Pratidhwani the Echo

1-5

Authors: Mahbubur Rahman

Najib Mahfouz is an outstanding figure in the realm of Arabic literature having many novels, short stories and literary essays in his credit. His works are often charged with deep social criticism combined with subtle humour and clear conscience. ‘The Trilogy’, often regarded as the masterpiece in novelistic form, is based on domestic and national transitions. In the novel, Mahfouz penetrates into the spheres of individual, family and the nation as a whole and exposes the hypocrisy of people, most of them are Muslims whose life styles are contrary to the faith they profess. He highlights people’s engagement in corrupt practices to show the societal decadence and to create awareness against the same. The present paper is an attempt to highlight Mahfouz’s portrayal of social aspects in the novel ‘The Trilogy’ so as to give an insight about the author’s engagement with the society at large. Key words: Najib Mahfouz, The Trilogy, Social Theme, Political Theme, Religious Theme.

18-22

Authors: Dr. Chanda Chaterji

In Buddhist Epistemology valid knowledge is usually termed as the knowledge that is in harmony with its object. As argued by the Buddhist Philosophers, there are two kinds of valid knowledge—perception and inference. The knowledge derived from perception is direct and immediate knowledge of the object. Dharmakirti viewed perception as a non-erroneous presentation devoid of all determinations or conceptual construction. It is the immediate apprehension of an object in its uniqueness, unassociated with names and other determinations. Santarakshit agrees with Dharmakirti in this regard. Dignaga, however, held an altogether different view about perception. Nevertheless, these three Buddhists philosophers agree that only indeterminate perception is valid perception, since it apprehends the uniqueness of an object devoid of all qualifications. In the light of the arguments put forward by these Buddhist Philosophers, the present paper aims at finding out the influence of valid knowledge in Buddhist Epistemology. Key Word: Perception, Valid Knowledge, Buddhist Epistemology.

31-41

Authors: Shubhrajit Chatterji

The people of West Bengal are known as tour loving people. From the ancient time they travelled many places around the world as pilgrim, merchant, historian and so on. During that period, this was limited among few people. But in Modern time the nature, motive, test and desire of tourists from West Bengal have changed and mass tourism has developed in this scenario. Now tourism is the fastest growing industry in the world. What was the nature of tourism of this people in the early stage, what kind of changes taken place in modern time, is there any class or gender inequality found among them and some sociological causal explanation of the changing nature of the tourism of the people of Bengal have been discussed in this article. Key Words: Tourist, The tourist Gaze, Tourist motivation.

48-54

Authors: Hiraman Poddar

Sadness and Separation have always formed important aspects of human life through which man has expressed his inner feelings, be it spiritual or natural. The predominance of sadness and separation can well be perceived in literary works like Meghdut’, ‘Geet Gobindam’, ‘Charjhapad’, ‘Sreekrishnakirtan’ Baisnab Kabya, Kabita, Mangal, Shakta, which are highly popular in Bengal. The incorporation of sadness and separation mark a significant element as regards wide acceptance of the compositions of ‘Bauls’ in Bengal. In the songs of Bijoy Sarkar also we find prevalence sadness and separation which have explicably contributed to their fascination and beauty. In fact, frustration of human heart, hopelessness, death, painful memory etc. have found substantial place in the compositions of Bijoy Sarkar; which added to his melodious voice have made his songs highly enthralling. The present paper tries to highlight the implication of sadness and separation in Bijay Sarkar’s songs.

