Bylye Gody

5-19

Authors: Leonid A. Bobrov, Vsevolod N. Obraztsov, Alexey V. Salnikov

The article describes a riveted iron helmet (Inv. No. VO-1237) from the collection of the State Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg), originally attributed as “Mongolian Shishak”. The typological analysis allowed to specify the dating and attribution of the head. According to the material of manufacture, the helmet belongs to the class of iron, according to the design of the crown, to the section riveted, according to the shape of the dome to the type of spherocylindrical. Overall height – 26 cm, diameter: 20.5 – 21.5 cm. Weight – 1.075 kg. The sill of the helmet is riveted of four S-shaped plate-sector sections, the joints of which are covered with narrow plates with a smooth edge and a longitudinal stiffener. The lining not only connects the elements of the crown to each other, but also strengthens the design of the head, protecting the most vulnerable parts of the dome - docking seams. An additional latch plates of the crown are a cap-shaped exposed and a convex rim along the bottom edge of the crown. A box-shaped visor consisting of a narrow horizontal plate – a "shelf" and a vertical "shield" is riveted to the front part of the helmet. Crowned with a helmet faceted tube for plume. Through holes are punched along the bottom edge of the crown, into which copper loops are inserted for fastening the barmitsa. However, as a protection for the ears and neck, at present, a pair of forged headphones and a headplate are used on the helmet. It was established that the helmet of VO-1237 belongs to a special group of Oirat (Dzungar, Kalmyk) helmets originating from the territory of the Volga region, the southern regions of Western Siberia, South-Eastern Kazakhstan, Western Mongolia and Tibet (14 copies). A distinctive feature of the helmets of the series is the riveted crown of the characteristic "pitcher-shaped" shape. It is very likely that in making helmets of such an unusual design, Oirat masters were inspired by the image of a Buddhist stupa (Kalm. "Suburgan"). In addition, a high-crowned helmet was clearly visible on the battlefield. In the course of a dynamic equestrian battle, such a helmet helped the unit's troops quickly determine the location of their commander, which probably facilitated the control of troops during the battle. Design features and design systems suggest that the sample of protective weapons was manufactured by Dzhungar or Kalmyk gunsmiths in the second half of the XVII th – mid-XVIII th centuries. As a combat head, a helmet could be used in a later period.

29-40

Authors: Konstantin S. Zaikov, Natalia S. Avdonina

The article focuses on little-known pages of the northern frontier history – the Russian-Norwegian borderlands, specifically the description of the ethnic and cultural space of the Eastern, Orthodox Sami (Skolts) group in the XVIII century. Through the wide range of sources, from the Russian and Norwegian archives, the authors reconstruct the boundaries of the territorial possessions of Sami groups, and the demographics of the Skolts’ pogosts. The authors explain that the status position of the village headman, as the administrative and political leader of the pogost among the skolts from the 18th century was growing. The headman served as the executive and judicial authorities of the pogost, which was encouraged by the Russian county administration. Economic activities of the Skolts could be wider than the administrative borders of the Siyits and vice versa. In this regard, the described boundaries of the pogosts in Norwegian and Russian sources is only a representation of local and regional authorities on the presence of fixed administrative and economic boundaries of collectives. This difference is due to the asymmetry in the perception of space by the semi-nomadic Sami population of the borderland and the Russian administration. The reconstruction of the demographics of the skolts demonstrates that during the XVIIIth century, there was a constant decrease in the population with the reduction of the fishing capacity, the elasticity of the economic borders and the gradual settlement of the skolts’ territories by the Norwegian Sami.

