International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science

6-10

Authors: Samson Damilola FABIYI, Abdulmuizz Ohiare ABDULMALIK, Habeeb Abiodun TIAMIU

One of the ways by which the youths of nowadays can be galvanized and empowered to go on and proffer solutions to the existing, emerging and future technology problems is by introducing them to robotics at their early age. The trend in most developed countries is that priority is usually placed on robotics at all levels of education i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary. This is expected considering the numerous areas of application of robots and its effects on economic growth and technological development of such countries. Reverse is the case in Nigeria. One would then wonder why robotics has not been fully and officially incorporated into the Nigeria secondary schools’ curriculum. Probably, some of the top officials in government are not really convinced that introducing such would make any meaningful impact as far as the economy and technological advancement are concern. While relying on data obtained from various secondary sources, this study focuses on presenting the likely impacts and challenges of introducing robotics in to the Nigerian secondary schools curriculum and to put possible solutions forward. The results showed that creation of job opportunity, increased interest in engineering and computer science among prospective university candidates, enhanced academic performance, and solution to the problem of “digital divide” are some of the likely impacts while Inadequate budgetary allocation, Inadequate physical infrastructure, and dwindling electrical power supply have been identified as the major challenges which are likely to be encountered if robotics is finally introduced into the Nigerian secondary schools curriculum.

15-22

Authors: Anish Joseph JyolsnaMary.P

The Wireless communications field is one of the major successes of the engineering over the past two decades. The progress made in this area has not only produced a huge technological growth, but also a great impact at social and economic level. In fact, the possibility of being connected anywhere at any time has radically changed people character. The evolution of wireless communications is obviously linked to the power consumption of devices, which also continues increasing due to the growing amount of data and transmission speed required by the new communication standards. This leads to an increasingly gap between power needs and battery capacity. Therefore, energy efficiency of electronics systems has become a crucial factor to maximize the lifetime of the available batteries and one of the most important research topics in integrated circuits design in recent years

33-40

Authors: Mohammed Irfan Shamshoddin Pathan1, S.R. Pawar2, M.K.Beldar3

Cam-follower mechanisms are most widely used in various mechanical machineries such as automatic machines, machine tools, IC engines, etc.In this research paper, the complete kinematic analysis is being done to determine the displacement of follower for different rotation angles of cams. The analytical calculations with required experimentations are being doneto determine the displacement of follower for different rotation angles of cams.Usingpotentiometric linear motion sensor and absolute encoder with the required data acquisition system,having Mega 328 Microcontroller is used to find results after integrating with computer for kinematic analysis. Thecomparisons between real-time and analytical results for follower displacements corresponding to cam rotation angles have been done in MATLAB. Keywords: Analytical model, Cam-follower, Potentiometric linear motion sensor, Analog Rotary Position Sensor, Tangent Cam, Eccentric Cam, Data Acquisition System, Kinematic analysis

47-50

Authors: Neetu

In recent years Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been growing rapidly and provides more services in several areas. Recent advancements in this field of computing, communication and sensing are attracted towards research in WSN. Networks lifetime depends on energy balancing of WSN. Clusters are collection of autonomous servers. The main target of clustering is to improve the scalability and reduce energy consumption. Cluster head absorbs more energy than non-cluster head nodes. Suited option of cluster head grows the network life time and energy efficiency. In this paper, cluster head selection and its techniques has been analysed. It has been observed that Fuzzy based cluster head technique is better than Topology and Coverage area. Because fuzzy logic has the potential to deal with conflicting situations and there are no complex mathematical modelling techniques are required. Keyword: Wireless Sensor Networks, Clustering and its technique.

63-69

Authors: Haritha.T, Jyothirmayi devi

Contrast enhancement is generally used to adjust the global brightness and contrast of digital images. Malicious users perform contrast enhancement for creating a realistic composite images. Nowadays contrast enhancement is used for checking authenticity and originality of images. In this paper two novel algorithms are proposed in-order to detect manipulated digital images involving contrast enhancement. First, we focus on the detection of contrast enhancement applied to JPEG-compressed images. The histogram peak/gap artifacts incurred as a result of the JPEG compression and pixel value mappings are analyzed theoretically and notable by identifying the zero-height gap fingerprints. Second, for identifying the composite image formed by enforcing contrast alteration on both source regions. This paper propose a method to find which type contrast enhancement is affected to the raw image. Also detect contrast enhancement whether the image is affected by any type of noising, with the help of these results we can train the datasets by using neural network and calculate the accuracy of the method.

