), graduates from secondary school (10.1%), but only 2.4% of the farmers were graduated from high school. The average number of sheep and goat per farm was 146.15. The average land ownership per farm was 38,27 da. and 70 farms did not have any land ownership. It was found that the contribution of children and women on production was significant (p <0.01). The contribution ratio of children and the female was 71% and 90.2 % respectively. It was found that 97.2% of the farmers were satisfied with the breed they raised, 40.6% of the farmers were just doing livestock production, while 59.4% were working in the trade, crop production, and government jobs. Structurally farms in Siirt province is generally located in mountain villages, average land owned is 38.27 da. Most of the farmers educated at primary level and intensive child and women contribution to the productionare common. It was determined that in order to do a more rational animal husbandry and to increase the production in these farms, more educated people encouraged and technical improvement and technical knowledge for farmers are required.

84-91

Authors: Sedat GÖNENER [1] , Uğur ÖZSANDIKÇI [2]

The study was performed in Sinop between September 2015-January 2017 to investigate whether it is a profitable application to attach pinger devices to bottom-gillnets used in coastal fisheries. Gear specifications of both fishermen group were same as follows; mesh size: 34 mm, length: app. 1,1km. The frequency range of the pinger device is 1–500 kHz and effective up to 200m. The most important distinctive feature of those devices is having a built-in rechargeable 1,6 Ah NiMH battery pack but limited up to 2-2,5 months (1000-1500h) total lifetime. In experimental group; average fish catch in the first periods (September-December 2015) was 15,34±1,22 kg and it decreased by 56% to 6,83±0,31 kg between January 2016–2017. According to results obtained from both control and experimental group, Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) was calculated as 0,63±0,02 kgkms-1 and 0,67±0,02 kgkms-1, respectively. Total incomes from the sale of fish were 20880,90 TL and 22259,65 TL for control and experimental groups. The fishermen in control group spent 4000 TL to repair nets damaged due to dolphin presence while other fishermen spent 3400 TL to repair nets. Considering the device expenses for the experimental group (2x1500 TL), total cost was calculated as 6400 TL for experimental group and 4000 TL for control group. Therefore, net income was calculated as 16879,90 TL in control group while it decreased to 15859,65 TL in experimental group, representing 6% decline.