55-63

Authors: Anton K. Salmin

The article is devoted to the Kazan period of research of the member of the Second Kamchatka Expedition, professor of Saint-Petersburg Academy of Sciences J.G. Gmelin. In chronological terms, this refers to the period from October to December 1733. In a short period, he, as well as G.F. Miller recorded a unique material that has not lost its relevance so far. It is population of the territory, family composition, rituals and beliefs, food and clothing of local peoples. Language, beliefs were studied, meteorological observations were held. Reports on the obtained results, boxes with images of flora, fauna, and ethnographic exhibits were sent to Kunstkamera and the Academy of Sciences. There are few studies about J.G. Gmelin in Russian. This is explained by the fact that the main work “Reise durch Sibirien von dem Jahre 1733 bis 1743”, published in Göttingen in 1751-52, has not been translated into Russian so far. There is a reprint edition in German, implemented in 2009.For a short period J.G. Gmelin and his colleague G.F. Miller managed to study the daily life of the ethnic groups living in Kazan government thoroughly - the Cheremis, the Chuvash, the Votyaks, the Mordovians, the Tartars and the Russians. For example, the Chuvash field (all-village) praying was recorded for the first time by J.G. Gmelin. This happened halfway between Cheboksary and Kozmodemyansk in Ilyinskaya Pustynka. Here, travellers saw a horse tied to a tree, which was used to travel to a praying place. The participants of praying slaughtered a sheep and cooked the inners and ventricle, filled with fat, blood and cereals in the boiler. On the east side of the boiler there was a site fenced from all sides with sticks. The skin of the sacrificial animal was previously hung on the poles at the praying place. The traveller called his studies in Kazan government a pleasant duty.

72-82

Authors: Olga I. Golovanova

Through a prism of archival documents events in the Tyumen County in the period of people's movement under the general guide of Yemelyan Pugachev of 1773–1775 are restored. Being the border, the territory was between "world" and "war", and the population has been split into pros and cons. The author considers efficiency of the actions of local government which have found support from the main part, first of all, of urban population. In article the factors and circumstances which have allowed to keep general "silence" and accountability of the central power become clear. The value of the active armed forces which have beaten the main parts of insurgents in adjacent territories and also the local military units which have localized and the giving "Tyumen" rebels is emphasized. In article the attempt to comprehend a complex of actions for stabilization of a situation is given. The reactionary course of the Tyumen administration was shown not only in total repressions, but also in pardon. Archival material has allowed to restore earlier unknown historic figures and also to informatively add already known.

93-101

Authors: Vladimir N. Shaidurov

The industrial growth between the late 18th and 19th century was largely facilitated by advancing science, which led to the technical and technological revolution. For example, evolving chemistry crystallized into new industrial sectors, one of which was the soda production. Soda was an essential element for the textile, leather, glass and soap industries in this period. Soda was produced in the potash process in Russia before the 1780s. It was not until the late 18th century that Academician Erich Laxmann was able to achieve a commercial process for soda. However, the first soda plant was opened in the Russian Empire in Altai in 1864 by Prang brothers. Since the second half of the 19th century, Western Siberia was a major center in the soda production in Russia. The new sector formed in the environment of protectionist policies for soda plant owners, carried out by the government. This paper will examine some aspects of the history of the soda production in Russia, using the example of Siberia, i.e. sources and specifications of raw materials, history and business operations of soda plants as well as description of their respective owners. The work made use of documents from a range of Russia's central and regional archives and published results of field studies conducted by mining engineers in the late 19th century.

113-120

Authors: Dmitry V. Ovsjannikov

The article attempts to consider the spectrum of views of Muslim scientists (Ulama) of the Caucasus, the differentiation of which occurred against the background of the military-political events associated with the movement of the Sheikh/Imam Mansur. The resistance of the Russian empire by the Chechen societies, as well as the mountaineers of the Central and Western Caucasus, which took place from 1785 to 1791, served as a factor that had a noticeable resonance among the corporation of Islamic theologians. The key issue was the attitude to the struggle against Russia under the banner of Gazavat. The conclusions are based on the consideration of the social nature of the «clergy» in Muslim society. In particular, the regional differences of Dagestan, on the one hand, and Chechen societies, on the other, which are based on various historical forms of the social order, became an important reason why a number of Dagestan divines opposed Mansur’s leadership claims. In this regard, the reasons why Mansur, after military luck turned away from him, are considered, sought support not in neighboring Dagestan, where the positions of Islam were very strong, and Russia's influence is relatively small, but among Ossetian and Adyghe rulers of the Turkish orientation. All this is analyzed on the basis of the developments of domestic and foreign historiography, as well as a wide range of sources, including in Arabic and unpublished archival data.

