Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review

474–484

Authors: Ilyasova Z.S., Sabitov Zh.M.

This article introduced into academic circulation information of such a historical source as “Nukhbat al-dahr fi 'aja'ib al-barr wa-al-bahr” (Excerpts of Time on the Marvels of the Land and Sea) on Kipchak clans and Turkic tribes of Dasht-i Kipchak. The material of the study is drawn from this source. Main scientific result of this work was the source’s translation into Russian accompanied by scientific comments. Sheikh Shams al-Din Abu Abdallah Muhammad Abu Talib al-Ansari al-Sufi al-Dimashqi was the author of this work. Some scholars have mistakenly confuse him with another chronicler named Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Yahya Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari al-Dimashqi. There is a widespread misconception that while writing on Kipchak clans and Turkic tribes al-Dimashqi used the data of such an author as Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Yahya al-Ansari al-Qutub al-Warraq al-Vatvat, also known as Ahmad al-Tini. After had studying the manuscripts of al-Tini and al-Dimashqi, we did not notice the connection between these two authors regarding their information about Kipchak clans and Turkic tribes of Dasht-i Kipchak. After had studying the information about Kipchak clans and Turkic tribes of Dasht-i Kipchak, we put forward the theory that 16 ethnonyms previously identified as Kipchak clans, are actually the ethnonyms of eight Kipchak clans and eight Turkic tribes. The article also contains the extraction from “Nukhbat al-dahr fi 'aja'ib al-barr wa-al-bahr” regarding the geography of Dasht-i Kipchak and the countries inhabited by the Turks. The following data are unique in this source: 1. The text describes such rivers as Ceyhun (Amu Darya), Seyhun (Syr Darya), Itil (Volga), as well as Khorezm and Khazar Seas (Aral and Caspian Seas). 2. Additionally, this text lists the following Turkic peoples: al-Kharlukhiya (Karluks), al-Khirgaziya (Kyrgyz), al-Kaymakiya (Kimaks), al-Guzziya (Oguz), al-Bazhanakiya (Pechenegs), al-Tuguzguziya (Uighurs), al-Khulkhiya (?), al-Kaladzhiya (Khaladzhi), al-Guri (Gurians), al-Kamaniya (Cumans), al-Turkishiya (Turgishes), al-Azkashiya (Azkishes), al-Khazar (Khazars), al-Bulgars (Bulgars), al-Burtas (Burtases). 3. From among these people the Khazars, Bulgars and Kipchaks are partly described. The article also provides a list of those authors who used the al-Dimashqi’s information in their researches.

529– 533

Authors: Sayfetdinova E.G.

Reconstruction of the ethnogenesis of the peoples inhabited the Golden Horde is one of the issues being studied intensively in modern historical scholarship. Medieval Arab sources play an important role in studying the history of the peoples of the Golden Horde. Study of contemporary Arab authors’ historical researches where medieval Arab chronicles are analyzed in greater detail, is necessary to understand their importance. Objective: study of the Arab historical literature regarding the issue of the use of the ethnic term “Tatars”. Some contemporary Arab historical researches are used as materials for this research. For example, Muhammad Sahil Takkush calls the Golden Horde – “Magul-Kypchak”, and Iran – “Magul-Faris” in his book “History of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria”. Qasim Abdel Qasim, the author of the book “Era of the Mamluk Sultans”, calls the Golden Horde “bilad al-kypchak”. In his work “The Mamluks”, Shaydiyaz al-Garini calls Berke the “khan of the Golden Horde tribe” and the Golden Horde inhabitants – “at-tatar al-kypchak”, i.e. the “Kypchak Tatars”. Of particular interest is the book of Egyptian historian Muhammad Abdelgani al-Ashqar “Salar – the Tatar Muslim Emir (Naib of the Mamluk Sultan in Egypt, 1260–1310)”. It describes the reign of Sultan al-Malik an-Nasir Muhammad who was in close friendly relations with the Golden Horde khan Uzbek. It is known that the Golden Horde Muslims prayed for Sultan al-Malik al-Nasir mentioning his name after khan Uzbek. Long-term friendship between the Golden Horde and Egypt eventually led to the conclusion of a dynastic marriage between Egyptian Sultan an-Nasir and the Golden Horde princess Tulunbay. As a result, the study of the use of the ethnic term “Tatars” in Arab historical literature remains relevant and requires a review of some of the preconceived ideas about the ethnic history of the Tatar people in the Arab world in favor of the in-depth study of this problem.

