INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCES

301-310.

Authors: Gebrekirstos Gebremariam

Wheat Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks and Henn.) is one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat in Tigray region. It cause up to 75% yield loss during epidemic years. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the distribution, intensity and to detect the virulence diversity of the pathogen in Eastern and Southeastern zones of Tigray. The findings of this paper were based on leaf rust surveys to compute the prevalence and intensity of the diseases; race analysis by inoculating isolates on to the 16 differential hosts. During the survey, 108 wheat fields were assessed in five districts, of which 88% of the fields were affected with leaf rust. The overall mean incidence and severity of the disease were 48.4 and 18.2%, respectively. A total of 22 races were identified from 40 isolates, of which PHTT, PHRT, THTT and FHRT were predominant races with frequencies of 20, 15, 10 and 10% respectively. The remaining 18 races were confined to specific locations and detected once with a frequency of 2.5% each. The broadest virulence spectrum was recorded from TKTT race, making 15 Lr gens ineffective. Most of the Lr genes were ineffective to one or more of the tested isolates except Lr9. High virulence was observed on Lr3, Lr10, LrB and Lr18 with frequencies of 90, 95, 97.5 and 100%, in that order. In contrast, Lr9, Lr24 and Lr2a were found effective to 100%, 95% and 82.5% of the tested isolates, respectively. Hence, the use of Lr9, Lr24 and Lr2a genes singly or in combination through gene pyramiding has paramount importance as the additive effects of several genes offer the variety a wider base for leaf rust resistance along with periodic race survey to track further virulence evolution.

326-334

Authors: Manjunatha AS*, Manjunath K and Mohana DC

Aflatoxins are the toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in many food and feed products including oil seeds when stored under ambient conditions. Aflatoxin B1 a prototype of the aflatoxin is widely recognized as group I human hepato-carcinogenic compound by IARC. Contamination of oil seeds with the Aspergillus Sps and aflatoxin possess serious threat to the food and feed industry. The present study on the incidence of seed borne infection and evaluation of aflatoxin B1 contamination levels in oil seeds by applying the principles of standard blotter method and chromatography methods respectively. The molecular characterization of toxigenic isolate No.39 by PCR method. The percentage incidence of seed borne infection was observed to be higher for the groundnut sample showing the mean percentage of infection to be about 48.57% than with all the seed samples. Among 55 isolates of Aspergillus flavus, 42 were found to be aflatoxigenic strains by TLC and amount of aflatoxin B1 in oil seeds was found to be in the range of 29-35µg/ml by HPLC. The molecular characterization of toxigenic isolate was found to be closely related to Aspergillus flavus strain DAOM 225949 and the nucleotide sequence was provided with a GenBank accession number JN938987. This study concluding that the oil seeds were prone to fungal infection and contamination with aflatoxin B1 when stored under ambient conditions. So, proper storage, improvement of Good Agricultural Practices and regular inspection should be practiced ensuring that the safety of animals including human beings.

343-352

Authors: Thakur Pushpa, Gupta Pankaj and Sharma Vijay Kumar

Evolution of cold water fisheries particularly the Trout culture through regular stocking of indigenous fish in the mountain water sources, especially in Himachal is one way which has been followed by the state government. Himachal Pradesh has huge prospects for trout farming particularly in the district Shimla, Kinnaur and Kullu. The water and temperature are promising for its culture. However, there have been limitations of availability of seed and its transportation in the state. Besides this, Environmental factors, topographical constraints, socio-economic difficulties and lack of awareness among the farmers have affected the trout production in the state. These constraints need to be overcome to realize the full potential of trout culture in the state. The status of trout culture and the problems encountered by the people in the state are discussed in the present paper.

