Bylye Gody

472-478

Authors: Evgeny V. Vodyasov, Olga V. Zaitceva

The article describes the features of the emergence and spread of iron in Tomsk Ob Region, which located in the contact zone of the two great historical and cultural worlds: hunter-fishers in the taiga and nomads in steppe. Geological specialty of Tomsk Ob Region is the lack of deposits of copper ore and the presence of high-quality iron ore. Based on the analysis of archaeological data three stages of development of iron in Tomsk Ob Region are allocated: 1. Penetration of the first iron products while the traditions of bronze casting were remain general (VIII century BC-IV century AD); 2. Mass distribution of iron products and gradual replacement of bronze tools (V-X centuries AD); 3. Development of local iron ore deposits and flourishing of iron production (X-XVII centuries AD); The hypothesis that the development of local iron ore deposits became possible only with the beginning of the "Turkic" migration at the turn of I-II millennium AD is voiced. From this moment the population of Tomsk Ob Region acquired full commodity independence. Local iron ore deposits provided the flourishing of iron production, which was interrupted only in the XVII century BC during the Russian colonization.

491-498

Authors: Konstantin D. Bugrov

The actual article deals with the issue of Russia’s territorial size as an argument in 18th century political debate on domestic affairs. The early 18th century authors, like Feofan or V. N. Tatishchev, were arguing that Russia’s monarchical form of government, military strength, and control over vast territory are interconnected, and that such beneficial interconnection could be proved with the historical examples. Such attitude first appeared as a rhetorical borrowing from the Western tradition, yet it soon was tested in an actual debate following the political crisis of 1730. After that, the territorial arguments in favor of Russian monarchy became a cornerstone of a wide intellectual tradition. Therefore, to challenge the monarchical form of government in Russia, radical thinkers and writers had to deal mainly with historical arguments on military power and territorial control.

508-518

Authors: Andrej V. Keller

Russian-German businessman Andrew Knauf is a remarkable person and an innovator in the Urals mining and metallurgical industry of the early nineteenth century, who made a positive impact on its development. The author examines the Knauf activities as the holder of the mining enterprises, modernized due to the transfer of Western technologies. His experience is interesting in the context of serfdom and the lack of qualified personnel in the existing system possessional factories. Traces the entrepreneur with the state interaction, and attempts to identify a real contribution to the production and the region development and the reasons for the Knauf failure. The author makes a fundamental difference between financial failure Knauf and its role in enterprises technical and social modernization, which became for some time the Ural growth and innovation leaders, directly influenced the steam engines in the state factories introduction.Knauf can be attributed to a new type of entrepreneur, socially responsible business.

536-540

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Alexey A. Volvenko, Alexander G. Varfolomeev

The article on the basis of archival sources examines the work of foreign emissaries on the Black Sea coastline in 1834-1847 years. The significant part of sources is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The importance is given to the activities of foreign agents, their life among the hillmen, and methods of fighting of the Russian administration with foreign agents. The author comes to the conclusion that in the period of 1834-1847 years, on the Black Sea coastline the emissaries were carried out the diverse activities aimed against the Russian Empire. This activity was shown at the instigation of the hillmen for the war against Russia, the spread of false information, work as instructors, as well as to the personal involvement of emissaries in fighting.

549-557

Authors: Dmitrii V. Timofeev

On the basis of archival materials presents the basic "scenario" emancipation of the serfs in the first quarter of XIX-th century. A comparative analysis of the investigation of cases of dissemination of "unlawful speeches", denunciations, notes and projects identified the following options for addressing the issue of serfdom: the scenario of "external release," "liberation by the initiative of the Russian Emperor" by transferring the peasants on public lands and the payment of money compensation; exemption with the transition to a "new state" scenario "deferred liberation." Comparative analysis of the stories about the role of the state, the rate and conditions of the peasants of freedom, led to the conclusion about the existence in the minds of Russian citizens community paternalistic attitudes. Waiting initiative on the part of the state not only significantly slowed the development process of reform, but also contributed to the formation directly opposite behaviors aimed at the use of forced labor.

564-575

Authors: Alexander Yu. Davidov

The author defines life’s constants of Alexander Illarionovich Vasilchikov (1818-1881) – a prominent public figure, aristocrat, scientist and organizer of the first cooperative union in Russia. The novelty of current research is that the author presents the protagonist in his main social roles – as a farmer and cooperator. It has been proved that by focusing on his estates organization, Vasilchikov realized how dangerous the serious moral defects of Russian peasants were for nation’s future (“wastefulness” and “inordinacy”). The attention is paid to how the offended patriotic feeling made the prince and his companions (“vasilchikovs”) to create a nationwide credit-cooperative organization. Their aim was to gradually accustom peasants to domesticity and housekeeping, mutual trust in a common activity. By presenting the results of Vasilchikov’s activity analysis, the author tries to define the role of national cooperation as an important method of motivation and work culture development. The actuality of the research is also seen in revealing the leaders’ role (A. Vasilchikov and “vasilchikovs”) in acceleration of large-scale creative public processes.

