Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review

8–27

Authors: Nanzatov B.Z., Tishin V.V.

Research objectives: This article attempts to correlate the names of the tribes of the Tatars mentioned in both the “Secret History of the Mongols” and Rashīd ad-Dīn al-Ṭabīb’s “Jāmī al-Tawārīkh”. Also, it contains separate remarks regarding the localization of certain tribal groups and later historical population groups among the Turkic and Mongol peoples, which could have a historical connection with the considered groups. At one time, P. Pelliot conducted similar work in his exhaustive study. Since then, the extension of the source base allows one to offer some adjustments of the reconstructions undertaken by him and other researchers. Research materials: The authors relied on two main sources: the Mongolian chronicle of the thirteenth century, the “Secret History of the Mongols”, and the composition of the early fourteenth century “Jāmī al-Tawārīkh”, recognized as a work of Rashīd ad-Dīn al-Ṭabīb. The “Altan Tobchi” was also used as auxiliary source, being a Mongol chronicle of the seventeenth century that essentially repeats the content of the “Secret History” in the studied fragments. In some cases, the authors turned to various Turkic texts and Chinese sources. Linguistic data offered from the known information about the languages used, as well as the ethnonymy and onomastics of the Mongolian and Turkic peoples, were used for phonetic reconstructions. Ethnographic materials were also used to a certain extent. Research results and novelty: Based on the data of Rashīd ad-Dīn al-Ṭabīb about the six tribes of the Tatars of Inner Asia, evidenced by a recently discovered document of the Yuan epoch, the authors compared the names given by the “Secret History of the Mongols” and “Jāmī al-Tawārīkh”, then involved the use of an additional source, and as a result reconstructed the names of Totoqli’ut, Alči, Čaγa’an, Küyin, Täräät / *Täräit, leaving the name *Barquy as debatable. For a number of ethnonyms, a broad justification of semantics is proposed. However, not all of them are subject to a single formation system, which is demonstrated in the text of the article.

43–75

Authors: Grinberg M.

Research objective: As the ruler of the Golden Horde from 1361 to 1362, Khidr became the first khan to represent the Shibanid dynasty, while all previous represen­tatives of this dynasty remained loyal to the Batuids until he came to power. This situation forms one of the key moments of the initial period of the “Great Troubles”. This article is devoted to the circumstances and consequences of the ascension and the short-term rule of this Khan in the Golden Horde. In addition, the goal here is to highlight the role and inte­rests of the high hereditary metropolitan and regional aristocracy in these events. Research materials: Since, as a result of the latest research, Chinggis-nama is recognized as a source that preserves historical facts, rather than merely folk elements as was previously thought, it is necessary to involve Ötemish Hajji’s work in covering those histo­rical events and processes where it contains a unique information regarding them. At the same time, because it is still difficult to distinguish between the factual and the mythological elements of its content, verification of Chinggis-nama’s information with information from other sources (as well as from archaeology, numismatics, and other auxiliary historical disciplines) is required when possible. So, the main source used in the article is the historical Chinggis-nama of Ötemish Hajji. Additional sources are Russian chronicles, Tawarikh-i guzida-i Nusrat-nama, Muntakhab al-tawarikh-i Muini by Muin al-Din Natanzi, a Venetian source by Benedetto Bianco which was very recently introduced into scholarly circulation, and others. Results and novelty of the research: This article is one of the first studies, using the account of Ötemish Hajji as a main historical source for analysing and reconstructing a real historical event (namely, the seizure of power by the Shibanids in the Golden Horde in 1360) and its consequences. It is proposed to continue to involve this source in the study of historical events, but with great caution. Regarding the stated topic, the author of the present article dares to hope that the results of such work bring new and significant contribution to the research of this rather poorly studied period in the history of the Ulus of Jochi. Especially, the results help to reveal and emphasize the causes and circumstances that led the Golden Horde into a period of great turmoil, i.e., the “Great Troubles”.

90–107

Authors: Pubblici L.

Objective: This paper’s aim is to reconstruct the Western population of Venetian Tana in the fourteenth century, the residents’ perception of their condition as “mig­rants”, and finally this population’s interactions with the other communities who lived there. Research materials: The sources used are primarily the notarial deeds of the Venice State Archive together with the vast and excellent scholarship produced in recent decades. Research results and novelty: For over two centuries the settlement of Tana, situated in the territory of the Golden Horde, represented the easternmost outpost of the Latin emporia in the Levant. Here, the utilitarian concept of the Western urban mercantile class found itself confronted with a new experience. This group was a minority living in close contact with larger, cohesive communities whose cultural background was extremely diverse. Those who emigrated east were mainly the emerging urban bourgeoisie, but also families of ancient noble origin who had nothing in common with the world of the Steppe and its traditional roots. These citizens came to the Levant, bringing with them the urban associative model. The life of the settlement at the mouth of the river Don is an ideal basis for observing the flow of people who left Venice and its surroundings on galleys and, after months of travel, arrived on the shores of the Sea of Azov.

149–165

Authors: Erofeeva I.V.