131-137

Authors: Yu.Yu. Grankin, Yu.Yu. Klychnikov, S.S. Lazarian

The article reveals the circumstances of the appearance in the Northern Caucasus of Polish prisoners of war and exiles in the first half of the 19th century. The reasons that led to the use of the region for the resocialization of the population disloyal to the Russian Empire are considered. An appraisal of the steps taken by the administration to organize the process of sending Poles to the Caucasus and using their potential for the needs of the region is made. The consequences of such actions in the fate of the exiles are elucidated. The authorities had ponderable reasons not to trust the loyalty of the contingent under their arm, andtherefore the Poles were used not so much in the combat units as on the construction of fortifications, the construction of dams, the mining of stone, etc. Some Poles expected to flee to the "non-peaceful" mountaineers and with their help find freedom. But this often led to the new captivity for them, in much worse conditions, and they hoped to return to their homeland only with flight to the protection of the Russian army. Far from all the Poles who found themselves in the North Caucasus regarded the incident as a personal tragedy. For many, it was a chance to improve their financial situation and make a career in the service of the Russian Empire.

149-157

Authors: Yuri F. Katorin, Anatoliy P. Nyrkov, Olga V. Natolochnaya

This article describes some aspects of the history of the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire in the 19-th century, described in detail the training expedition to capture Kokand fortress of Ak-Mechet, examines the forces of the parties, described in detail progress in the siege and storming of the fortress, the loss of detail parts, as well as the importance of capturing the fortress for the further advancement of the Russian Empire in Central Asia. Materials are of particular interest to participate in the expedition military sailors, who were not only the delivery of supplies and amphibious landing, but for the first time fired reconnaissance soundings, determined the speed of flow of the Syr Darya, researched the nature of DNA and made navigation and hydrographic description of river that had great significance for future expeditions.

166-175

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Larisa A. Koroleva, Vasiliy V. Tarakanov

The article deals with the russian expedition in Khevsureti in 1813 during the final stage of the Kakhetian uprising. The attention is paid to the circumstances of the capture of the village-fortress Shatili. The dates of the expedition from May 23 to June 15, as well as the distribution of losses of russian troops were specified. There were used as materials the results of field research on the territory of the village-fortress Shatili, conducted in September 2018. The documents published in the Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission are an important source. In conclusion, the authors state that the capture of the main refuge of the rebellious georgian prince Alexander – the village-fortress Shatili, occurred without assault. The authors hypothesized that the shatilians practically surrendered the fortress in order to avoid its destruction from the artillery fire of the russian army. The commander of the expedition, general Simonovich, reported to the commander-in-chief of russian troops in Georgia, general Rtischev, who, in turn, the emperor, about the complete destruction of the rebel fortress, misled his superiors. In an effort to preserve the fortress for the further protection of Georgia from the invasion of Lezgin, general Simonovich destroyed only the lower tier of defense, which was responsible for the defense of Georgia. In addition, the overlaps were burned in a small number of other towers, without destroying the towers themselves. Thus, the defense capability of the fortress was reduced only in a secondary area, which practically did not participate in the defense of the fortress against the invasion of Lezgins.