586-594

Authors: Gulnar K. Mukanova

The article is devoted to an interesting chapter in the history of international relations in Central Asia, namely, the role of the consular service in tracing ethno-demographic processes in the area of Russian-Chinese border. Observation Russian consuls and analysis of the situation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are reflected in the sources that allowed the author to explore the details of the development of the law in 1903 to regulate the uncontrolled immigration. The author studied the array of documents from the archival funds and memoir literature, periodical press materials specified period. Activities of Russian consuls for many years has not been studied as a subject of study, since the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in 1917 and the abdication of Nicholas Romanov 2 put them out of politics. The fate of Russian consuls abroad after 1917 constitutes a separate dramatic page of history. China has actively cooperated with the consuls in Xinjiang, which is understandable position of the state on the eve of the First World War. This is an example of the interested cooperation of Russia and China in solving the problem of spontaneous cross-border migration in Central Asia.

602-622

Authors: Boris N. Mironov

Traits that some have regarded as distinctively Russian had appeared previously in Europe—sometimes two, three, or more centuries earlier, albeit with variations. Nevertheless, like any country, Russia did have distinctive features brought about by religion, geography, and political and economic conditions. Russia’s location on the periphery of Europe, its multinational population, and the influence of its eastern neighbors reinforced these features. Russia embraced Western civilization later than other European countries. Whereas after the fall of the Roman empire most people in western Europe occupied a relatively familiar and well delimited territory containing previously developed centers of Roman culture, Russia’s historical development occurred in an uncivilized, immense, and constantly expanding space. Russia lagged behind the rest of Europe; but this does not preclude its basic similarity to Europe in the social, economic, political, and cultural spheres. Russians and Europeans have shared common features of development, particularly in the spheres of religion, geography, and ethnicity. However, Russia developed asynchronously with other European countries. Russia’s Europeanization was not the product of borrowing but the inevitable result of its own evolution, essentially similar to Europe’s but delayed by the conditions of its historical environment. Although this lag placed Russia at a clear disadvantage in international power relations, it cannot be attributed to any hypothetical, peculiarly Russian moral or cultural failing; for the cultural and spiritual richness of this society, at both the popular and the elite levels, has been amply demonstrated.

633-640

Authors: Andrey Yu. Mikhailov

This article is based on the methodology of intellectual history examines the process of secularization of Orthodoxy in the late Russian Empire 1860 – 1910-ies. The focus of the formulation of a scientific problem: consideration of secularization as indoctrination Orthodoxy and de-institutionalization of the Synod Church. Under the first attempt to synthesize the doctrine Orthodoxy with modernist ideologies (socialism, nationalism, secularism (laicism), under the second – the erosion of the church as an institution by dividing into various inner-group. As a consequence of early modern rationalization to 1830–1840 there are three ways of indoctrination orthodoxy as synthesis with modern ideology. Firstly, synthesis with a modernist nationalism in its evolution from the "civilian" to the "political". The concept of late imperial political nationalism (N.P. Ignatiev, A.A. Kireev), tied to version of neoslavyanofily (new slavyanofily) (N.P. Aksakov, D.A. Khomyakov) and civilizational theory (L. Leontiev, N.I. Danilevsky) tried synthesize Orthodoxy and nationalism in the spirit of religious interpretation of the nation and society. Secondly, with social theories of modern European socialism and positivism. (archimandrite Fedor (Bukharev), S.N. Bulgakov, archimandrite Michael (Semenov), and others.). Thirdly, with a modernist secularism (laicism and liberalism: P.V. Valuev, D.A. Tolstoy, K.P. Pobedonostsev). De-institutionalization of the Synodal Church took place in the following ways. In the period of early modernity (1700–1840), konfessionaliztion (die Konfessionalisierung), happened embedding religious institution in the state organism (nationalization) on the practical and theoretical level. The evolution from the early modernity to late modernity (1830–1860) itself has raise the question of the "internal" secularization as activation of layman or parishioner. Theory A.S. Khomyakov (new criteria and the nature of the Church as a divine-human organism) and investigation of teachers of Ecclesiastical Academy (A.S. Pavlov) required for the majority of the church - laity, a new, higher status On the other hand, the absence of many centuries hierarchy (bishops, priests) in certain parts of the country has created a "popular deinstitutionalization" – bezpopovtsy (without priests). During the late Empire, 1860 - 1910 the desire of the church renovation and restoration of "canonical order" led to the emergence of new forms of deinstitutionalization: formation of numerous church brotherhood, unions and others movement in Russian Orthodoxy. By the 1917 revolution in the empire, in the official church existed a sufficient number of different trends, which is allocated, then again merges with the main mainstream. "Social Christians", "free Christian", "Golgotha Christian", representatives of "Christian brotherhood of fight" (B. Sventsitsky, V. Ern) had their own ideology (ekleziologiyu), religious practices and organizational structure.

