Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review

29–55

Authors: Galimov T.R.

Objective: The author analyzes activities of the Russian church and its supreme hierarchs during the most active period of the Russian-Horde conflict (1237–1240). Materials: Old Russian chronicles and tales remain the main source of information on the activities of the church hierarchy during the military-political confrontation between Russian principalities and the Horde. As it has been shown by studies of recent years, complex of scenes depicting the struggle against the invaders is not so clear, as it was considered to be in the national historiography for many decades. This observation allows a new reading of the reports on church life in Rus’ during the most acute phase of Russian-Horde war. Results and novelty of the research: Events of 1237–1240 led to a fundamental change in the existing situation in Rus’. This concerned not only the power but also religious institutions. The results of this study suggest that behavior of church hierarchs became the main cause of changes in the socio-political and economic spheres of ancient Russian ecclesiastical organization. The church accepted the rule of the Horde over Rus’ and the Horde benefits and awards reinforced the higher clergy’s loyalty to the khans’ power. This circumstance required the church to declare its stance in respect to the new power. As a result, the need for accepting existing relations between the church and the Horde found its justification in the concept of “Plagues of God”. Such an ideological justification removed conquerors’ responsibility for the ills that befell Rus’ and justified contacts between the church and the Horde. Old Russian sources do not provide direct estimates of the prelates’ behavior. But reading of the chronicle reports leave the impression that contemporaries assessed the behavior of the church quite ambiguously and probably reprehensibly.

74–92

Authors: Sultanov T.I.

Objective: The article is dedicated to basic stages of ethnic and political development of two heirs of the Mongol Empire – uluses of Jochi (Golden Horde) and Chaghatai (in Central Asia) and their own successors in the 13th–18th cc. Research materials: The sources mainly used in this study are historical works of contemporary Islamic authors: Jamal Qarshi, Rashid al-Din, Wassaf (turn of the 13th–14th cc.), al-Omari and Hamdallah Qazwini (14th c.), Mirza Muhammad Haydar, Seyfi Çelebi, Amin b. Ahmad Razi (16th c.), Abu-l-Ghazi, Mahmud b. Wali, Hajji Khalifa (17 th c.) and others. Also opinions of leading Soviet and post-Soviet as well as foreign specialists on ethnical and political history of Central Asia (V. Barthold, A. Samoilovich, S. Ibragimov, A. Mokeev, B. Karmysheva, Sh. Ando, B.F. Manz, etc.) have been taken into consideration in this study. Results and novelty of the research: The “reference point” of this article is epoch of Mongol invasions and establishment of the Mongol Empire. During this time earlier political and ethnical realities were crushed. Disintegration of the Empire and creation of independent Chinggisid states initiated new turn of ethno- and politogenesis continued until the fall of these states at the beginning of the 16th c. Thus, ethnical and political development of the Central Eurasia was a long-term process, and firstly the terms, which are used as ethnonyms today, reflected political and social but not a national characteristics of their holders. Only after disintegration of Chinggisid uluses of imperial type and appearance of new states (Kazakh khanate, Shibanid states on the territory of Chaghataid ulus, Moghulistan and Moghulia-Kashgaria in the Eastern Turkestan) we could talk about formation of ethnical formations, which became a basis for the modern peoples of the Central Asia. Author pays attention to hypothetical nature of many conclusions of specialist in the ethnical history of Eurasia although they based on careful study of medieval sources. This gives an opportunity to continue researches of this subject.

116–125

Authors: Sayfetdinova E.G., Gamal Abdel Rehem I.H.