188-197

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Denis N. Gergilev, Galina M. Luschaeva

The question of the presence of hereditary officials in the personnel structure of the administrative apparatus in remote areas of the Russian Empire is considered on the example of Eastern Siberia in the XIX – early XX centuries. Russian and foreign literature examined related issues about the supreme administration of Siberia. We analyzed new archival data about 1462 different-level civilian officials which served in the Yenisei province from 1822 to the 1917. The authors of this article found that hereditary bureaucracy took leading positions with the staffing of all categories of provincial and district posts, but at the same time there were different dynamics and different factors of their replenishment. The top general posts of the Yenisei province (governors, their deputies and heads of institutions for departments) were formed steadily at the expense of noblemen appointed from Central Russia. Among them, more than 50% took the form of employment in the field of public administration from their fathers and, when they were appointed to Siberia, increased their official status. Headquarters (advisers to the governor, department heads, special assignment officers, etc.) had a systematic increase in the presence of the hereditary bureaucracy in 4 times, the highest rate of which at the end of the ХIХ century reached more than 70% and was stipulated, as in senior officials, by the legislation that allowed more quickly move up the career ladder.The chief officers of table-heads, secretaries, clerks, etc., the lowest in the hierarchy, were originally half filled with hereditary civil servants, first visiting, and from the second half of the ХIХcenturyentirely by siberians of clerical origin who gained access to public service through education.

209-218

Authors: Goran Rajović, Evgeniy F. Krinko, Alla G. Vazerova, Milica Trailovic

In recent years, historians created a number of biographical works about figures of the Don Cossacks of the second half of the XIX century. These studies are an interesting and promising new direction in modern historiography. We have prepared their review so that do not mix with other, extremely numerous scientific articles of Cossack subjects. At the same time, we tried to determine which personalities in the history of the post-reform Don have been relatively studied, and which, on the contrary, leave room for further research. Finally, we paid special attention to the question of which approaches are used by various historians, and why there is an interest in the personality factor in the history of the Don Cossacks of the second half of the XIX century, manifested in recent years. The results of our research are the following conclusions: most of the personalities are chosen by historians to study based not on their real significance, but on the volume of archival materials remaining, and as a result the choice of these personalities is quite random (the only relatively developed category is Don atamans); most of the articles are written by several historians who are trying to get away from impersonality in the perception of the government policy of this period; Despite this, most of the work was written in 2010, which makes it possible to speak about real changes in modern Don historiography.

231-240

Authors: Petr K. Dashkovskiy, Elena A. Shershneva

The article is devoted to the problem of organization of life of Muslim communities in Western Siberia in the context of modernization of the agricultural sector of the country in the second half of XIX – early XX century. The Special interest of the state was caused by the involvement of foreign population of the Russian suburbs in the state system through the use of new political, administrative and economic methods. Agrarian reforms initiated in the second half of the XIX century, set one of the objectives of the creation of resettlement land fund for the purpose of further integration of the alien population in a foreign environment and the creation of a unified system of government. Since the second half of the XIX century tougher policy towards Muslim Nations that are part of the reforms, was to obey the laws, spread to all the peasant population. Discontent on the part of the foreign population of Siberia was caused by the process of their unification with Russian settlements, as well as the creation of volost offices on the principle of Russian volosts. The government sought to restrict the rights of the foreign population, prohibiting the acquisition of land in the property of persons not of the Orthodox religion. These measures were extended to the territory of the steppe region, which caused discontent among the traditional population of the region. The increase in the number of immigrants in Siberia forced the government to adopt a number of legislative acts regulating the allocation of land to both alien and alien population. At the same time, all measures to reform and organize the life of rural communities led only to the institutionalization of ethnic diasporas on religious grounds. In the end, the foreign population aspired to even greater unity and organization of spiritual life in the settlements where immigrants from the European part of the Russian empire appeared.