650-662

Authors: Branislav Šprocha, Pavol Tišliar

Slovak population in the 20th century has undergone significant changes in the character of the reproductive behavior. However, these changes not proceed simultaneously and in the entire population at once. One of the most frequently mentioned factors is the economic activity of women and their related affiliation with one of the economic sectors. In this context the primary sector was very important. The study analyzes the realized fertility of women in Slovakia depending on and working in the primary sector between 1900 and 2001. Differential analysis of fertility is based on population censuses results.

670-675

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Nina I. Kryukova

The article on the base of archival documents considers the events of the First Russian revolution in the Tuapse district of the Black Sea province. The article is paid attention to the activities of the social-revolutionaries, peasants’ union and representatives of other political parties. The author comes to the conclusion that the Manifest of 17 October 1905 became the starting point of a fundamentally new hard revolutionary violence, which peaked in the winter of 1905–1906 years. The armed uprisings took place in two of the three districts of the Black Sea province (Novorossiysk and Sochi districts) and only a strong anti-Republican stance of the administration of Tuapse district has managed to keep the situation in a legal way.

682-688

Authors: Elena G. Lapshina, Larisa A. Koroleva

In article activity of sign figures of the Russian vanguard of Vladimir Evgrafovich Tatlin, the first Soviet designer, and Efim Vladimirovich Ravdel, the first rector of the Highest state art and technical workshops is considered. The special attention is paid to the Penza period of their life. In 1905 Tatlin began the vocational education in Penza in Art school of N.D. Seliverstov upon termination of whom gained the diploma of the artist with the right of teaching drawing, drawing and calligraphy. During training he was admitted to school in Tsege's salon, participated in an exhibition of the third salon of the Golden Fleece magazine in Moscow. Then Tatlin moves to Moscow where arranges own workshop. Revolutionary events found Tatlin in St. Petersburg where he became the informal leader of «futurists». In April, 1918 he was appointed the chairman of the Moscow art board of Department FROM Narkompros. He taught in picturesque workshops of the Moscow and Petrograd Svomas. Ravdel since 1918 was the head of department of arts of Board of National education of the Penza provincial council of country and working deputies; I organized drama studio, national conservatory, the museum; I participated in exhibitions, debates, etc. In detail the reform of the Penza art school (1918-1920) which was carried out by it, attraction of pedagogical shots (D.P. Buryshkin, D.M. Iofan, etc.), a set of entrants, etc. is considered; creation of an architectural workshop of the Penza free state art workshops. In 1920 Ravdel went to Moscow where held the rector's position of Highest state art and technical workshops (1920-1923).

697-707

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Svetlana V. Shevelyova, Margarita N. Urda

The article is devoted to the study of the relationships between power structures in the face of law enforcement and society in the Black Sea province in 1912 year, through the analysis of the activities of the Novorossiysk detective department. The article studies the reports, regulations, and other documents of Novorossiysk police detective branch, on the basis of which the author talks about the General atmosphere of relationships between the authorities and society in the period. Most of used sources are published for the first time. The author comes to the conclusion that the organization of detective business in Novorossiysk was carefully planned and prepared, and rather quickly embodied in practice. Even after the recent revolutionary events (1905-1907 years) there is no written evidence that the society in 1912 was perceived by the employees of law enforcement negatively. However, the authorities are rightly feared of the iterance of public outbursts that are clearly expressed in the historical sources.

715-719

Authors: Lyubov G. Polyakova, Lyudmila G. Zimovets, Leonid L. Balaniuk

The article on the basis of first introduced into the scientific circulation documents of the State archive of the Krasnodar region covers the activities of the gendarmerie staff management in the Black Sea province during the First World War. The author comes to the conclusion that the activities of the gendarmerie were conducted professionally during the 1914-1917 years in the Black Sea province. The expulsion of the prominent representatives of the revolutionary movement from the border area, which was the Black Sea province, led to political stability in the region. Further the tasks of the gendarmerie included only the maintaining of order and the prevention of the penetration of anti-social element in the Black Sea province.

