Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review

696–706

Authors: Khamidova Ch.I.

Research objectives and materials: This article is devoted to genealogical works on the history of the Chinggisids arranged in the form of genealogical tables. The article compares both data and graphical organization of three genealogies – those of Rashid al-Din, Hafiz Abru, and Hussein bin Ali Shah. Research results and novelty: Rashid al-Din set out to create a complex continuous history of mankind (as it was perceived by the medieval Persian historian) in his works, Shuab-i panjganah and Jami at-tavarih, while the other two authors tried to legitimize the power of the Timurids by combining the genealogy of the Timurids with that of the Chinggisids, something they did in various ways. The Timurid authors’ aims reflected on the completeness of the genealogical information used, as well as in the graphical representation of the data. Rashid al-Din’s Chinggisid genealogies are incorporated into the genealogies of four other peoples or ruling dynasties (Arabs, Jews, Chinese, Franks) and integrated into two lines descending from Adam, symbolizing the single beginning of all mankind. The genealogies in the work of Hussein bin Ali Shah represent only the basic line of the Chinggisids to which the line of the Timurids is directly attached, while the genealogies of Timur’s rivals are deliberately omitted. The Hafiz Abru’s work connects the Timurid genealogy, relating it to the Chinggisid genealogy indirectly.

719–728

Authors: Yakubovych M.

Objective: Using the available manuscripts and historical biographies, this study is dedicated to covering the preliminary biographical data, career stories and the preserved written legacy of Crimean scholars who were active in the Syrian part of Mamluk Sultanate. A discussion of the Crimean families (both the “native” Crimeans and those who stayed there for some time) who settled in Syria and their impact on the social and intellectual life of the Mamluk Sultanate will show not only the level of relations between Mamluk Syria and the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde, but also how early Crimean scholars used their opportunities to make successful careers in their new homeland. Research material: This article analyses two “Crimean” scholarly families (the one in Damascus and the second one in Tripoli). First, it is obvious that most of them were previously tied to Crimea and probably received an early education there, since their nisbah was more broadly used than the previous Central Asian ones (like al-Turkistani for those scholars who was born outside of Crimea). What seems to be a common feature for the scholars is that all of them were experts in Hadeeth and at least three of them were students of as renowned an authority as Ibn Shihnah (d. 1330). Even those who were of Sufi background continued to practice the teaching of Hadeeth (like Ahmad ibn ‘Uthman al-Qirimi and Muhammad al-Qirimi). Some of them (like Hussam al-Din al-Qirimi) were also teachers in Mamluk medrese. At least two of Crimean scholars were judges(Hussam al-Din al-Qirimi and Muhammad al-Qirimi) and probably received a patronage from the local Mamluk emirs. Results and novelty of the research: It appears that the typical career pattern in medieval Damascus involved the necessity of obtaining some diplomas (ijazah) from local scholars, and the study of Hadeeth was a good point of entry because it opened the way for the prospective engagement in administrative positions (like being a judge) or at least to some paid position in medrese. These connections and patronage also provided good prospects for younger family members. Thus, we see how they continued along the same career path as their fathers. At least two Crimean scholars (Ahmad ibn ‘Uthman al-Qirimi and Hussam al-Din al-Qirimi) were also connected to another foreign figure in Mamluk Syria, a chief judge (qadhi al-qudh’), Jalal al-Din al-Qazwini (d. 1337). Generally speaking, it could be said that Crimean scholars were welcomed into the type of “international scholarly community” that we encounter in the Syrian case. Similar words could be said about Mamluk Egypt which was also one of the most desirable destinations for Crimeans already in the fourteenth century. Further studies of the scholars who were of Crimean origin (like Hussam al-Din al-Qirimi al-Sulkhati) and travelled to Mamluk Sultanate could answer more questions about their primary education, interests and the legacy they left to the intellectual history of Islam.

741–765

Authors: Lomakin D.А.