552–569

Authors: Penskoi V.V., Penskaya T.M.

The murder by Nogay Mirzas of the Crimean Khan Muhammad Giray I in Astrakhan in 1523 and the subsequent devastation by the Nogays of the Crimea violated the fragile balance of forces and interests of the Crimean influential clans and led to a long and bloody Crimean “zamyatnya” that lasted fifteen years. Objective: To analyze the raid of Islam Giray and Safa Giray on Russian lands in the summer of 1533. Research materials: acts relating to the history of Western Siberia, Russian chronicles, Lithuanian-Belarusian chronicles, books of noble families. Research results and novelty: during their military campaign, Islam Giray and Safa Giray did not only rely on the support of the Crimean aristocracy that had been split into hostile groups, but also on the aid of Istanbul, Vilnius and Moscow. The latter tried to use the Crimean dissension in their own interests playing off the warring Crimean “parties” and attempting to channel their energy outward, against their opponents. As a result, the previously purposeful foreign policy of the Crimean Khanate lost its integrity and become like a weather vane that was turning following breeze. Tactical considerations and the pursuit of short-term profits replaced relatively clear and confident foreign policy of Mengli Giray I and Muhammad Giray I. As a result, none of the neighbors of the Crimea was immune from a sudden attack of the Tatar “vlans, princes and murzas” and their people who felt the freedom and were willing to risk their lives for the sake of the rich booty, which could be seized in convenient opportunity from the neighbors caught by surprise. All these years, the clouds swirled constantly on the Russian-Lithuanian-Crimean borderlands and from time to time they bursted into thunder. One of those storms was the arrival of Islam Giray and his cousin Safa Giray on sovereign “Ukraine” in the summer of 1533.

580–601

Authors: Yakushechkin A.V.

Research objectives: Author of this paper has attempted to clarify the circumstances of khan Haji Giray’s ascension to power. Unfortunately, very little information about this event has survived to the present day. Research materials: For this reason, a thorough examination of all available data, its comparative analysis and interpretation acquire great importance. In this work the author attempted to summarize various available sources of information on this topic: data contained in the Treasury books of Caffa of 1441–1442, details of European chroniclers, reports of Oriental authors. An integrated approach to the problem reflects the novelty of this work. The author has not only analyzed the maximum amount of sources at our disposal, but he presented a critical review of historiography as well. A summary of the main results of this work: 1. Extended analysis of the historiography on this issue revealed the erroneous assumptions and arguments that led to the incorrect dates of Haji Giray’s coming to power. 2. Beys elevated Haji Giray on the Crimean throne, first of all, to deal with Sayyd Ahmad. 3. The decision to send ambassadors to Casimir was taken by the Crimean beys soon after the death of Aidar. Ambassadors to Casimir left the Crimea around December 1441 – January 1442. 4. Haji Giray was proclaimed khan no later than March 1442. Immediately after this proclamation, Haji Giray went to the military campaign against Sayyd Ahmad, beyond the Crimea. The company continued, at least, until mid-summer and ended with the victory of Haji Giray. 5. Books of accounts (massariae) of Caffa mention Haji Giray’s brother in May 1442. Apparently, this was Janai (Janai-oglan), well-known by many sources. In addition, the author has found confirmation of the sources’ information about that Devlet-Keldi (an educator or atabeg of Haji Giray’s father, Ghiyas-ud-Din) came to Haji Giray. A detailed study of primary sources – of Massariae Caffae and of the correspondence of Bank of St. George’s protectors with the administration of Caffa – as well as archival research of the Istanbul documentary collections and the study of the corpus of Russian diplomatic documents from the 15th–16th centuries will clarify findings of this paper.

616–625

Authors: Seit-Mametov Sh.E.