729-734

Authors: Kamil G. Akhsanov

The article is regarded the approaches of Turkish and Russian researchers on the issue of entry of the Ottoman Empire in World War I in 1914. There is given the point of view of Turkish historians and attempt to trace the evolution of the views of Russian researchers in the evaluation of the motives behind the ruling circles of the Ottoman Empire to take military action on the side of Germany. The article presents the most characteristic stamps of Soviet historiography of the reasons for the entry of the Ottoman Empire in World War I on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Also presents the point of view of the entry of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War a number of Turkish researchers in the modern history of Turkey (A. N. Kurat, J. Arslan, I. Ortaylı). What follows is an overview of the most important works on Turkish history in the twentieth century, Released in Russia in recent years. It is emphasized that in most of these studies continue to live on the installation initially aggressive character of the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century. But at the same time provides the concept of Russian-Turkish Studies historians more fully investigate the problem and diversified involvement of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (V. I. Sheremet Ju.V. Luneva). In this article, the reason for differences in the views of Russian and Turkish historians on the issue involving the Ottoman Empire in the First World War is explained as the difference between the source base and stereotypes and cliches.

742-749

Authors: Mihail Y. Krapivin, Yury N. Makarov

The article is devoted to the history of the creation of a special structural subdivision of the Central office of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VCheka) organized for targeted agent-operative work among "hostile elements" of the Orthodox clergy and contre-revolutionary religious sectarianism. Sources covering the initial period of operation of the "Church" office Secret operative / the Secret Department (SD) of the VCheka was preserved very little, although the amount of work they carried out was great. On the basis of all available documentary material the authors describe the organizational structure of the special Secret Department of the VCheka, which initially received the number "7" in November 1920 and then – the number "6" in November 1921. The authors try to reconstruct the stages of creation and development of the special Secret Department (its reorganization, renaming, personal appointees of the governing composition, etc.) in chronological sequence.

758-765

Authors: Viktor M. Kononenko, Yekaterina A. Forzun, Yekaterina A. Muravskaya, Valentina V. Bykova

The article describes the transformation of librarianship in Kuban in the 20-ies of XX century. Archival sources and regional periodicals materials entered lately into the scientific circulation have allowed the authors of sufficiently revealing the characteristics of library work. The authors succeed in identifying the essential social functions of public libraries and bring to light unknown forms and directions of functioning of libraries in that period of time.

229-237

Authors: Evgeny V. Vodyasov, Olga V. Zaitceva

The article tells about medieval burials in wooden coffins at the area of Tomsk Ob region. These graves exclusively date to the 13th-15th centuries and there is no trace of them found in either an earlier or a later time period. This may mean that the ritual of burying the dead in a coffin had been practiced in the region for a relatively short period of time. All in all, there have been identified and described 17 medieval coffin burials. All of them stand out markedly against other graves. They come with a rich and diverse burial inventory (weapons, adornments, rare articles of art, etc.). In half of the cases, they are also accompanied by the burial of horsehide and horse tack. All this leads the author to put forth a hypothesis that the dead buried in the wooden coffins were representatives of the military elite. Such “elite” graves are known to have existed in the 13th-14th centuries across the Altai, Transbaikal, and South Urals regions, where they appeared during the period when the Mongols came into to the area. Coffin graves turning up in other regions are linked to Mongol traditions, which spread wide during the Mongol conquests in the 13th-14th centuries. So it appears that the medieval interments in coffins aren’t local phenomenon in the Tomsk Ob region but the sign of “the Mongolian trail” in the history of the Region.

245-253

Authors: Konstantin D. Bugrov

The actual paper deals with the issue of conceptual grounds of Russian political thought in its international aspect. The author argues that Russian politicians of the 18th century were paying special attention to the fact of Russia’s unique territorial size, which was used as a conceptual basis for building a distinctive model of international policy for the Empire. The ‘Northern System’, installed by Nikita Panin, a prominent statesman at the court of Catherine the Great Russian who masterminded Russian foreign policy from 1764 to 1779. The author demonstrates that Panin understood Russian Empire as a territorial giant which doesn’t need expansion of its borders anymore and therefore could propose a diplomatic system based on stability, peace and commerce. That system was putting emphasis upon the concision of Russian diplomatic domination and the ‘natural interests’ of the states of Northern and Eastern Europe. The similar understanding of Russia’s uniqueness in terms of territorial size would became a basis for proposing similar models for international regulations, in which Russia’s vast size was to be seen as a precondition for a role of a peacemaker rather than expansionist.