357-364

Authors: Shrivastava Vineet K, Hore Upamanyu, Kala Jagdish C, Srivastava Arpita

This research is an exploration of vertebrate fauna of the Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary (OWS) in central India. The study consolidates information from field surveys. A total of 15 fish (6 families), 6 amphibians (3 families), 13 reptile (9 families), 98 bird (43 families) and 19 mammal (15 families) species are reported. It was found that the birds were the most dominant vertebrates, followed by mammals, fishes and reptiles whereas amphibians were represented least. Four species of turtle and rare species of vulture including king vulture were present in the OWS. This is a first such extensive study for the Sanctuary and provides an initial baseline of vertebrate species for future research in this area.

365-385

Authors: Sarkar Anup Kumar, Dey Manas and Mazumder Mallika

The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of interest in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) among conservation and development organisations in India. Non-timber forest products are an imperative part of the traditional life style in Forest adjacent area of West Bengal. In this study the diversity of non-timber forest products (NTFPS) was assessed in the Forest Adjoining Areas of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India. The present investigation also revealed that although there is high resource potential in the study sites but need of awareness, scientific knowledge, expertise and adequate market information.

394-398

Authors: Shinde VA, Patil RB and Pawar PV

Production and purification of Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from Alkaliphilic Bacillus species isolated from Lonar lake , India was investigated in present study. Production was carried out using medium containing starch, yeast extract, peptone MgSO4.7H2O. the crude enzyme was collected by centrifugation and partially purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation method. This partially purified enzyme was further purified using phenyl sepharose column chromatography. The enzyme obtained had molecular weight of 79.20 kDa which is confirmed by SDS PAGE and Mass spectroscopy.

409-414

Authors: Sharma Dushyant Kumar and Uchchariya Rakhi

Pagara dam is situated on Asan river at about 13 Km from Jaura town of Morena District of Madhya Pradesh. The dam was constructed for irrigation of the nearby villages. The study was carried out to assess the seasonal variations in zooplankton diversity of the reservoir. Total 23 species of zooplankton were identified. Out of these 4 species belonged to Protozoa, 11 species belonged to Rotifera, 5 species belonged to Cladocera and 3 species belonged to group copepoda. Rotifera was found to be the most dominant group, followed by Cladocera and Copepoda. Protozoa was the least dominant group. Seasonally, Rotifera and Protozoa were found to be maximum during summer and minimum during monsoon. In case of Cladocera and Copepoda, maximum numbers were found in summer and least in winter.

420-426

Authors: Sharmin Vini S, Viju N, Ezhil Raj N and Mary Josephine Punitha S

Proteins from body fluid (hemolymph) of two marine gastropods Nerita albicilla and Purpura bufo collected from the coastal regions of Kanyakumari were precipitated with ammonium sulphate and purified using ion-exchange chromatography. The fractions obtained were tested for their antibacterial potential against human pathogens. Fractions F2 and F4 from N.albicilla showed higher inhibitory activity against Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. The molecular weight of this antibacterial protein present in the fractions was determined with the help of SDS PAGE and it was found to be 30KDa. Further, characterization of this active protein paves the way for the development of new antibiotic against harmful human pathogens in future.

434-440

Authors: Kunjadia Anju, Darji Nikita, Patel Babulal and Pandit Ramesh

Nematophagous fungi are potential bio-control agent against the plant and animal parasitic nematodes. The extracellular hydrolytic enzymes are one of the important virulence factors for these fungi. In the present study, we investigated industrially important extracellular enzymes from two different genera of nematode-trapping fungi. Duddingtonia flagrans produced the highest amount of amylase (261 U/mL/min) and xylanase (76mU/mL/min) compared to Arthrobotrys conoides (186 and 39 U/mL/min) while it was reversed in case of cellulase, highest (214 U/mL/min) in A. conoides. Protease, chitinase and collagenase activity (236, 19.83 and 2.46 U/mL/min) was higher during induction in D. flagrans RPAN-10 as compared to A. conoides (118.6, 8.3 and 1.2 U/mL/min). D. flagrans RPAN-10 showed 3.14 fold and A. conoides 2.37 fold change in protease activity when induced with nematodes. However, there was no apparent difference in control and induced fungus for chitinase and collagenase. In summary, D. flagrans RPAN-10 was found to be a suitable candidate for further exploring the protease, amylase, chitinase and xylanase while A. conoides is suitable for cellulase production for further application. However, further research is required in order to optimization of growth conditions as well as suitable nutrients in order for large scale production for industrial applications.