Research objectives: To identify the main reasons for the formation of the cult of Janibek Khan of the Golden Horde in the oral historical memory of the nomadic steppe tribes which was embodied in the narrative tradition of Kazakhs from the fifteenth to eighteenth century. Research materials: The texts of the Kazakh folklore sources from the last quarter of the eighteenth to the beginning of twentieth century, published in different genres (tales, epics, legends, fairy tales) and dedicated to Janibek Khan or characters of the oral narratives closely related to him. Results and novelty of the research: The historiography of the Golden Horde and the medieval history of Kazakhstan considers it conventional wisdom that Uzbek Khan (r. 1313–1342) played the decisive role in the Islamization of the tribal population of the Ulus of Jochi during the fourteenth century. However, none of the Kazakh folklore sources recorded from the last quarter of eighteenth to beginning of twentieth century mentions his name. Rather, this role is given to the son and successor of Uzbek, Janibek Khan, who is the most popular character of oral narratives of Kazakhs dedicated to the Eurasian Middle Ages. This fact leads to the conclusion that the innovative activities of Uzbek in the field of religion covered mainly the western part of the Ulus of Jochi but had a limited impact on the steppe nomads of the Eastern Dasht-i Kipchak. The main role in the spread of Islam and Islamic culture to the east of the Ural River valley, in the territory of the ethnic nomadic ancestors of the Kazakh tribes, was played by Janibek Khan, which was reflected in the popular historical consciousness of Kazakhs. This article demonstrates the influence of Sufism’s cult of the “saints” borrowed by Muslim communities of the steppe in the process of sacralization of the historical Janibek Khan in the Kazakh narrative tradition and highlights the most characteristic features of his mythologized image. The scholarly novelty consists in the statement of the abovementioned theme of research and the structural analysis of the revealed folklore texts, which allows one to solve the long-standing problem of the association of the folk literature Janibek Khan of the Golden Horde and the historical Kazakh Khan of the same name who ruled in the eastern part of the former Ulus of Jochi in the later period.

188–200

Authors: Halperin C.J.

Research objectives: To provide a comprehensive overview of Muscovite interaction with Tatars during Ivan IV’s reign, both with each successor state of the Jochid ulus and with Tatars who moved to Muscovy and entered Ivan IV’s service. Research materials: This study is based upon Russian sources from the reign of Ivan IV concerning the Tatars, including narratives such as chronicles and documentary evidence such as diplomatic reports. Results and novelty of the research: Muscovite policy toward the Tatars did not derive from a single dominating motive, neither hostility, such as religious animosity toward Muslims or the drive for imperial territorial expansion, nor the desire to cooperate with Tatars for the sake of commerce or the need for steppe military allies. Ivan adapted his policies to individual circumstances, vassal puppet rulers or outright conquest as needed. Tatars from the vassal khanate of Kasimov helped Ivan conquer Kazan’ and Astrakhan’ and fight Crimea. Nogai merchants sold the Muscovite army horses. Muscovites possessed intimate knowledge of foreign Tatars, but also lived in close proximity to “native” Tatars who lived on Muscovite soil or traveled to Moscow as envoys or merchants. However expertise on the Tatars, borrowing Tatar institutions, enrolling Tatar servitors, and conquering successor states of the Golden Horde did not make Muscovy a successor state of the Golden Horde. Nevertheless the Tatars were a fact of life in Ivan IV’s Muscovy, as both allies and enemies.

210–223

Authors: Nagamine H.

This study, titled A Collection of Documents from the Kazakh Sultans to the Qing Dynasty, deals with 16 documents addressed from Kazakh sultans to the Qing Dynasty (and the Russian Empire/Governor-General of Siberia). These were written in the Oyirad (Mongol) language with Tod script or in the Turkic language with Arabic script from the eighteenth to nineteenth century, and come complete with text, transcription, and translation. In addition, this study includes two essays written by the authors who made use of these documents. The majority of Qing documents are preserved in a collection of the First Historical Archives (第一歴史襠案館) in Beijing. Many of these documents related to the Kazakhs have started to be published as The Collection of the Archival Documents Concerning Sino-Kazakh Relations at the Time of the Qing Dynasty (清代中哈関係襠案彙編) and so on, and to be used for historical research. Of the documents dealt with in this study, 14 are from the Manchu Language Reference Copy of Grand Council Palace Memorial (軍機処満文副奏摺) of the First Historical Archives, one is from Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Respubliki Kazakhstan, and one is from Vneshnyaya politika Rossii XIX i nachala XX veka (Moskva: Izd-vo Nauka, t. 11–12, 1979–1980). However, most of these documents are not included in the published collection mentioned above. Therefore, this study, together with the above-mentioned collection, represents another major step in the study of these documentss. In addition, by utilizing these documents, Takahiro Onuma clarifies that the international world order between the Qing dynasty and Kazakh nomads in Central Asia was not based on the “suzerain-dependency (Ch. zong-fan 宗藩) relationship”, which was heavily influenced by Confucianism, but rather, on the “master-slave (Mon. ejen-albatu) relationship”, which originated in Mongol nomadic society. Jin Noda, who also utilized these documents, states that the title of Kazakh sultans, which has been regarded as a product of the Qing benefit policy, was in fact a result of both the Kazakh sultans and Qing requiring the ‘title-bestowal system’ in the process of the establishment of relations. This system was gradually becoming a mere formality, partly because of the influence of Russia. These findings suggest that the Kazakh khanates were independently developing a “bilateral diplomatic policy” while mediating between the Qing and Russian empires, and they highlight the policy differences of both empires toward the Kazakh khanates. We hope that the fin­dings from this study will further advance the study of the history of the mutual relations between the Kazakh khanates and the Qing and Russian empires.