260-267

Authors: Tatjyana V. Kovaleva, Tatjyana O. Tsurik

This paper deals with a manor of the nobility phenomenon as part of the Chernozem region cultural space in XVIII–XIX centuries, its forming and development factors and the country estate landscape components. The household, economic and cultural characteristics of the manors in the Central Black Soil region are examined as well as their importance for the region development. The manor landscape is described as the wholeness of natural and cultural origins. The paper generalizes it as the best achievements of Russian and Western European cultures and a synthesis of urban and rural lifestyles.

276-281

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov, Vyacheslav I. Menkovsky, Michal Smigel, Violetta S. Molchanova

This article examines ethno-demographic processes in the north-east Black Sea area, more specifically the territory of Greater Sochi, in the 19th – early 21th centuries. In writing the article, the authors have relied on archive materials from the archives department of the administration of the city of Novorossiysk and the archives department of the administration of the city of Sochi. The authors have consulted reference pre-revolution literature, Soviet-era and present-day population censuses, as well as the findings of present-day research studies. The methodological basis of this study are the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systemicity, which helps to get an insight into the general patterns and regional peculiarities in the demographic development of the major ethnicities in the north-east Black Sea area in the 19th-20th centuries. The authors touch upon the process of colonization of the territory and its ethnic composition. In the end, the authors come to the conclusion that the ethno-demographic picture of Greater Sochi had been forming in a complicated fashion. As a consequence, in the second half of the 19th century, following the Caucasian War, the territory had to be repopulated. Resettlement flows from different locations in the Russian Empire and overseas had formed by 1917 an ethno-picture that featured Russians and Armenians as two principal ethnicities. The authors note that this picture has not changed in a major way to this day.

289-295

Authors: Hope O. Bleich

Based on new archive and documentary materials, the article investigates the role of Russian and mountaineer enlighteners in the development of the writing culture of the North Caucasus. The author talks about the way Russian scholars would study, during the course of their fecund historical/linguistic activity in the Caucasus, the multiple languages and dialects of the mountaineers and, based on Russian graphics, create alphabets for the mountaineer peoples. The author goes on to prove that the above facilitated education among the Caucasians and, as a consequence, the emergence of a pleiad of mountaineer thinkers, who would embark on a path of enlightening their people.

303-308

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov

In 1895, with the beginning of Cuban insurgence, the Spanish acquired a series of civil vessels and powerboats in the US. Unfortunately, in the Spanish literature there has been relatively little mention of the fate of these numerous units before the purchase and after the end of the Spanish-American War of 1898. Based on the findings of the author’s analysis of data from Spanish and American print media, the author puts forth a supposition that the New-York “water buses” Shrewsbury and Navesink sold by the US in 1895 would turn into the Spanish gunboats Intrépida and Mensajera. It is likely that during the deal process they could have temporary names, General Laborde and General Tacón. Both powerboats were actively used in blockade operations against the insurgents in 1896–97, and after the Spanish-American War they were dropped from the Spanish fleet. That said, Intrépida became one of the first ships within the naval fleet of the young Cuban republic led by Antonio Maceo. Based on the findings of an analysis of data from naval handbooks, the author puts forth a supposition that this ship might have been not Intrépida but the one-class ship Mensajera.

319-326

Authors: Tulebaev Turganzhan, Gulzhaukhar K. Kokebayeva

The period of the late 20th and the early 21st centuries is characterized for many post-socialist countries by profound social/economic transformations. They are going through a tough transition from the implementation of market reform to the formation of a market economy oriented towards innovation development. The historical past of these countries attests that, in a sense, they have already been going through a similar process – back in the late 19th-early 20th centuries. The history of the industry of Turkestan Krai during that period is a vivid example of the process of the making and development of capitalist relations. This proves once again the relevance and timeliness of the study of the characteristics of the evolution of the region’s industry and determination of its prevalent forms. The author examines the initial forms of the region’s industry. Only the penetration of commodity production on the capitalist basis and the resettlement of peasants, the settling down of Kazakhs on the land, the development of old and emergence of new towns and villages, and the construction of railroads would lay the foundation for social division of labor. This spurred the development of old and emergence of new sectors in the industry of Turkestan Krai. During the period under examination, the prevalent form of industry was petty commodity capitalist production. But the transition from craft production and its workshop form to capitalist petty commodity production in Turkestan Krai was a long and not always straightforward process. The author investigates the issue of the making of the factory/plant form of industry. The emergence of particular factories and plants was a consequence of the wide development of Russian capitalism, a result of adopting Central Russia’s accumulated experience in the way of applying production techniques and technology in Turkestan Krai. Based on the author’s study of facts relating to industrial production in Turkestan Krai, the author comes to the conclusion that the region’s development is characterized by a top-bottom line, which stands for capitalist, and a bottom-top line, which denotes ante-capitalist relations.