Objective: to identify the main reasons for the dynastic marriage between Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir and the Chinggisid princess Tulunbay and to analyze the impact of the termination of the marriage, according to medieval Arab chronicles. Research materials: medieval Arab chronicles of Mamluk authors: Ibn Duqmaq, al-Qalqashandi, al-Maqrizi, Mogultay, al-Nuwayri, Ibn Tagriberdi, al-Ayni et al. Results and novelty of the research: diplomatic relations between Egypt and the Golden Horde were the result of economic and foreign policy objectives of both states. Egypt at that time was one of the most powerful and influential states in the Muslim East, which showed an increased interest in events in the Golden Horde. This interest was stimulated by the fact that the Golden Horde was involved in the orbit of Islam and began to more intensively integrate Islam into the everyday culture of the Golden Horde society. After the Golden Horde had strengthened its position during the reign of khan Uzbek, Mamluk sultans began to consolidate even more their relations with the Golden Horde. One of the most important steps for the rapprochement between the two countries was a dynastic marriage between Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir and the Chinggisid princess Tulunbay. The object of this study is relevant, since the issue of political significance of dynastic relations between Mamluk and the Golden Horde rulers remain understudied. Meanwhile, the dynastic marriage is presented as a political act: as an expression of the good will of the state in relation to the other and a way to strengthen the influence of one country on another. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that, along with a detailed analysis of the Arab chronicles’ information on this subject, it presents for the first time the tomb of princess Tulunbay, which has been preserved in Egypt.

138–148

Authors: Aksanov A.V.

Research objective: This paper analyzes the problem of interpretation of the chronicle reports about the Moscow-Kazan relations and identifies the semantics of these reports by using the hermeneutic analysis of texts. Research materials: The author cites the examples of the sources’ misunderstanding. Researchers treated literally reports about the Kazan khanate foundation, which in fact were based on the reminiscences from biblical books and needed an allegorical interpretation. Scholars made similar mistakes in their interpretation of some of the reports about the Kazan campaigns in 1467, 1487, 1506, and 1552. In turn, the use of hermeneutic methods allows us to significantly supplement and even revise the picture of the Moscow-Kazan relations presented in the historians’ works. This paper demonstrates some features of the evolution of Russian chronicle writing that affected the nature of the representation of interstate relations. Period of the last third of the 15th century is described both by official and independent (provincial) chronicle vaults. In this, these sources describe the events in different ways. Official chronicles represented the Moscow-Kazan war of 1467–1469 as a religious confrontation ended with Russian victory, while independent sources described this war without religious connotations and pointed to the defeat of Moscow forces. The author also revealed significant differences in the description of the events in 1478 and 1487. Research results and novelty: In such a way, independent sources refute a number of official reports about the Moscow-Kazan relations in the last third of the 15th century. In turn, period of the first half of the 16th century is well documented only in the official chronicles since independent chronicles fell into decline during the strengthening of the united Russian State. Thus, the picture of the Moscow-Kazan relations of this period is unilateral since it is based on information of official chronicles, which, in many cases, can not be verified by alternative sources.

164–192

Authors: Khaydarov T.F.

Objective: to examine the main works and theories of foreign and domestic authors, which has considered the theme of “Black death” on the territory of the ulus of Jochi in 1814–2016. Research materials: at the present stage of development of historical science the way out from methodological crisis is the most pressing issue. As international experience shows, progress towards the knowledge of the past is only possible through interaction with other disciplines, such as genetics or biology. At the moment, the epidemic of “Black Death” is rightfully considered one of these research topics. This event was of great importance in the history. Raged for several hundreds of years and killed up to a third of the then population, the plague significantly changed the face of human societies, accelerated the transition to a new economic system, to the culture and philosophy of Modern times. However, until recently research on this topic mainly focused on studying either biology of the plague, or the study of reality emerged after the “Black Death”. In these circumstances, the transition to interdisciplinarity, which occurred in recent years in Western science, allowed not only more comprehensive approach to the study of this topic, but to expand the regions under study and to include among them, in the first instance, Northern Eurasia and its most important part – Juchid ulus. In general, Western historiography had not yet developed an unambiguous assessment of the “Black Death” in this region. This is partly due to lack of experience with written sources in the Tatar and Russian languages as well as due to not long period of work with archaeological sources. At the same time, domestic science has more than 200 years of experience in understanding of this problem, but it suffers from several disadvantages. Results and novelty of the research: on the basis of historiographical material, the article manages to conclude that despite a thorough theoretical study of a subject in the field of biology of the plague, a historical study on the “Black Death in Russia” is extremely inconsistent and did not yet form a united research school. Against this background, the historiography of the epidemic “Black Death” in the Juchid ulus is situated in a better position than the research on the plague in the North-Western Rus’.