252-261

Authors: Artyom Y. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the evolution of the land-use system in the villages of the Don and Kuban Cossack Hosts in 1860–1890. Based on the materials of the State Archives of the Rostov Region, the State Archives of the Krasnodar Region and the Manuscripts Department of the Russian National Library, the author concludes that at this time there was a transition from the “free” land-use system to a share land-use system. The first of these systems, traditional for Cossack Hosts, assumed that each Cossack smells as much land as he wants. Since most of the Cossacks before 1860 engaged in cattle breeding, this system worked quite successfully, but its consequence was the strengthening of social inequality in the villages: the Cossacks, plowing large areas of land, quickly enriched themselves. Under these conditions, the government tried to protect the poor Cossacks by allowing them to lease their share according to the law to non-residents. This measure and the increase in land shortage in the villages led to a gradual transition of the Cossacks to a share land use system. However, as a result of mass delivery of shares to nonresident, the landlessness of not separate Cossack households, but Cossackvillages as a whole began: by 1899 about 20% of the village lands of Don Cossacks were transferred to nonresident leases.

272-283

Authors: Vasiliy P. Zinovyev, Valentina I. Zinovyeva, Sergey S. Sulyak

The authors turned to the history of leisure coteries and societies of the Tomsk province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, the largest province of Russia in population. Public organizations, specially formed by their members to spend their free time with a specific purpose, were considered as leisure ones. Such organizations were state-registered music-literary-drama (societies, coteries), horseracing, hunting, sporting, photo amateur, artistic, for organizing folk entertainment, gardening, Esperantists, aviation enthusiasts, public urban, commercial, railway meetings and clubs. The main source of information for analyzing the activities of leisure organizations was the chronicle of public life in Tomsk province in 1880 – February 1917, which in turn includes information from the archives, periodicals, and historical researches. The chronicle is supplemented with information from local statistical reference and local history publications. The authors set the goal of identifying the role of leisure organizations in the public life of the population of the Tomsk province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The classification of organizations by subject led to the following results: literary-musical-dramatic societies – 21, public meetings – 18, horseracing – 7, sports – 7, lovers of sports hunting and photography – 3, folk entertainment – 2, art societies, Esperanto lovers, aviation circles, gardening lovers – 1 each, 65 in total. It is two times more than it was thought in historical literature. The authors believe that in the Siberian province there were gradually going processes of constructing an urban society with a new forms of spending free time, different from the medieval cities and the peasant world. They included primarily prosperous citizens who were the initiators, organizers and sponsors of new forms of leisure. These are officials, persons of intelligent professions, entrepreneurs. The center of innovation was the provincial city of Tomsk, from which the innovations spread to district towns and commercial and industrial settlements. Firstly, the leisure was an entertainment, and then a creativity and intellectual way of development. Organized leisure covered a small proportion of the population of the province, but there was an obvious trend towards the formation of the traditions of the emerging industrial urban society. Soviet and modern leisure culture had its origins in pre-revolutionary urban culture.

296-305

Authors: Ekaterina S. Norkina

The Jewish community beyond the Pale of Settlement as a phenomenon have not received sufficient comprehensive scholarly attention. Typically, our knowledge of it is limited to the studies of history of some Jewish communities in different internal regions of the Russian Empire. In the presented article the Jewish community is a group of persons who considers everyday life staying in relations with coreligionists and Jewish tradition. This paper will fill this gap through a contextualized examination of how members of Jewish community stayed “Jewish” despite on high level of their success in the local Russian society. I show that the process of modernization of Jewish life touches even small Jewish community beyond the Pale by the example of small city in Russian province – Ekaterinodar. The study is based on the wide range of historical sources: official documental materials of the Russian imperial bureaucracy, private letters, Russian and Russian Jewish periodicals, Jewish metrical books, ethnographical notes printed in Hebrew. The author came to the conclusion that it is more correctly to use word “society”, but not “community” regarding Jewish society of Ekaterinodar or any similar society in internal Russian city. The Jewish community in its classical definition have not existed there by the beginning of the XXth century.