338-346

Authors: Petr K. Dashkovskiy, Elena A. Shershneva

This article examines the role of the Russian government in the set-up of the spiritual life of Moslem communities. Between the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian government saw its major objective in control over communities practicing faiths other than Orthodox Christianity – most importantly, the activity of Moslem communities. Such policy, in large part, was about control over the construction of cult buildings, as well as the set-up of confessional schools. Based on archive materials, the author provides an insight into the issue of the set-up of the spiritual life of the Moslem community of Western Siberia during the period under examination, as well as the major aspects of record management in the area. Special attention is devoted to the complexity of getting permits for the erection of Moslem facilities, which sometimes led to unauthorized construction. There was a similar trend in respect of opening academic institutions, since the government mostly supported the creation of new-type schools with Russian-based classes and their major objective was teaching Russian and familiarizing Moslems with Russian culture.

359-365

Authors: Sergey G. Sulyak

Bringing to the forefront the theme of the genocide of the Rusin (Russian) population of Galicia and Bukovina during WWI in the research and work at the beginning of the 1920's to the beginning of the 21th c. is the question analyzed in the article. The given theme was actively opened in the 1920's and 1930's when Galicia was part of Poland, Subcarpathia part of Czechoslovakia and Bukovina part of Rumania. During Soviet times the theme became "taboo". Current Ukrainian historiography places more attention on creating myth about the supposed oppression of the Ukrainians in Galicia, Bukovina and also in Little Russia by the Russian authorities. The theme of the Rusin (Russian) movement in Galician and Bukovina, the massive repression of the Rusin (Russian) population by the Austro-Hungarian authorities is absent in current textbooks of history in Russia. The material presented compares approaches given by researchers who have various political views.

373-381

Authors: Altaiy I. Orazbayeva, Zakish T. Sadvokassova

This article aims to investigate the issue of the organization of the social subsystem of the civilization of Eurasian steppe nomads. To this end, the author examines the specificity of the social structure of a nomad society through the example of traditional Kazakh society within the context of Ibn Khaldun’s concept of “asabiyyah” developed in his work entitled “Muqaddimah” (“An Introduction” or “A Book on the Nature of Social Life”). The author’s primary object of study is the theoretical and methodological conceptualization of the aspect under study, providing an insight into the specificity of the organization of internal mechanisms in the civilization of Eurasian steppe nomads, and trying to expound various phenomena in its development. In a related move, the authors, based on a selection of their own parameters of historical measurements, without any attempts to force a fit with accepted standards, venture to explain the specificity of the patterns of development characteristic of a local type of the civilization of Eurasian steppe nomads.

388-393

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev

This article, based on documents from the Archive Department of the administration of the city of Sochi, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as print media materials, looks into the everyday activity of primary schools in the village of Aibga in the 1920s. There is some focus on the regional specificity of teaching at a primary school and specific facilities-related and economic issues. The author comes to the conclusion that the labor conditions of rural teachers during said period were very hard. Academic activity had a pronounced seasonal nature – during the winter months it would “bloom” due to the cessation of agricultural work, while it would virtually cease with the start of the agricultural season. In addition, there was a severe lack of proper school inventory.

403-412

Authors: Olga I. Shestak

This article, based on documents from state archives, examines Soviet policy in the area of wages through the example of the Far East. The author comes to the conclusion that the wages policy implemented in the USSR in the 1930s was a key mechanism in the formation of a hierarchical social production-type establishment. It would determine the prestige of professions and the functionality of spheres of work activity and underscored the commanding positioning of social groups, thereby setting and ensuring all key criteria for constructing a system of social inequality, on the one hand, and fixing the population to remote and scarcely populated territories, on the other.

420-427

Authors: Sergey O. Buranok, Dmitry V. Surzhik

This article analyzes the U.S. and U.K public opinion about German attack on the USSR 22 June 1941. Considered the views of the American and British statesmen and politicians, the public mood, reflected in the press. Identify the main points of view on the outbreak of war with Germany against the Soviet Union. It is shown that in the presence of a variety of assessments prevailed ideas of solidarity with the Soviet Union and the need to support it. This work will allow for a " reflection" of the image of a belligerent Soviet Union, and to find the key moments falsifying the history of World War II in the U.S. and the UK. The events of the Great Patriotic War , which will be set out on the basis of US and UK archives, and t hen will be presented t o look at fighting in the USSR in the memoranda of public institutions of Great Britain and the United States, as well as their coverage in the Anglo-American media. In this case, due consideration will be given to the mechanisms of information influence that have been implemented in the U.S. Office of War Information and the British Ministry of Information. Selected key battles 1941 year in the USSR: a description of the fighting, then their score by British and U.S. military and political leadership, guidelines an d promotional materials departments of the UK and the U.S., the UK and the U.S. press.