446-452

Authors: Kumar Ajay

The present article is focused on studies carried on fluoroquinolone metal complexes, their generalized procedures for synthesis of novel fluoroquinolones metal complexes and their anti-microbial properties. Fluoroquinolones, which are categorized as antibacterial agents are a class of type-II topoisomerase (DNA gyrase) inhibitors. These have been successfully used as antibiotics from the past several decades and the foremost drug being used is the nalidixic acid, which has its major role in cure of urinary tract infections. Typically, these fluoroquinolones are termed as 4- quinolones having fluorine atom at position 6 and a piperazine ring at position 7 of quinolone -3- carboxylic acid. Also, the presence of fluorine atom attached to quinolone ring helps to increase pharmacological properties, increases the bioavailability of the drug and enhanced membrane penetration. The synthesis procedure involves the addition and elimination reactions between aniline or aniline derivatives and ethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate. The obtained intermediate product undergoes thermal cyclization to yield 4- quinolone system. However, the use of these flouroquinolones faced an obstacle that is the development of resistant bacteria towards quinolones. The resistance towards drug is due to amino acid substitution on the binding sites of DNA gyrase where the drug molecule interacts and inhibits the formation of bacteria DNA. This factor led to the emergence of novel drugs by formation of co-ordination complexes with various transition metals and earth metals to curb infections by these resistant bacterial strains. Quinolones form metal complexes due their binding capacity with metals. The synthesis of the complexes does not require any extreme reaction conditions rather most of the complexes have been formed by simple stirring with corresponding salts at room temperature. The antimicrobial or antibacterial activity of the synthesized fluoroquinolone compounds are tested by disk diffusion method also known commonly as agar diffusion method.

457-461

Authors: Walia Gurinder Kaur and Devi Monika

C–heterochromatin distribution in four species of genus Copera of family Platycnemididae have been described. Copera marginipes and Copera vittata assamensis were collected from Bilaspur and Renuka lake (Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh), respectively, while Copera annulata and Copera vittata were collected from Nongkhyllem (Meghalaya), India. All the species possess n=13m as haploid chromosome number, which is the type number of the family and X0-XX sex determining mechanism. In all the species, autosomal bivalents show dark/light terminal C-bands on chiasmatic/nonchiasmatic ends, while m bivalent and X chromosome possess variation in distribution of C-heterochromatin. m bivalent is C-negative in Copera marginipes, while shows terminal C-bands in Copera annulata, Copera vittata and Copera vittata assamensis. X chromosome possesses less amount of C-heterochromatin in Copera marginipes, Copera annulata and Copera vittata, whereas X chromosome is bipartite and entirely C-negative in Copera vittata assamensis. Chromosome complement of Copera vittata assamensis has been studied for the first time.

466-472

Authors: Baweja Sonu

The global aquaculture industry is one of the fastest growing food production sectors, playing an important role in fulfilling the seafood demand of a growing human population. Marine fish oils have been widely used as the main lipid source in feeds for farmed fish being a good and only reliable source of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs). Although the fish oil production has remained static, the demand for fish oil is increasing over recent years. Thus the current trend is finding the suitable alternatives to fish oils in aquafeeds, without compromising overall growth performance and final nutritional quality of farmed fish. The terrestrial alternative lipids (vegetable oils and animal fats) are the poor sources of n-3 HUFAs. The flesh of farmed fish raised on feeds containing alternative lipids may contain limited amount of n-3 HUFAs. One way to reduce to the use of declining fish oil resources in aquafeeds and to improve the nutritional quality (in terms of n-3 HUFAs)of farmed fish fed on alternative lipids, may be to use finishing feeds containing fish oil before harvesting. This review attempts to compile all principal information available regarding the efficacy of finishing feeding strategy in aquaculture.