200–205

Authors: Gorsky A.A.

The author of the article for the first time publishes completely the “speeches” of Mikhail Garaburda – the courier of the Polish king and the Great Lithuanian prince Sigismund II – addressed to Qalga of the Crimean Khanate Muhammad Giray, which were intercepted in 1559 by the voivode D.Adashev and presented by Ivan the Terrible to the Lithuanian side in 1562. Both the embassy of Mikhail Garaburda in the Crimea and the Dnieper-Crimean campaign of D.Adashev took place in 1559. The Ambassadorial book of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania speaks about Sigismund’s charter and the “speeches” of his courier. It is noteworthy that Sigismund’s charter and M.Garaburda’s “speeches” were used by the Russian side only in the course of the negotiations in 1562, that is, three years after they had been delivered to Moscow.

213–219

Authors: Derin Paşaoğlu D.

The article considers the genealogy of the Girayids contained in “Umdet al-Akhbar” by Abdulgaffar Kyrymi. Abdulgaffar Kyrymi was a great connoisseur of the Turkic-Tatar history. He wrote his historical work in 1747 according to the Ottoman-Turkish tradition, that is, the author gave detailed information about the history of the prophets since Adam, the history of Islam, Islamic Turkic states, the State of Seljuks and the Ottoman State, Chinggis Khan and his sons. Moreover, he collected most of the information from local sources of that period. But the main part of the work contains the history of Juchi Khan, his children and the history of the Crimea. It is for this reason that Abdulgaffar Kyrymi gives such a detailed genealogy of the Girayids and the sequence of their rules in the Crimean Khanate. Abdulgaffar Kyrymi’s genealogy begins with Chinggis Khan and his daughters (Kuchi Bike, Chechgan Bigim, Tumalyn Bigim, Elyatun Bigim, Turaly Bigim) as well as with his 500 wives. But only five of them were respected: Borte Kuchin Biim, Kulan Bigim, Suyugan Khatun Bigim, Kökchi Bigim, Jeksulu Bigim. List of the Crimean dynasty of the Girayids is offered here to specialists, beginning with Haji Giray to Arslan Giray. Comparison of the list of the Girayid khans contained in “Umdet al-Akhbar” with researches on this topic reveals some differences. In the opinion of the author, to solve these problems, along with genealogical and other narrative sources, it is also necessary to use the numismatics data and a large corpus of letters of the Crimean khans to the rulers of various countries.

226–229

Authors: Radičević D.

The article offers a critical review of the book of Serbian historian Aleksandar Uzelac, dedicated to the analysis of the relations between the Golden Horde and the Medieval Balkan Slavic states – Bulgaria and Serbia in the second half of the thirteenth century. The book is based on the wide corpus of Slavic, Latin, Byzantine and Oriental sources, archaeological and numismatic findings, toponymy, as well as folklore tradition. The author offered a very insightful overview of the political relations between the Golden Horde and the Balkans, migratory movements of the populations from the Pontic Steppes to the Balkan region, and in addition he also dealt with the image of the Tatars in the eyes of its Christian contemporaries. The pivotal figure of the book is Nogai, whose career, status within the Golden Horde and achievements are analysed in detail. Moreover, armed with impressive erudition, the author challenged and revised many established misconceptions in Serbian and Bulgarian historiography. Another asset of the book is vivid and dynamic presentation of its contents, aimed not only at the specialists, but also the general audience. The shortcomings of this monograph are relatively few, with respect to omission of some archaeological materials, but they do not diminish the general value of the monograph in question.