The author reviews the history of research on the medieval settlement Eski-Yurt, located in the territory of the modern city of Bakhchisarai, identifying the main stages of its research and summarizing the progression of localization and identification of the monument in Russian historiography. The first attempts to preserve and protect architectural and archaeological objects were connected to the activities of the staff of the Central State Restoration Workshops, associated with the Bakhchisarai State Palace-Museum of Turkic-Tatar Culture, in the mid-1920s. The author describes the development of archaeological research of the site (expeditions led by A.S. Bashkirov and U.A. Bodaninsky (1924), V.L. Myts (1991), S.V. Karlov (2005)). Objective: To accumulate, systematize and summarize the experience of researching the settlement of Eski-Yurt – possibly the largest Golden Horde center on the Crimean Peninsula after the decline of Solkhat’s role as an economic, military, cultural and, above all, administrative center, and the transfer of the capital to western Crimea. Research materials: Travel records of numerous voyagers who visited the Crimean Peninsula, both for personal purposes and in the call of duty (Martin Bronevsky, F. Dubois de Montpéreux, Jacob Lyzlov, P.S. Pallas, S.I. Tarbeev, Evliya Çelebi, and others); scientific developments brought about by Russian researchers in the field of monumentology of the Crimean peninsula of the Golden Horde period, particularly related to the study of the Eski-Yurt settlement (A.S. Bashkirov, U.A. Bodaninsky, P.I. Gollandsky, B.N. Zasypkin, A.A. Ivanov, S.V. Karlov, V.P. Kirilko and others). Archival materials from the Archives of the Monument Protection Department of the Bakhchisarai Historical and Cultural Archaeological Museum-Reserve (Bakhchisarai), of the Scientific Archives of the Institute of Archaeology of the Crimea, of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Simferopol), and of the Central State Archives of the city of Moscow. Results and novelty of the research: Three stages of the study of the site can be distinguished: 1. Late 18th – early 20th centuries: sketches in travel notes of the researcher-encyclopedists who frequently visited the Crimea after its accession to Russia (P.S. Pallas, F. Dubois de Montpéreux and others). The first scientific experience of the development of the site (A.F. Negri, V.D. Smirnov and others); 2. The 1920s: the beginnings of archaeological research on the territory of the settlement (expedition of A.S. Bashkirov, U.A. Bodaninsky, 1924). Attempts to draw the attention of the authorities and the public to the problem of preserving cultural heritage sites at Eski-Yurt (activities of A.S. Bashkirov, U.A. Bodaninsky, P.I. Gollandsky, B.N. Zasypkin); 3. The last quarter of the 20th century – contemporary stage: the revival of scientific interest in the settlement (works of A.E. Gaivoronsky, A.A. Ivanov, V.P. Kirilko, O.M. Stoykova, M.M. Choref, etc.), and the continuation of archaeological research of the monument (expedition of S.V. Karlov, V.L. Myts). The placing of architectural and archaeological monuments of the settlement on the state record. The available material was systematized and summarized by the author who presented the architectural analysis of the monuments of the settlement. He analyzed the current state of objects of cultural heritage and pointed to the further need for the earliest possible archaeological study of the territory of the medieval settlement of Eski-Yurt.

783–806

Authors: Sochnev Yu.V.