477-486

Authors: Gopal Sowjenya 1, Durgaprasad Rajasekhar , Velam Vanajakshamma, PVLN Srinivasa Rao, PVGK Sarma

Background: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) into four epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) 5,6- EETs, 8,9 EETs, 11,12-EETs and 14,15-EETs. Since, EETs are unstable eicosanoids they rapidly get converted into dihydroxy eicosa trienoicacids (DHETs) by Soluble epoxy hydrolase (sEH). These eicosanoids promote defence mechanism against inflammatory atherosclerosis process. However, 11,12-EETs are more potent eicosanoids in maintaining anti-atherosclerotic activity. Endothelial dysfunction is the key step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Polymorphism in CYP epoxygenase can alter individual’s risk for events in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Therefore, we examined the impact of CYP epoxygenase polymorphism indirectly through evaluation of 11,12-DHET levels and its association with endothelial dysfunction. Methods: It is a prospective case-control study consisting of 84 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and 84 healthy controls of either gender aged above 18 years. Fasting serum lipid profile including total cholesterol (TC), high density lipid (HDL), triglycerides (TG) and homocysteine levels were measured in all subjects. We measured plasma 11,12-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-DHET) as indicative of 11,12-EETs. Genotyping of CYP putative exons of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 epoxygenase were carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction–Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method. Sanger’s chain termination sequencing method was carried out for SSCP positive samples. All the data obtained were analysed by using Ms-Excel, 2007 and SPSS, version 24.Software, IBM, USA. Results: We observed significantly higher levels of homocysteine in CAD group (35.1 ± 13.8 µmol/L) indicating higher inflammatory condition in patients compared to control group (8.1 ± 2.9 µmol/L, p < 0.001). We also found higher 11,12-DHET levels in CAD group (628.6 ± 324.3 pg/mL) compared to healthy controls (332.1 pg/mL ± 203.2 pg/mL, p = 0.0001). In this connection, we observed positive correlation between homocysteine levels and 11,12- DHETs in CAD group (p = 0.01). Genotyping of CYP exons revealed 11 patients (13%) reporting 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found significant difference in the levels of 11,12- DHETs between the patients reporting CYP polymorphism and patients without CYP polymorphism compared with the control (p<0.001). Further, we observed negative correlation between homocysteine levels and 11,12-DHETs in CAD patients reporting CYP polymorphisms indicating decline of DHET mediated anti-atherosclerotic activity Conclusions: Presence of lower levels of 11,12- DHETs is a reflection of poor reserve defence mechanism in CAD patients that might cause endothelial dysfunction and risk of cardiac events. Therefore, genotyping of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2J2 genes can be recommended to be used as prognostic marker for risk stratification in CAD patients.

494-499

Authors: Tewari Uttara, Bahadur AN and Soni Prerna

Experiments were conducted in Bilaspur city to study the effects of irrigating wheat (Tritium aestivum, L.) with sewage water (Treatment) and with tube (control) alone on wheat growth and grain yield. Wheat irrigated with sewage water produced taller plants, more long roots, more leaves and more tillers than did wheat grown with only tube well water. The data reveals that aboveground biomass, below ground biomass, total biomass and root/ shoot ratio was greater at the sewage irrigated sites than that at the tube well irrigated site. The data also reveals that numbers of ear head per plant, number of grains per ear head, weight of seeds, length and diameter of seeds, the grain yield and straw yield per hectare also more at the site with sewage irrigation than at the site with tube well water irrigation.