74-78

Authors: Ms. Pooja Arora Dr. Anurag Dixit

In today world using cloud services has become a convenience for software developers to develop application. An integrated development environment(IDE) facilitates the development of apps in shorter software delivery timelines. A cloud based IDE is an ‘next gen’ solution and still in the incubation stage because the cloud based private workspace is yet to evolve fully.as of now, there still is not any good java-supporting cloud IDE available. Evaluation of different cloud IDEs is discussed in this paper. This paper discuss an open source virtual environment for cost effective and better community based collaborative software development. In this paper we analyze a cloud based development facility that can be accessible from anywhere and be used without much interfacing in the local developer system such as software installation, network boundary etc

90-103

Authors: Pushparaj J. Dhawale [1] Prof. G. N. Narule [2]

P-delta effect is secondary or second order effect on structure. It is also known as ‘Geometric Nonlinearity effect’. As number of storey increases, P-delta effect becomes more important. If the change in bending moments, shear forces and displacements is more than 10%, P-delta effect should be considered in design. In this study the P-delta effect on high rise building is studied. Linear static analysis (without P-delta effect) and nonlinear static analysis (with P-delta effect) on high rise buildings having different number of storey is carried out. For the analysis G+19, G+24, G+29 (i.e. 20, 25, 30 storey) R.C.C. framed buildings are modeled. Earthquake load is applied on model of structure as per IS-1893(2002) for zone III in SAP2000-12 software. Load combinations for analysis are set as per IS-456(2000). All analysis is carried out in software SAP 2000-12. Bending moment, story displacement with and without P-delta effect is calculated and compared for all models. The results show that it is essential to consider the P-delta effect for 25 storey building. So buildings having height more than or equal to 75m, should be designed considering P-delta effect. Also we can say that up to 25 storey building, it is not necessary to consider P-delta effect in design and first order analysis is sufficient for design.

108-117

Authors: Y.P. Mamatha1, Sujith Kumar S2, Vivek G2 , Sumanth D R2, Vinay N2.

Detection of crack is very important to maintain the safety of the structure. When a crack develops in a structure it leads to changes in its vibration parameters, these affect modal parameters. Based on these changes, it is possible to estimate the crack size and location by measuring the changes in vibration of the structure. The aim of this project is to carry out modal analysis of In-plane free vibration analysis of two-member open frame with transverse crack. The 3D model of Open frame L-structure is created and analysed with the changes in crack dimensions, crack locations and for with and without concentrated mass (end mass) conditions for both horizontal and vertical members using ANSYS. The results obtained from the vibration analysis of L-frame structure shows that Crack depth is inversely proportional to natural frequency while keeping crack location constant and natural frequency is lower near fixed end region and increases for farther regions. Keywords- Flexibility, Modal Analysis, Modal Parameters, Mode Shapes, Natural Frequency, Vibration Parameters, ANSYS.

124-131

Authors: Zahraa Raad Mayoof Hajiyat

Channel coding is a process used in digital communications system to guarantee a transmission is received with minimal or no errors. Some coding methods that employed are achieved by involving additional binary numbers into the transmission. When decoded on the receiving finished, the transmission can be checked for errors that may have happened. Channel coding that apply this method are block codes which called forward error correction (FEC) codes that allow a limited number of errors to be detected and corrected without retransmission. Hamming codes has found a best class of single error correcting codes while Reed– Solomon codes has found a best class of multiple error correcting codes for designing of block codes and it shows how error correction and detection can be accomplished. Beside, using Matlab software to perform single and multiple errors correction design. Also, The BER display for both Hamming codes and Reed-Solomon codes.

138-144

Authors: Seema S. Kute¹, Sonali B. Kulkarni²

Science begun to expose the many sakes of meditation using enlightened tools like neuro-imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, brain mapping technology, electroencephalography, thus allowing scientists an unrivalled ability to measure the effects of meditation on the brain and brainwave constitutions. Within the past few decades, there has been a lot much of temptation in the study of mindfulness as psychological states and as a form of clinical approaches. In today’s fast life and hectic schedule arises lot much physiological, psychological problems on human body, meditation is one of the best solution in physiological, negative psychological problems, attention. Numerous researchers already conduct the many research study on meditation the outcome of meditation on stress relief and disease improvement. In this review we see the mindfulness meditation plays an important role in the mental health and mindfulness meditation theory and also effects of mindfulness meditation, Transcendental Meditation, Zen Meditation, Samatha–vipassana, Yoga, Sahaji yoga, Sudarshan Kriya , Raj Yoga on Neuroimaging studies, behavioral studies, and structural imaging studies. The effect of meditation on human brain and body using EEG signals. To get the awareness into the nature of EEG during meditation. Keywords - Introduction, Meditation, EEG, Literature Review