Research objectives: To study the information and materials that allow us to determine the actual recipients of Tarkhan awards and the authors of previous acts who are mentioned in the yarlik of Uzbek Khan dated to March 20, 1314. Research materials: A combination of Western European, Persian, Mongolian, Chinese, Byzantine, Russian written historical sources characterizing the confessional situation, the course of missionary work, and the political situation in the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde. Results and novelty of the research: The article continues in the direction of research established already for studying the yarlik of Uzbek Khan (1312/13–1341) granted to the Franciscans of the Golden Horde on March 20, 1314. The data analysis of this act should be based on conclusions about the success of the previous Catholic missionary activity in China and the Eastern regions of the Mongol Empire. The vigorous efforts of John of Montecorvino and his fellows in Beijing had apparently been the reason behind the Great Khagan (Emperor) Kuluk (1307–1311) being the first to grant a Tarkhan act to the Catholic missionaries. His successor on the imperial throne, Buyantu (1311–1320), mostly likely confirmed, during the period from 1311 to 1314, the privileges granted to the Catholics by his senior brother. These acts were the precedents for similar decisions of the rulers of the Mongol Ulus. And on March 20, 1314, the Franciscan preachers had the achievement of receiving a new yarlik from Uzbek Khan who granted freedom of activity in the Volga-Black Sea steppes. This was facilitated by the development of the general imperial political situation in the Mongol Empire which led to the formal establishment of the vassal dependence of the Golden Horde rulers on the Great Khagans of the Yuan. The article substantiates the new findings about the recipients of this yarlik who are considered naturally to be the Franciscan missionaries. But without any additional information at present, it is impossible to establish exactly who belonged to their circle. Geographically the Tarkhan privileges granted by the Golden Horde ruler extended to nomadic camps and villages belonging directly to the Golden Horde; they didn’t belong to the Christian vassal territories in the Western part of the Golden Horde state. This circumstance does not allow us to support the opinion expressed earlier that the recipient of the yarlik was the bishop of Kaffa. The Latin translation of the yarlik of Uzbek Khan of 1314, which has reached us, is an interesting source and analysis of it will help to develop various aspects of the study of the Golden Horde’s history.

829–854

Authors: Hautala R., Gulevich V.P.

This article contains the original Italian text and a Russian translation of a letter describing the Ottoman conquest of Caffa in June 1475 in a copy from a sixteenth-century codex of the Ambrosian Library in Milan (Q 116 sup., fol. 105r–106r). This letter was written on August 15, 1475 in Constantinople by an anonymous Tuscan merchant, probably of Pisan origin, judging by the undisguised antipathy which he expresses toward the Genoese government of Caffa. The author of the letter was in Caffa at the time of its fall and shared in all the hardships experienced by the city’s surrendered population, expressing these sufferings in a touching and eloquent manner. He also had to have a fairly high position based on his knowledge of the details of the negotiations of the Genoese rulers of Caffa with the Crimean khan Mengli Girey, the heads of the Tatar Shirin clan, and the Ottoman general Ahmed Pasha. His text, thus, abounds in details of the conflict with the Tatars, which began in February 1475, the subsequent Ottoman siege of Caffa, and the consequences of the city’s capitulation in early June of the same year. Nevertheless, the epistle of the Tuscan anonym highlights the drivers that led to the onset of the conflict in a rather superficial form. Therefore, the authors of this article resorted to the analysis of parallel sources for the reconstruction of those preceding events that led to the fateful siege of Genoese Caffa in June 1475. To that end, we introduce the letter by providing a detailed description of the preceding events on the basis of various epistolary and narrative sources of Italian, Hungarian, Polish, Armenian and Ottoman origin.

861–864

Authors: Gatin M.S.

The First All-Russian Research-Practical Conference “Actual Issues of the History of the Crimean Tatars”, dedicated to the memory of Abd al-Ghaffar Qïrïmi, was held in Foros in Crimea on September 29, 2018. The event was dedicated to the memory of the historian Abd al-Ghaffar Qïrïmi. The conference was organized by the Crimean Research Center of the Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, the Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University and the Institute of History and International Relations of the Southern Federal University. The plenary session and the three other sections – “Source Study and Historiography of the Crimean Khanate”, “History and Culture of the Crimean Tatars and Other Crimean Ethnic Groups in Antiquity and the Middle Ages” and “Crimean Tatars in the Modern and Contemporary History” – were organized as parts of the conference. About 50 scholars and researchers from various academic centers of the regions of the Russian Federation – Crimea, Tatarstan, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Moscow and other places – made presentations on the history of the Crimean Tatars. The discussion of the plan-prospectus of the multi-volume history of the Crimean Tatars was held at the end of the research-practical conference. Responsible editors and members of editorial boards of the second and third volumes devoted to the Jochid period in the history of Crimea were presented to the participants of the conference.