507-516

Authors: Goswami Gunjan and Singh Deepak

The rivers of Garhwal Himalaya experience frequent flash floods every year. However, the major flood of June 16-17, 2013 in the Mandakini river was devastating resulting into huge loss of flora including periphyton communities and fauna in addition to human and property loss. Periphyton communities contribute as important primary producers in an aquatic ecosystem. The present study is aimed at to know how the river ecosystem recovers itself and reestablishes the communities. Lack of information on periphyton diversity and ecosystem resilience of Mandakini river after experiencing this major ecodisaster of Kedarnath led to the present study. Glacier fed Perennial river Mandakini originates from Chaurabari glacier above the Kedarnath peaks (6940m. a.s.l.). Monthly samples for physico-chemical parameters and periphyton were collected from three sampling sites, Kund, Agustyamuni and Rudraprayag located at different altitudes on the Mandakini river for the present study. Periphyton belonging to 3 classes, 7 orders, 19 families and 47 genera were recorded from the Mandakini river. The most abundant class Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) (70%) was followed by Cyanophyceae (blue green algae) (19%) and Chlorophyceae (green algae) (11%). The periphyton started increasing after flash floods and attained highest species diversity (H’=3.462±0.240) in winter season, moderate in summer and lowest (H’= 2.482±0.296) in monsoon season. The periphyton communities have short life cycles, reestablished soon after the flood event in monsoon, and achieved high density and diversity in winter due to most favourable environmental conditions. Physico-chemical factors like nitrate, phosphate, pH, velocity, total alkalinity, total hardness, and water temperature were found to be most important factors influencing periphyton density and diversity. However, turbidity, transparency, free CO2, and dissolved oxygen were of secondary importance in regulating periphyton diversity.

523-528

Authors: Satyavathi K and Padal SB

Folklore medicine survey was conducted among the primitive tribal community residing in Dumbriguda Mandal, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh. The prime objective of the study is to document the traditional medicinal plants used by tribal people inhabiting the interior pockets. The ethnobotanical studies carried out during 2016-17. The information was collected through interviews, discussions and observations. A total of 45 plants were used by the tribal healers in their medicinal formulations. These plant species were distributed into 31 families. Fabaceae has the highest number of species (6 species) followed by Rutaceae (3 species), Mimosaceae, Amaranthaceae, Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Dioscoriaceae, Asteraceae, Loganiaceae and Rhamnaceae each one contributed (2) species and rest of the 21 families contain single species each. With regard to the frequency of plant parts used in preparations, stem bark was most often used followed by roots, leaves, whole plant, roots, seeds and tubers etc. These 45 Ethnomedicinal plants are used for different disease like, Dysentery, Asthma, Fever, Headache, Piles and Rheumatic pain etc.

536-539

Authors: Neerja Shrivastava

India is known as young country of world. It has its very rich traditional knowledge specially in the field of medicinal plants. But we did not aware about our legal rights. Now in the era of globalization it is important that we should keep safe our IP.Protection of IP can be made by IPR. So there is urgent need that we should make aware our college and university student about IPR and related law. In the light of theses fact present research was undertaken to the know awareness about IPR among college students of Kota City.

544-548

Authors: Banerjee Suchitra, Vyas Rashmi and Tomar Anita

Water sample of The Narmada River, from Dongarwada region has been physiochemically evaluated for its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes. In Physical and Chemical Parameters Such as Temperature, pH, T.D.S., Alkalinity, Total hardness, Dissolve Oxygen, B.O.D., C.O.D. And chloride was analyzed in the laboratory. The Physico Chemical parameters of water were determined as per standard methods of APHA (2005). The results indicate that the Narmada River water quality is suitable and safe for domestic and irrigation purposes. The objective of this paper is to study various water pollutants available in The Narmada River followed by a literature review.