Research objectives: to consider the current state of the study of sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate in Turkish archives and determine the prospects for the study of this issue. Research materials: works of domestic and foreign Orientalists in the study of the Crimean sources in Turkish archives. Results and novelty of the research: the author analyzed the current state of the study of sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate in Turkish archives. The works of such prominent scholars as A. Bennigsen, Ö. Gokbilgin, A.N. Kurat, Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, V.D. Smirnov and others deserve the most attention. Sophisticated paleography (age and conditions of documents) of the Ottoman sources and difficulties with their translation were the main reason for their insufficient use. In their studies, Orientalists presents facsimiles of the originals of letters and their translations, give the transcript values of complex or controversial words, solve problems with the translation of dates into the modern chronology and also produce a detailed external criticism of documents: they describe their length, quality of the paper, handwriting and also decode the khans’ seals. This enables modern researchers to get acquainted with some of the earliest sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate. The author has revealed a number of new challenges that need to be addressed in the further study of sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate: translation of foreign Orientalists’ works into Russian as well as synthesis and integration of predecessors’ works, since each individual work does not cover all the documents of interest to modern scholars. The study of sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate remains a promising challenge for modern researchers, since in Turkish archives are stored unpublished documents waiting for their turn to enter into scholarly circulation.

648–667

Authors: Mirgaleev I.M., Aksanov A.V.

November 20, 2015, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates held a round-table dedicated to issues of law development in the Kazan Khanate. I.M. Mirgaleev, Cand. Sci. (History), Head of Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates acted as a moderator of this event. Roman Pochekaev, Cand. Sci. (Jurisprudence), Professor, Head of Department of Theory and History of Law and State of the National Research University, Higher School of Economics in St. Petersburg, made a presentation on the theme of the “Legal System of the Kazan Khanate”. The discussion of presentation was attended by: I.L. Izmailov, Cand. Sci. (History), Leading Research Fellow of the Institute of Archaeology of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences; I.A. Mustakimov, Cand. Sci. (History), Head of the Academic Use of Archival Documents and International Relations of the Main Archival Administration under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan; as well as by Center staff: A.V. Aksanov, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow; T.F. Khaidarov, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow; E.G. Sayfetdinova, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow; B.R. Rakhimzyanov, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow; L.F. Baibulatova, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow. The participants of the discussion not only managed to identify the key issues and outline prospects for further research but also put forward the original hypotheses and developed some methods for their verification.

681–684

Authors: Mirgaleev I.M.

In 2015 in Almaty renowned researcher of the “Kypchak” written heritage A.N. Garkavets republished Charles Frazier’s Tatar translation of the book “Musanın ilk kitabı” (“The First Book of Musa”). John Mitchell was first to publish this book in 1819 in Astrakhan. This reissue represents a continuation of a series of publications of his translations of Christian books in the Tatar language, under the auspices of the Scottish Missionary Society. Through painstaking work, A.N. Garkavets is for years known as authoritative scholar and active publisher of the “Kypchak” written monuments who still continues to seek out new sources. Tatar language was formed from ancient times, but the times of the Golden Horde were decisive. As is known, the central steppe territory of the Golden Horde previously belonged to the Kypchaks. So often the language of the Golden Horde Tatars traditionally continued to be called the Kypchak one. However, it was exactly the Tatar language that was understood under the Kypchak one. For example, the Cuman (Kypchak) language is named the Tatar one in the “Codex Cumanicus”. Since the 13th century, such dictionaries as “This is the Tatar language”, “Polovtsian language’s interpretation” had been compiled in Rus. In these dictionaries, it was clearly stated: “This is the Polovtsian language” = “This is the Tatar language”. Thus, not only the Turko-Tatars continued to use the Tatar language for a long time, but also other peoples who lived among the Turkic-Tatar population of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates.

688–689

Authors: Gatin M.S.

April 21–22, in the city of Yelabuga (Republic of Tatarstan) there have been held International Scientific Symposium “Russia and the Turkic-Muslim World: Historical and Cultural Relations” and VIII International Turcologists’ conference “Islam and the Turkic World: Issues of Education, Language, Literature, History and Religion”. The organizers of the International Symposium and the conference were the Department of Turkology and Tatar studies of the Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental studies and the Yelabuga Institute of Kazan Federal University. The international academic event was attended by about 150 scholars and researchers from Russia, the US, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Georgia and other countries. The main purpose of the event was to discuss the research issues of history, culture, language and literature of Turkic peoples, the role and place of Islam in their historical destiny.