434-441

Authors: Tatiana P. Khlynina

The article is devoted to the construction of fortifications in Rostov-on-Don and the Rostov region. It considers the work of the Defence Staff and the city authorities of the city for the mobilization of the population. Analyzes the causes of failure Plans to build fortifications. Notes the hazards posed to civilian objects. It is concluded that the construction of fortifications and the construction of an accelerated rate reflects not only the desire to strengthen the leadership of the city to protect it, but also a general idea of the time on the organization of defense. Calculating the strategic environment Soviet command in the fall of 1941 and short occupation of the city became a powerful incentive to deploy in the future construction of fortifications in Rostov-on-Don.

450-460

Authors: Veronika V. Tsibenko, Sergey N. Tsibenko

Public space discussion of various aspects of the Circassian (Adyghe) problematics and the so-called Circassian question became extremely hot in the mid-2000s in connection with such a significant event like the Olympics 2014 in Sochi. The viewpoint that the Circassian question itself does not exist outside the Olympic agenda is prevailing in the Russian research environment. The authors of the current article argue against the binding of the Circassian question exclusively to the Olympics and consider it in a broad historical and cultural context, tracing the transformation of its content and perception by the international community. The article gives a retrospective picture of the Circassian question in relation to the place, time and processes of both local and global significance, identifies the factors that influenced its coverage in a particular way and the main actors that determine the formation of public opinion. The authors distinguish the main historical stages of development of the Circassian national movement, give a detailed description of each of them, reveal the basic mechanisms and features, examine topical Circassian issues. The article gives a large amount of data on the Circassian organizations, their appeals to the governmental and international organizations. As follows from the analysis, the authors conclude that the sharp growth of the relevance of the Circassian problematics after 2007 is conditioned not only by the objective internal processes of the Circassian national movement, but even more by foreign policy factors and the Circassian question perceprion in the international arena has historically predetermined outcome.

14-21

Authors: Vyacheslav G. Shvedov, Elena V. Stelmah, Sergei A. Solovchenkov, Andrew B. Golub

This publication addresses the issue of the formation of an autochthonous reclamation region around the Amur River basin in the Late Neolithic period. In writing this article, the author employed materials from field research and issue-related publications by a number of major researchers in the area of the geography and archeology of the south of Russia’s Far East. Based on an analysis of the geographic position and natural conditions of the area under examination, the author provides a comprehensive characterization of the significance of natural resources in the economic life of the local population. This has made it possible to identify within the boundaries of the Amur River basin reclamation areas whose formation was associated with a particular economic specialization grounded in fishing as a prevalent economic activity. The author has conducted an internal territorial differentiation of the reclamation region and singled out four areas each of which had its special characteristics based on the type of activity pursued by the aborigine communities. The author draws a conclusion about a high economic effectiveness of the Amur reclamation region, which is based on thorough adaptation to local physical/geographic conditions of the environment, which is attested to by quite a lengthy period of its existence.

30-35

Authors: Alexander Kim

Author considers question on Bohai suryongs, the places of them in Bohai are unclear. Many scholars in East Asia consider suryongs as chiefs of tribes, who lived in Bohai peripheries. However, other historians believe that suryongs were provincial officials. Usually the problem of these Bohai chiefs is discussed between these two opinions. Author thinks that the structure of suryongs consists of different groups of provincial leaders. Because many Bohai chiefs had different functions and positions in the state, clearly, in many cases the kinds of their activity were inconsistence. Therefore author of article has another opinion about suryongs in Bohai state. Moreover, in many cases Bohai chiefs can be position or rank. Suryongs played a big role in govern administrative system, we can information about activity of Bohai suryongs not only in inner policy, but in foreign relations too. It had influence in potential of Bohai in different periods of state existing. Moreover, suryongs system existed after collapse of Bohai state during a long time. The system of Bohai suryongs was well-known in other countries. Author uses materials not only in European (Russian and English), but in Asian languages (Korean and Chinese) too.