557-562

Authors: Shah Rupal, Shah Ajay and Chunduri Jayaprada Rao

Tuberculosis is one of the life threatening communicable disease. Detection of the disease at the earliest is necessary, if not it could result in lethal effect. Various tests are available for diagnosis but each has its own limitations. Conventional microscopy has low sensitivity while nonconventional culture has prolonged incubation for reporting positivity. While nucleic acid amplification techniques are very rapid, sensitive and less complicated to perform makes its more preferred to use in early diagnosis. The current case study is aimed at understanding the easy, accurate assessment of the tuberculosis suspected cases and their identification based on the recent scientific analytical approaches. Rifampcin susceptibility analysis isolates the mdr cases and the future possible alternate treatments that can be applied.

569-574

Authors: Shahid Adangampurath and Sudheesh sudhakaran*

Agents that inhibit inflammatory mediators are highly recommended in the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. Flavonoids are large class of secondary metabolites around 10,000 structures, possess anti-inflammatory and various other properties which are valuable to human beings. In this study, different fractions of Hemigraphis colorata were collected based on increasing polarity and quantified the flavonoid content. Anti-inflammatory property was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo method. The chloroform fraction possess highest amount of flavonoid, 6.66 µg/100 µg sample. In the in vitro experiment acetone fraction possess maximum activity. In the in vivo experiment, acetone extract showed 43% and 48% of inhibition at 250 & 500 mg/kg b.wt. respectively against carrageenan induced paw oedema, while standard anti-inflammatory Diclophenac(10mg/Kg) exhibit 52.5 % inhibition.

579-585

Authors: Renu, Satya Narain, Archana Rawat, Jaswinder Kaur, Santosh Kumar and Nahid Fatima

Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle. of family Euphorbiaceae is commonly grown medicinal plant. The plant contains large number of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, triterpenoids, resins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, bergenin, menisdaurin and anthraquinones. The study revealed the plant to be a potential source of nutrition, mineral and drugs. This review aims to provide an up to date overview of the phytochemistry, pharmacological data as well as traditional uses of the plant in view of discussing its medicinal value and potential application in complementary and alternative medicine.

605-614

Authors: Vijaya Kumara and Lewis Diandra

The bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) is one of the intelligent, adaptive creatures, it is becoming increasingly difficult to prevent their entry into agricultural lands, and although several unique measures have been conceived to deter them from raiding the crops, the monkeys have invariably found a way around them. To quantify the conflict situation associated with this animal, the study was carried out in Hosanagar Taluk of Shimoga district during April 2016 to March 2017. The villages within this taluk being largely agriculture-dependent, and the forest area being vast enough that three forest ranges pass through it, humans and wildlife come in contact with each other on a regular basis. The objective behind the study was to document and quantify the impact of the man-monkey conflict in the area, to determine the possible causes of the conflicts and to encourage management to take steps that would reduce the severity and frequency of future conflicts. Data was collected by questionnaire survey and direct observation. Most of the farmers interviewed own less than 10 acres of farmland (76.19%), with only a few having more than 10 acres (23.80%). The maximum area of land owned is 27 acres, with 1 acre being the minimum. Farmers have come up with several techniques to keep monkeys from raiding their crops. Of these, the most commonly employed measure is the use of dogs (90.47%). At least one dog was observed in nearly every household. Nets or fencing (85.71%) and/or Ibex fences (66.66%) are set up by all respondents as they serve the dual purpose of keeping animals away and acting as a boundary. The other methods of chasing away monkeys involve use of stones and loud sounds. Guns are the least common, owned by only 19.04% of the respondents. Approximately 86% of the respondents viewed the macaques as pests, and about 38% considered them to be sacred. Most of the people in this group had a mixed opinion of the monkeys, considering them to be god, but the loss they incur leading them to believe they are also pests. Very few of the people interviewed (9%) felt that the monkeys were harmless and that the issue was manageable on their farms. The human and bonnet macaque conflict situations such as crop damage, house raids, infrastructure damage and Aggressive behaviour was recorded and mitigation methods, possible causes for the conflict, official perspective and over all opinion elucidated in detail.

