European Journal of Social and Human Sciences

10-18

Authors: Agata Buda

The paper is the attempt to present the analysis of the novel Hard Times by Charles Dickens in terms of time and space relations, according to the theory of Mikhail Bakchtin. The author of the article distinguishes different types of chronotope that constitute the construction of the novel. This distinction is based on the oppositions: town versus circus, where town represents the materialistic unchangeable world and the circus stands for spiritual life and symbol of freedom. The town represents a typical nineteenth – century industrial area, where life concentrates only on work and the inhabitants move like machines in the same directions every day; the circus, on the other hand, is the embodiment of human freedom, where people move in different dimensions (up and down, left and right, forewards and backwards). The movement in both places has a metaphorical meaning: it refers either to the limitations imposed on humans (factories and school in the town) or to the pursuit for happiness (circus). By using such contrasts Dickens wanted to achieve the effect of realism in depicting Victorian world.

24-27

Authors: Alexander Fedorov

The article argues the approaches to the analysis of Western screen stereotypes of Grigory Rasputin as a kind of a metaphor of Russia's image in Western interpretation. Thus, as a result of the analysis it can be concluded that the Western film interpretations using Grigory Rasputin's image construct an extremely simplistic image of the country. Consequently, a barbaric, unpredictable, rebellious, mystical, and most importantly – a strange, not compatible with the normal US-European way of life, image of Russia is created.

35-39

Authors: Olga A. Krapivkina

The paper deals with the pragmatic effect of first-person pronouns in academic discourse. The paper argues that scholars use personal pronouns pursuing different communicative purposes. Empirical analysis of eight academic papers written in English and Russian has shown that the authors use personal pronouns to create specific pragmatic effects. The frequency of personal pronouns has shown the degree of explicit author presence in academic discourse.

49-57

Authors: Mark V. Shugurov

The purpose of this study is to investigate impact of TRIPS-plus provisions concerning the protection of intellectual property rights on further development of international technology transfer to developing countries. The study is methodologically based on recognition of dual influence of IPRs on international technology transfer that is under discussion after adoption of the TRIPS Agreement. The author shows that there is evidence of posing of IPRs as a factor of restriction with regard to transfer and dissemination of technology. This study find that problems of negative impact of strengthening of the protection of intellectual property rights have increased due to real or possible implementation of so-called TRIPs-plus provisions included to myriad of contemporary Free Trade Agreements. Author reviews comprehensively the essence of the TRIPS-plus era reflected in a new changes in international technology transfer. Analysis is accomplished by exploration of provisions of more significant FTAs. The study concluded that active use of flexible mechanisms of the TRIPS by developing countries could restrain negative effects of a TRIPS-plus provisions. Simultaneously, author of study offers valuable insight for updating the global policy in area of the IPRs protection and of technology transfer in the TRIPS-plus era, making some suggestions on harmonization of interests of developed and developing countries.