149-160

Authors: Ademola S. OLUFEMI1*, Mayowa A. AZEEZ2, and Oluwafemi O. OLAYEBI3

This contribution investigated methods of intensifying the leaching of colemanite using sulphuric acid for the improvement of boric acid recovery. Boric acid is one of the most commonly used boron compounds produced by dissolving colemanite (2CaO⋅3B2O3⋅5H2O) in aqueous sulfuric acid which results in the formation of gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O) as a by-product and must be separated from the main product. The dissolution of colemanite gives the amount of boric acid formed; the purity and crystallization of boric acid are affected by filtration of gypsum. In this study, and the factors that were examined in this study were stirrer agitation speed, particle size, reaction temperature on the dissolution of colemanite in the reaction of boric acid production. Colemanite having the same elemental chemical composition and particle size, sulfuric acid and distilled water were used as reactants for the boric acid production reaction in this study. The crushing of the colemanites were one in a jaw crusher, ground in a hammer mill and then sieved. The biggest diameter of the colemanite minerals was 150 μm and the experiments were performed at different particle sizes of colemanite (0-150, 0-250 and 250-1000 μm), temperatures (70- 90 °C) and stirring speed (350-500 rpm). The results obtained, showed that increasing the acid concentration results in a significant increase boric acid recovery. The highest recovery was obtained at 85 °C temperature. Increasing the mixing speed form 350 rpm to 500 rpm increased the recovery by 5.5%. Thus, the increase in agitating speed from 350 to 500 rpm resulted in a significant increase in boric acid recovery. Thus, it was concluded that agitation have a significant effect on boric acid recovery above 500 rpm. The batch process proved to be better than the semi-batch process in terms of the amount of boric acid recovered.

169-175

Authors: Priyanka V. Saste, Prof.Megha P.kharche.

— In recent years due to various kind of social activities such as theft, bomb attack and other terrorist attack preventive security measures at public places has gained lot of importance. Abandoned Object detection is most crucial task in visual surveillance system. Many Public or open areas are facilitated with cameras at the multiple angles to monitor the security of that area for keeping citizens safe. This is known as the surveillance system. In this paper a new algorithm is proposed for object tracking in video, which is based on image segmentation. With the image segmentation all objects in video can be detected whether they are moving or not by using segmentation results of successive frames.This approach definitely provides security and detects the moving object in a real time video sequence and live video streaming. Keywords— video surveillance, left baggage detection, background subtraction.

181-193

Authors: Archana Sukumaran1, Amritha E.K2

This experimental research was conducted to study the effect of waste foundry sand and phosphogypsum on structural beams. Phopshogypsum is a byproduct of phosphate based fertilizers. Foundry sand (FS) is a by-product from the metal alloys casting industry with high silica content. This project is relevant as cost of the building material is increasing and availability of the material is decreasing, which leads to many environmental issues. M25 mix concrete was used in the study. The fine aggregate was replaced by foundry sand and cement with phosphogypsum in different proportions. Quarry sand was replaced at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% by foundry sand while cement replaced at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12% with phosphogypsum. The strength properties of the mixes were compared with that of conventional concrete mix. Strength tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted. The results say that the maximum strength was obtained at an optimum replacement of 30% foundry sand and 10% Phosphogypsum. The beam test results showed good characteristics with respect to the load deflection curves. The replaced material mixes are strong enough as well as economical. Keywords— Phosphogypsum, Foundry sand, Quarry sand, optimum replacement, silica content, load deflection characterestics.

