Torun International Studies

6

Authors: Nadiya Myroslavivna Kindrachuk

This article examines the end of the 60's – 70's of the XX century, the time characterized by intensification of repressive management of historical science in the USSR, the establishment of censorship and harassment, forcing the Ukrainian historians to serve the needs of the Soviet totalitarian state. Rejection of historical science from ideological foundations of the Communist Party was impossible. Ideological supervision of the intelligentsia in Ukraine and total control of historical research institutions started. Ruling Communist Party fought against dissidents, media and folowers of «Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism ideology», shaped prejudice to all national. The least manifestation of patriotism of Ukrainians was regarded as anti-Soviet activity. Ukrainians were reluctantly forced to feel inferior nation without its own long history.

7

Authors: Abduladhim Moamer Albegar, Szymon Dziuba, Hashem Saad Ahmed Ali, Omer Khlafalla-Omar

There are two food production processes that involve the replacement of one ingredient with other substance or a mixture of two or more products. One of them is adulteration of food products. This applies to high-cost and high-quality oils e.g. olive oil that is frequently subject to adulteration with other edible oils of lower value. Such a food fraud affects the quality of the gentle oil and the foods the ingredient of which is olive oil. The second action often applied to the oils is blending of the variety of products originating from many different regions and countries. Sometimes the oils originating from various sources and years are blended to create a consistent taste. The subject of this paper is the application of the multi-analysis method to assess the process of the blending of several oils and thus creating a new mixture to satisfy the market demand for new hitherto unknown oils, advertised as new products. For this task we construct a new system under the label of Special Modification Oil-SMO. The system consists of three parts: 1. Theoretical part, 2. Practical part; that is, an experimental part 3. The last part is the economic justification to fulfill market demand by launching new oils of high quality serving many purposes and at the same time being cheaper. Therefore, in this paper we mainly focus on the practical aspect of the issue; however, the economic justificatory criteria are of equal importance. Economics starts to be relevant once we start considering the possibility of producing the oils in question. The proposed SMO system has been used in these calculations to obtain the required composition of the blend destined for special application. The present work shows that the chemical parameters of the final mixture can be numerically calculated when the characteristics of primary components are known. The SMO procedure can constitute input data for theoretical evaluations. The SMO procedure computes the best mixtures for the new oil demanded by the market. According to the SMO’s formula, also the economic factors of a given undertaking are taken into account (that is, such technological factors as costs of different mixtures). The verification of experience finishes when certain economic ends are achieved.

9

Authors: Piotr Walewicz

The article signals the need for a deepened theoretical analysis of environmental issues in International Relations studies. It initializes the idea of “Greening” the Critical Theory of International Relations with critical concepts from other sciences. Thus it proposes the scope of Critical Theory of IR to be expanded to cover not only the relations between power and capital, but the relations of power-capital-nature. It shows common points between the Critical Theory of IR and the concepts of world-ecology and the Capitalocene by Jason W. Moore and proposes reforming some founding definitions that the Critical Theory of IR is based on. This includes re-conceptualizing the critique of capitalism as a way of organizing nature, but also distancing oneself from the Cartesian dichotomy of Society + Nature, which is an obstacle to properly including environmental issues in IR research.

11

Authors: Anna Moskal

The future of the European Union is a topic which frequently generates multiple heated debates amongst politicians, lawyers and political scientists. This issue is even more burning and contentious after the Brexit referendum, which is a turning point in the history of European integration. As an answer to the first withdrawal of a member state from the European Union the European Commission published the “White Paper on the future of Europe. Reflections and scenarios for the EU27 by 2025” which immediately came under fire from critics. In this publication five possible scenarios for the future development of the European Union were presented with a view to “launch a process in which Europe determines its own path”. In September 2017 the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, in his “State of the Union Address 2017” outlined his own unique and alternative sixth scenario for Europe’s future, which concentrates principally on freedom, equality and the rule of law. The main aim of this article is to compile and provide an analysis of the effect of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal on the European Union’s future development in the context of European integration. This paper consists of five parts which include the history of European integration, an analysis of the Brexit referendum and its impact, as well as a presentation of the 6 possible future development scenarios. The research methodology of this study combines both qualitative and quantitative methods.

12

Authors: Grzegorz Górniewicz

The aim of the article is to present the growth of the Polish external debt, with special consideration of its causes and methods of debt reduction. In order to achieve the aim of the article, a research method of descriptive comparative analysis has been applied. In the conclusions of the paper it is stated – among others - that external credits have been taken in order to decrease economic disproportions between Poland and highly developed countries. Considering the necessity of debt repayment, the due amounts have already become a considerable developmental barrier and a burden not only for the state budget but also for business entities. Undoubtedly, Poland is going to take more credits and to issue foreign bonds in the nearest future. Their use may turn out to be an important factor which shall determine the economic situation of the country.

13

Authors: Anton Moldovan

Military aggression conducted by Russia against Ukraine was a turning point on the scene of international relations, and, particularly, in Europe. The Russian aggression against Ukraine, completed by the illegal occupation and annexation of the Crimean Peninsula represented the first post-Cold War event when a state claimed under the spectrum of force a territory belonging to another state, whose borders are recognised under the international law. Russia’s aggression triggered a general concern in Eastern Europe. The Polish leaders were among the first European officials who vehemently condemned Russia’s actions. Therefore, this paper aims to explore Poland stance on Russia's military aggression against Ukraine and how the Polish leadership posture is then reflected in the new concept of the national security strategy. Thus, we focus on the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland (2014)