239–243

Authors: Tychinskikh Z.A., Gabdrakhmanova G.F.

The article presents a collective monograph “The History and Culture of the Western Siberian Tatars” published in 2015 by Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. This book is the first academic work, which integrated and multidimensionally accumulated almost all materials (of demography, genetics, linguistics, history, ethnography and ethnosociology) available in modern science related to the formation and development of the Turkic-Tatar population of Western Siberia from ancient times to the early 21st century. The monograph is distinguished by the ethnoterritorial approach: the authors focus on the entire Turkic-Tatar population of Western Siberia, which was formed in different historical periods and includes two main components – population called in ethnographic science the “Siberian Tatars” and the group of Tatars who migrated (mainly from the Volga region) to the Siberian region during the 16th–20th centuries. The book contains a large number of illustrations, which were collected during the expeditions of the authors in the rural settlements of the Tatars of Western Siberia, during archaeological excavations, in numerous archives and museums in Russia. Many photos are presented for the first time.

248–251

Authors: Giniyatullina L.S.

The extended meeting of the Editorial Board of the “Golden Horde Review” dedicated to the fifth anniversary of the first issue of the journal was held in Kazan on March 18, 2017. Responsible for the journal’s policy reported on the directions of their work with the following reports: Mirgaleev I.M., Cand. Sci. (History), Head of Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Editor-in-Chief of the journal. Report on the Journal’s Work: Strategic Vision of the Journal’s Development. Khakimov R.S., Dr. Sci. (History), Director of Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Vice President of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Academician of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Editorial Board. Report on the Editorial Board’s Work. Giniyatullina L.S., Research Fellow of Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Technical Editor. Plan for the Development of the Site of the Journal. The Role of the Online Version in Promoting the Journal and Its Indexing in Russian and International Scientific Citation Bases. Roman Hautala, Ph.D. (History), Senior Research Fellow of Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences; Docent, Department of History, University of Oulu (Finland), English Texts’ Editor. The Development Strategy of the English-Language Part of the Journal. Sayfetdinova E.G., Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow of Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Issuing Editor. Aksanov A.V., Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow of Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Issuing Editor. Work on the Review of the Journal. The following invited guests took part in the meeting together with the members of the Editorial Board: Michel Balard, Emeritus Professor of Medieval History, Institute of Research on Byzantium, Islam, and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages, University Paris 1 – Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris, France); Daniel Clarke Waugh, Emeritus Professor, History Department, University of Washington, Editor-in-Chief of the journal “The Silk Road” (an annual publication of the Silkroad Foundation) (Seattle, USA); Mirko Sardelić, Department of History, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Zagreb, Croatia); Aleksandar Uzelac, Research Associate, Institute of History (Belgrade, Serbia). The participants highly appreciated the work of the Editorial Board, noted the importance of the Editorial Board’s members’ work as well as the reviewing institution’s work. They pointed to the need to adhere to the plan to include the “Golden Horde Review” in the world’s scientometric databases. The participants approved the reports of the meeting and wished the successes to the Editorial Board. The member of the Editorial Council, Aleksandar Uzelac, proposed to include in the plan the specific activities for working with the Editorial Council and carry out annual joint meetings of the Editorial Board. The participants recommended as well to publish the discussion papers more frequently. In their speeches, the participants of the meeting noted the high academic level of the journal, its deserved authority and recognition not only in our country, but also abroad. They wished the further fruitful and effective work to the Journal’s Editorial Board. The meeting has decided: 1. to recognize the work of the “Golden Horde Review” and its Editorial Board as satisfactory; 2. the Editorial Board should actively seek to increase the number of articles and the volume of the journal; 3. to activate the work of the Editorial Council. To this end, it is necessary to organize, coordinate and direct the activities of the members of the Editorial Council: to hold joint meetings of the Editorial Board and the Editorial Council.