204-209

Authors: Shalini Jaiswal* and Smirti Diwedi

Chalcones are -unsaturated keto group containing compound. Chalcones are 1, 3-diphenyl-2-propene-1-one, consist of two aromatic rings linked by a three carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system. Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen and sulphur in their skeleton are the most fascinated compound by scientists due to their diverse biological activities. Imidazoles have occupied a unique position in heterocyclic chemistry, and its derivatives have attracted considerable interests in recent years for their versatile properties in chemistry and pharmacology Different methods are available for the preparation of chalcones2-4.The most convenient method is the Claisen-Schimdt condensation of aryl methyl ketone with aromatic aldehyde in presence of aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide5 at room temperature. Chalcones are used to synthesize several derivatives like cyanopyridines, pyrazolines isoxazoles and pyrimidines having different heterocyclic ring systems.6-9 The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial and antifungal activity by disc diffusion method. The antifungal activity was evaluated against A. niger, A. flavus (fungal strains) using nystatin as the standard drugs. The antibacterial activity was evaluated E. coli and S.aureus using ciprofloxacin as the standard drugs. activity. KEY WORDS: Chalcone, Claisen-Schimdt condensation, solvent-free synthesis, Antibacterial activity

218-225

Authors: V.Lakshmi Prasanna

Progressive collapse refers to a phenomenon in which local damage in a primary structural element leads to total or partial structural system failure. When investigating the progressive collapse of structures, nonlinear dynamic procedures lead to more accurate results than static procedures. However, nonlinear dynamic procedures are very complicated and the evaluation or validation of the results can become very time consuming. Therefore, it is better to use simpler methods. In this study, a simplified analysis procedure for the progressive collapse analysis of steel structures is presented using the load displacement and capacity curve for steel space framed structure using STAAD Pro. KEYWORDS:PUSHOVER,PROGRESSIVECOLLAPSE,BASESHEAR,CAPACITYCURVE,ZONES,

229-233

Authors: Babita Devi[1], Shashi Shekhar Singh[2],

The present study deals with seismic behavior in zone IV for the different shapes of steel stacks with variable heights of 30m, 40m, and 50m. This work is carried out with sole objective to find which shape of steel stack is more stable under the seismic loading condition in terms of fundamental frequency and maximum deflection. The Seismic analysis is done by using the ‘Staad Pro Vi8 ss5’ software on the different shapes with some assumptions as per IS 6533:1989(part-1&II). Keywords— Steel stacks, Seismic analysis, Maximum deflection, Fundamental frequency, Response spectrum.

242-250

Authors: Andualem Endris Yadeta1

Variation is inevitable in construction projects due to the complex nature of the construction industry. It is common in all types of construction projects and it determines the time limits and anticipated budget of the projects. Variation order is observed as one of the most frequently occurring issues in construction projects in Ethiopia. Like other regions of the country, construction projects in Addis Ababa are exposed to variation orders. These variations are known to impact various aspects of the projects. The study investigates the various causes of variation orders on public building projects in Addis Ababa. To achieve the study objectives, through a comprehensive study of literatures review 38 common causes of variation orders were identified. A desk study, interview and questionnaire survey were carried out to identify the causes of variation orders. The desk study conducted on five selected public building projects and the causes of variation orders were identified. Interviews were made with selected experienced public building project participants for expert opinion. The questionnaire responses were analyzed using the relative index method. A triangulation method on the desk study, survey and the literatures was done to improve the validity of the findings from the study. The results indicated that design changes, incomplete contract documents, impediment in prompt decision making process, inadequate working drawing details, and change in specifications were the main causes of variation orders on public building projects. The study concluded based on the findings of the research and recommendations were forwarded to minimize the occurrence of variation on public building projects in Addis Ababa. Key words: Variation order, cause, public projects, Addis Ababa

266-276

Authors: Sachin W Gajghate

Noise is sound that is not wanted by the perceiver, because it is unpleasant, loud, or interferes with hearing. This results in the subjective discretion between sound and noise, where any sound may be considered noise depending on the perceiver. By extension, in experimental sciences, "noise" refers to any random fluctuations of data that makes more difficult the perception of an expected signal. Specifically, acoustic noise is any sound in the acoustic domain, either deliberate (music, speech, etc.) or unintended. In contrast, noise in electronics may not be audible to the human ear and often requires instruments for detection. Environmental is the accumulation of all noise present in a specified environment. The principal sources of environmental noise are surface motor vehicles, aircraft, trains and industrial sources. These noise sources expose millions of people to noise pollution that creates not only annoyance, but also significant health consequences such as elevated incidence of hearing loss and cardiovascular disease. There are a variety of mitigation strategies and controls available to reduce sound levels including source intensity reduction, land use planning strategies, noise barriers and sound baffles, time of day use regimens, vehicle operational controls and architectural acoustics design measures. Keywords: stiffness matrix, global matrix, displacement matrix, quadratic equations material, measurement, seed channel parameters ginning machine, noise, vibration, ginning machine spares, operation