64-88

Authors: Kidanemariam Gidey Gebrehiwot

The main objective of the study was is to investigate the long run and short run impact of human capital on economic growth in Ethiopia (using real GDP per capita, as a proxy for economic growth) over the period 75-2011. The ARDL Approach to Co-integration and Error Correction Model are applied in order to investigate the long-run and short run impact of Human capital on Economic growth. The finding of the Bounds test shows that there is a stable long run relationship between real GDP per capita, education human capital, health human capital, labor force, gross capital formation, government expenditure and official development assistance. The estimated long run model revels that human capital in the form of health (proxied by the ratio of public expenditure on health to real GDP) is the main contributor to real GDP per capita rise followed by education human capital (proxied by secondary school enrolment). Such findings are consistent with the endogenous growth theories which argue that an improvement in human capital (skilled and healthy workers) improves productivity. In the short run, the coefficient of error correction term is -0.7366 suggesting about 73.66 percent annual adjustment towards long run equilibrium. This is another proof for the existence of a stable long run relationship among the variables. The estimated coefficients of the short-run model indicate that education is the main contributor to real GDP per capita change followed by gross capital formation (one period lagged value) and government expenditure (one period lagged value). But, unlike its long run significant impact, health has no significant short run impact on the economy. Even its one period lag has a significant negative impact on the economy. The above results have an important policy implication. The findings of this paper imply that economic performance can be improved significantly when the ratio of public expenditure on health services to GDP increases and when secondary school enrolment improves. Such improvements have a large impact on human productivity which leads to improved national output per capita. Hence policy makers and / or the government should strive to create institutional capacity that increase school enrolment and improved basic health service by strengthening the infrastructure of educational and health institutions that produce quality manpower. In addition to its effort, the government should continue its leadership role in creating enabling environment that encourage better investment in human capital (education and health) by the private sector. Key words: Ethiopia, Economic Growth, Human capital, Education, Health, ARDL method of Co-integration, ECM model.

100-112

Authors: Dr. Papori Baruah & Rashmi R. Baruah

The academic press and management increasingly emphasize the importance of teams for organisational success in the modern economy. The use of teams has really expanded dramatically to face the competitive challenges. According to many research studies, one of the most common skills required by new work practices and processes is the ability to work in a team. As we know- education is also a process, it has an important role in recognising the needs & importance of teamwork where teachers can encourage their students to combine different skills they have to make the most of their united efforts towards a common goal. However, it was also found that students can meet their course objectives and satisfactions only if they can work in teams and access support from their teachers. If there is a good teamwork, it results a win-win scenario where teachers are able to teach more and students are able to learn more to meet their course objectives more efficiently. Working together helps teachers learn how to be more effectively use classroom time to impart knowledge and help the students to be more committed and dedicated to gain knowledge. From team teaching to teacher-student relationship, teamwork must be present in the classrooms of all levels. So, it is very important for the administration staff of educational institutions to understand the existence of teamwork in their institutions that could influence the accomplishment of course objectives and their satisfactions. This paper is concerned with examining the students’ perceptions regarding the linkage between teamwork with their course accomplishment and satisfaction level that exist in the academic institutions of North-East Region of India. The result suggests that - allowing students to work in teams lead to faster achieving of course objectives and student satisfaction, provided the teachers really pay attention on teams and setting up the assignments for the students working on the team carefully. Keywords: Course objectives accomplishment, Educational Institutions, Student satisfaction, Team, Teamwork.

121-124

Authors: Shyam Subedy

India is culturally diversified country. Nepali or Gorkha people are one of the ancient inhabitants of this part. They have been living in Assam and North East region since long. Though the ancestors of almost all ethnic groups and communities once had to migrate from one place to another with the tide of circumstances, the advent of the Nepali people to this region has some historic evidences. It is undoubtedly admitted that the Nepali people living in this region bear a great deal of resemblance to that of Nepal. But the acculturation and its impact has led them to adopt some cultural and social customs of Assam as well. Since the regime of Lord William Bentinck as the Governor General of India, several agreements, pacts, treaties land cession and accession were common factors that led the present day Nepali people to move towards this region.

148-154

Authors: Ajay kumar

This paper aims to analyse Gandhian way to world peace and insist that Gandhian methodology to world peace has never been an utopian dream. For one thing, Gandhi has not committed the error of advocating or pursuing the goal of peace through war and force. Neither Gandhi looked for easy or piecemeal methods. Instead, he goes to the root of the problems covering all possible dimensions be it personal, social, economic, political and academic. Further, he warns us against the disastrous or self-destructive thrust of ‘modern civilization’ in which weapons of mass destruction, environmental pollution, resource-depletion, ecological degradation and demographic pressure appears to be coming rather gravely as threat to the future of humankind. It's time to stop this drift to irreversible tragedy before it's too late. This Paper claims that, to resolve the emerging contemporary issues in an exceedingly lasting manner, in depth learning and realization of the ideals of Gandhi is urgently needed. Key words: Karma, Nonviolence, Nuclearlisation, Swadeshi, Sarvodaya