626-634

Authors: Sridevi SN and Vijaya Reddy

Human – wildlife conflict is a major obstacle in any kind of conservation in any part of the world today. Whenever we hear about Human-wildlife conflict we think of forest and human settlement around protected areas. In particular with Human-elephant conflicts are happening mostly in many of the National parks, protected areas or around dense forests. But when we observe carefully about these conflicts they are increasing in an alarming rate. These days, areas which are far away from the natural habitats of elephants are also being suffered as evident from number of incidents in the near past. Human-elephant conflict is not a new issue in Karnataka state (India) but the conflict was restricted to few parts of the state from time immemorable. But in the last decade this problem has spread across areas which experienced this problem never before for instance human-elephant conflict in Tumkur district, which is one amongst the dry and famine strucked districts of Karnataka. In Karnataka there are 42 forest divisions among which 25 divisions are experiencing human-elephant conflict currently.

643-645

Authors: Kale Sanjay S

Gastrointestinal cestode parasites are the most pathogenic parasites present in animal, birds and fishes. Parasitic biochemical studies has great importance in understanding the complex association in host parasite relationship. Whereas, the evidence in parasitic biochemical studies is patchy. Gastrointestinal cestodes are the most pathogenic parasites in Columba livia intermidia are tropics and subtropics areas. Present study deals with the biochemical studies of Cotugnia mohekarae n.sp. present in Columba livia intermidia in respect with the protein, glycogen and lipids metabolism.

649-652

Authors: Kondulkar SR

Sildenafil citrate studied for its use in the male reproduction .The long term use of Sildenafil citrate has their effect on various target organs. The study and effect of Sildenafil citrate carried out their side effect on internal reproductive organ. Generally this drug use only for male reproduction, addiction and long term use may cause damage internal cell which will result as atrophy. Main objective of this study of histology associated reproductive organs and evaluation of seminiferous tubule which affected by long term use of Sildenafil citrate, whether Sildenafil citrate have on male reproductive organ.

659-664

Authors: P. Naga Padma*, S. Chaitanya Kumari and Syed Thanveer Banu

Metallic nanoparticles like those of copper, silver and gold are of great interest both due to their excellent physical, chemical properties and antibacterial property. The conventional non biological methods for their synthesis are not eco-friendly as they involve use of toxic reagents and also produce harmful by-products. To overcome these limitations, green synthesis of metal nanoparticles was developed and gained research focus as these have significant biomedical applications. Copper nanoparticles due to their interesting properties, low cost preparation and many potential applications in electronics, medical and pharma fields have attracted a lot of interest in recent years. The present study focused on various factors that influenced green synthesis of preferably copper nanoparticles using copper sulphate solution and different plant extracts of Punica granatum. The influencing factors studied were over a range like molarity of copper sulphate solution from 1 mM-20mM, incubation time 0-2 hrs, temperature 250C-550C, pH 5-11 respectively. The study is significant as standardization of factors for green synthesis of copper nanoparticles can facilitate their bulk synthesis commercially. These copper nanoparticles can be used as antimicrobial agents and help to combat the fast growing drug resistance.

681-687

Authors: Borkar KR and Deshmukh GD

India has 2.4 % of worlds land mass 4 % as water resources and 16 % of worlds population therefore no scope to underutilize water resources. Since the quality of the aquatic life depends on water quality, a thorough assessment of the water quality is an integral part of lakes evaluation. Study site located near Mul town in the Chandrapur district of eastern part of Maharashtra and is situated between 200,07,N and 790 ,67, E. Water samples were collected in polythene bottles (two litters capacity) once in month from the selected sampling sites of two lakes to analyze the water quality parameters for the period of 12 months i.e. from January 2011 to December 2011. Annual variations in physico-chemical parameters, such as B.O.D., C.O.D., nitrate, phosphate, Chloride, alkalinity, D.O.,CO2 etc. indicates that, the Mul lake is polluted and may be classified as mesotrophic or mesosaprobic.