284-289

Authors: Joseph Amajama

The effect of solar illuminance (or intensity) on a photovoltaic panel has been examined. Illuminance is synonymous to light intensity. Illuminance is directly proportional to light intensity per square of the distance between the source of light and object. The solar illuminance (or intensity) within the weather parameters’ ranges of 77 oF – 90 oF (air temperature), 30 inHg – 29.85 inHg (air pressure), 66 % and 89 % (relative humidity) and 5 mph – 10 mph (Wind speed), mainly in the WSW direction was measured and simultaneously the output current and voltage. The solar illuminance (or intensity) was measured with a Digital Illuminance Meter (DT-1309). The result spells that the current rises steadily with increase in solar illuminance or intensity. However, the rise rate reduces at a point with further increase in illuminance (or intensity), when the raining light excessively extract electrons (or holes), gradually resulting in collisions and a randomized flow, rather than the regular flow. The voltage output rises sharply with increasing illuminance (or intensity), but at a certain point attains the maximum level. Afterwards, the rate of change of the voltage with increasing illuminance (or intensity) becomes insignificant. The response curve at this point becomes steady. The current output of solar cells is polynomial while that of the voltage is logarithmic. The power output of the solar cell is directly proportional to the output current, regardless of that of the voltage under similar atmospheric conditions. The power output response curve takes the form of the current curve. Hence under similar weather conditions, provided that the capacity of a photovoltaic cell is not exceeded – P = KIL2 : where P is the power (Watt), I is the current (A), L is illuminance (Lux) and K is the loss or gain power factor depending on the photovoltaic cell. Also, since solar illuminance (or intensity) has a high positive effect on the solar cells, a good converging lens to focus solar radiations on the photovoltaic panel will enhance the efficiency of the output, most especially in regions of low sunlight. And, since the current is generated as a result of photoelectric effect: it is possible for higher energetic particles above the ultraviolent particles to extract and excite more electron or current than solar radiation (mainly visible light and ultraviolent particles) and improve output. This may be recommended for the Polar Regions. Gamma or X-ray particles may be incident on the photovoltaic panel. Keywords— Effect, Solar illuminance, Solar intensity, Photovoltaic cell, Solar cell, Photovoltaic panel, Solar panel, Output, Performance, Converging lenses and X or Gamma rays.

297-302

Authors: Shubham Gupta*, Prof. R. S. Mishra

Solar thermal technology installation has enabled to use a completely free and clean form of energy. Because of this diesel consumption in many industries can be saved and hence can positively affect the environment. In this paper particularly laundry of cloths application is evaluated as this process conventionally used diesel in large quantities and hence makes suitable for the use of solar thermal technology. Key Words: Solar Thermal, Parabolic Trough, Collector, Laundry, Steam, Renewable energy, Solar Energy

308-313

Authors: Chavan Vishwajit Da*, Dr. Rajesh B. Buktarb, Dr. Kiran Bholec

The Petri Nets (PN) are being used for decision making in the manufacturing system using Petri Nets (PN). In this paper, PN has been applied successfully for modeling of discrete event dynamic systems such as manufacturing system that are characterized by conflicts, concurrency, and synchronization. An example of the manufacturing system of an XYZ industry consisting of four machines with operators has been taken into consideration and its PN model construction is explained. The model is then simulated in the MATLAB software using Petri Net toolbox. Furthermore, the modeled system is a Time Petri Net (TPN) model which is a well-known subclass of PNs for checking the coverability of the system. Analysis of the model using TPN depicts efficient performance evaluation and qualitative analysis. Keywords— Petri Nets (PN), Manufacturing System, Time Petri Nets (TPN), Discrete Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS), Coverability, MATLAB, Petri Net Toolbox.

318-325

Authors: 1Enefola S. Ameh, 2Basil O. Onyekpe

The research work studied the role of heat treatments on phase decomposition and microstructure morphology impact on fracture toughness, yield strength and hardness of high strength steel. Normalizing, austempering and quenching and tempering were performed after initial austenization of the as-received steel to 9500C at 90mins isothermal holding period and the respective microstructure characterized with light optical and scanning electron microscopes. J-integral, tensile and hardness tests were conducted in accordance with American standard test method E1820, E8 and E92 respectively. The results showed remarkable high fracture toughness, yield strength and hardness parameters sensitivity to microstructure morphology and quenched and tempered microstructure indicated the best mechanical properties combination trade off, followed by austempered, as-received and normalized microstructure. Keywords— Fracture toughness, hardness, heat treatment, microstructure, yield strength