314-324

Authors: Mikhail V. Gribovskiy, Alexander N. Sorokin

The article is devoted to the norms of corporate ethics that have developed in the Russian university environment of the late XIX – early XX century. The study, carried out by the method of situational analysis (case method), is based on materials extracted by the authors from the russian (State Archives of the Russian Federation, the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Central State Archives of Moscow) and foreign (State Archives in Warsaw, State Archives of the Odessa Region) archives. It is emphasized that the university lecturers of pre-revolutionary Russia were a rather cohesive professional community, and the forms of manifestation of professional identity consisted in their active participation in the discussion of the "university issue", attempts at self-organization, and the existence of similar ethical principles on which the value system of the university person was based. Development by an University of corporate ethics rules, following them were an integral part of this system of values. The following norms of behavior developed in the Russian university lecturer environment of the turn of the XIX–XX centuries are distinguished: manifestation of nobility towards colleagues, observance of subordination, demonstration of mutual respect, scientific objectivity, striving for scientific truth, prevalence of university interests over personal ones. It is concluded that the presence of similar ideas about corporate and scientific ethics, written and unwritten norms of service at the university, facilitated the infusion of the professor into the new lecturer collegium when moving to a new university, and the observance of ethical standards helped to correctly resolve the sensitive issues that arose at work.

337-347

Authors: Nursan Alimbay, Gulmira U. Orynbayeva

The traditional Kazakh village of the nomadic mode of life functioned as a structure-forming “block” of the community – the main form of self-organization of the ethnic group, the process of reproduction of conditions and means to a normal existence in pre-industrial society. Unsurpassed sources for the study of the traditional Kazakh village, its economic, social and cultural life are the studies of pre-revolutionary Russian authors – scientists, government officials, etc. These works, written by highly skilled specialists of their time, provide diverse and extremely important information that helps modern historians restore the picture of the life of nomadic and semi-settled Kazakhs in that post-reform period (late XIX – early XX century). At the same time, the most representative sources giving a complete picture of the life of the nomadic village among the Kazakhs are, undoubtedly, the published results of the statistical commissions researching the territory of Kazakhstan (“Materials on Kyrgyz Land Use...” and others). Therefore, more attention was paid to this particular group of sources. Published materials of expeditions organized by the royal administration in the second half of the XIX century – the first decade of the XX century, contain well-organized statistical information and very serious analytical materials on such key indicators of Kazakh society as “social structure”, “property relations” about land use in nomadic environment, mediated by ownership of livestock, “subsistence system", "traditions (methods and strategy) of environmental management", "relationships with alien population", "dynamics of the political structure of nomadic society in the historical context ", etc.

357-365

Authors: Yulia A. Zherdeva, Elena I. Sumburova, Margarita V. Cherkasova

The article is devoted to the problems of reconstruction of the social memory based on the key events of the Russian history of the beginning of the XX century. The authors propose a method of reconstructing “family memory”, considering the autodocumentary texts of one family as a single “family archive” - a virtual repository of family memory modeled by the modern digital environment. Combining the memorial texts of the Russian noblemen Butorovs and Tatishchevs into one “family archive”, the authors restore the key components of their common memory. The study made it possible to see how the central component of the noble family values – the family estate – in wartime becomes the personification of a peaceful personal refuge, and during the period of emigration is perceived as a “lost paradise”. Concepts of education turned out to be closely interwoven into the system of gender identifications: in male texts, they set the movement of the future professional life, and in female texts, they give cause for regrets. Analyzing the attitude to power, the authors note the disappointment in the sacredness of imperial power among the younger generation of the family, and the nostalgic idealization of the royal power of the older generation.

380-394

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Andrey V. Venkov, Natal'ya V. Miku, Aude Médico

The series of articles is devoted to the analysis of the ratio of opposing linear (armored) forces of the russian 1st Pacific and japanese squadrons during the russian-japanese war of 1904-1905 before the start of hostilities, coverage of the tactical and technical characteristics of armored ships and the strategy of their use by the naval leadership. Also, the article attempts to assess the chances of winning the 1st Pacific squadron, taking into account its combat capabilities on the eve of the war in terms of the general battle. The materials for the preparation of the article were the pre-revolutionary, soviet and modern historiography. Traditional for the russian historiography the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency formed the methodological basis of the study. In the process of work the historical-comparative method was used, which allowed the authors to consider the military fleets of the warring parties through the prism of comparison of tactical and technical characteristics. This article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the linear forces of the russian and japanese fleets based on their conceptual tactical and technical characteristics.

406-412

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Semen I. Adinyaev, Svetlana F. Artemova, Aleksandr N. Volkov

The article deals with the dawn of aviation in the early XX century before the First world war. The attention is paid to airplanes – type biplane, analyzed varieties of airplanes, especially their designs. There were involved as materials the specialized literature on the history of the development of airplanes, as well as reference and scientific literature. The study used a set of scientific methods: multi-factoriality andintegration, chronology, typology, comparison, etc., which together provide the reliable results on the studied problem. For example, studying the experience of the development of world and nationalaeronautics, we paid attention to the features of their designs, which subsequently allowed the use of prototypes, both for civil and military purposes. In conclusion, the authors state that the development of biplanes in the early XX century was transient. The developments were carried out simultaneously in Europe and in America. At the same time, there was an increased public interest to aeronautics, all this in general formed the necessary conditions for the creation and further development of modifications of airplanes. Already by the beginning of the First world war, the considerable potential was accumulated, which allowed in wartime to equip airplanes with weapons and effectively use a new type of troops on the battlefields.

423-436

Authors: Irina V. Pashchenko, ElenaY.Chuklina

The article discusses the consequences of a hurricane in the Eastern Azov region on February 28, 1914. It became one of the most widespread and tragic natural disasters in the southern regions of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century. The storm in the Azov Sea began on February 28 and caused severe flooding. Hydrometeorological services recorded information about the approaching disaster. But it was not used to take the necessary measures. Coastal populations were not promptly notified of flooding. As a result of the hurricane, almost the entire eastern coast of the Azov Sea was flooded with water. There were about 500 people killed in the Kuban Region and in the Province of the Don Cossack Host, and more than 1,000 people were injured. Losses amounted to more than 1 million rubles. To overcome the negative effects of flooding, Victims Assistance Committees were established. They were created at the local level from among the most respected public figures. First of all, the committees, as public agencies, collected funds, handed out money, clothes, products to the victims. Representatives of the authorities and members of the imperial family also provided funds for assistance. It was necessary to restore the dwellings and property of thousands of people, to resume the work of fishing factories, to re-sow crops. The work of the committees was widely reported in the periodical press of that time. At the same time, the local administration has often been criticized for inaction. Materials for the article were documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory, as well as publications in the press of that time. The authors identify collisions in the assessment of events in official documents and the media.

447-455

Authors: Pavel V. Ulyanov

The First World War (1914-1918) is an illustrative historical example of the conduct of centralized and large-scale propaganda of the “image of the enemy” in many participating countries. In modern science, when studying propaganda during the First World War, researchers believe that in each participating country agitation was of the same type and had more similarities than differences. In Great Britain, Russia, Germany and even in France, central bodies were created, responsible for mass agitation, leaflets were distributed, rallies, demonstrations and military parades were held. However, the researchers do not take into account the fact that each country is distinguished by its specificity, which greatly influences the formation of the “image of the enemy”, considered as the content of propaganda information. At the same time, the “image of the enemy”, disseminated by means of campaign materials, was distinguished by certain features and was formed under the influence of various kinds of factors. In this regard, I would like to consider the issue of similarity and difference of images on the example of such distinctive and different from each other states, such as the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire. Therefore, in this article, the author compares the experience of propaganda of the “image of the German conqueror” in Great Britain and in the Russian Empire. His task is to highlight the common and distinctive features of this image, which was distributed among the population of the two countries during the First World War. As a conclusion, it should be said that despite the presence of similar methods and goals of propaganda, its content had distinctive features, which only underlines the identity of a particular country.