41-47

Authors: Yakov G. Solodkin

The voivode system of government emerged in Western Siberia at the turn of the 16th–17th centuries, following the legendary expedition of Yermak’s Cossacks. Its implementation depended crucially on the succession in which the Russian acquisition of the new vast territories had taken place. Voivodes and departmental administrators usually acted as county governors as the counties were formed around towns, with stockaded settlements shaping the scope of responsibility of departmental administrators, whose status and functions have often created considerable confusion in Russian historiography, inasmuch as they are frequently but groundlessly identified with voivodes, with the latter’s functions sometimes attributed to streltsy commanders or even Cossack atamans. In the early period of the Russian colonization of Siberia, as well as in the subsequent years, it was standard practice to send to the newly acquired lands voivodes and departmental administrators who possessed extensive experience in governance. The practice of Intra-Siberian transferring of departmental administrators, which gained wide currency in the 17th century, had been adopted well before 1599, the year when the Tobolsk department was established. In most cases, the officers who founded towns and stockaded settlements served a one-year term of appointment, with the latter being occasionally extended to two or three years.

55-69

Authors: Dmitrii А. Redin, Мarie-Pierre Rey

The two official visits to Paris made by Russian sovereigns, the first one by Peter I in Spring 1717 and the second one by Alexander I in Spring 1814, have been significant events for the history of Russian-French relations and for European history in general. Each of these trips generated an extensive literature and the circumstances, the origins, the goals, and outcomes of the sovereigns’ stay in the French capital are very well documented. The authors proposed to analyze these trips in a comparative and diachronic way, considering that despite their differences in terms of cultural and political contexts, this approach is relevant. Indeed, the article aims at showing that the visits had a common impact: they contributed to reform stereotypes about Russia and Russians in the eyes of French elites and public opinion, and beyond, in European public opinion. During their trips, convincingly demonstrating that Russia belongs to the European space, the two monarchs significantly transformed the perception of their country, so far perceived as a barbaric, tyrannical and potentially dangerous country for Europe. However, at the same time, the authors conclude that the deconstruction of old stereotypes did not lead to their complete eradication. As a result, in European public opinion, emerged a «dual perception» of Russia that is a negative one, going back to late medieval tradition, and a more positive one, associated with the recognition of its belonging to the modern European cultural space.

81-86

Authors: Elena S. Ustinovich

During this historical period was actively carried out the process of interaction and interdependence of the development of state power and social consciousness within the limits of formation of the state information policy. Alexander II and his inner circle, given these trends and evaluating the shortcomings of the reign of his father, after years of ignoring the power of public opinion on important socio-political and socio-economic issues, after a long ban on open discussion of the shortcomings of the actions of the authorities and of the state apparatus, deliberately stimulated the beginning of the «era of conviction». Growth of social consciousness, the press has naturally gained a strong influence on representatives of the Russian society and contributed to raising awareness of and advocate for their rights. The authority is committed to the advancement of social development, directs itself to the expansion of media freedom and on the settlement of socio-political issues through dialogue, carried out with the assistance of the media.

94-99

Authors: Anna S. Tretyak

The paper presents a brief historical overview of the evolution of maternal and child health care in Russia. A system of Public Health Service in the Central Black Earth Region governments (territorial subdivisions of Russia, 1708-1929) is taken as an example. A retrospective of the review is limited to the last third of the XIX century. The paper discusses historical aspects of the problem, which are mainly concentrated in the first quarter of the XX century. Organizational aspects of the medical staff training, problems with the obstetric aid organization are also considered. Characteristics of the governments in their activity to fight with infant mortality are stated in the paper.

107-115

Authors: Jury S. Tynnikov, Valentina V. Krylova

The paper is concerned with the educational policy in pre-revolutionary Russia and the North Caucasus at the turn of XIX-XX centuries, detects the reasons, problems and the ways of the education formation among the multi-national population of Sochi District in the studied period. The role of the Russian language in the formation of major channels of the interethnic communication, introduction of the multinational population to the Russian culture, development of the state integrity is examined.

124-132

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran

This article, based on archive materials, analyzes the conduct of rural communities in the epicenters of uprisings during the First Russian Revolution. The author notes that during the First Russian Revolution (1905–1907) peasants in rural communities, as, for instance, those within the Black Sea Governorate’s Sochi Okrug, were in point of fact left to themselves. Having found themselves alone with members of the social-democratic party, the rural communities had to decide: whether to buy into revolutionary propaganda or sabotage anti-government activity.

137-144

Authors: Irina V. Lidzhieva, Valery V. Batyrov, Ludmila V. Okonova

This article is devoted question of the transition of the population of the Kalmyk steppe to the Cossack estate of the Russian Empire during the World War I. Limited the rights of the Kalmyk people, a permanent loss of their lands, permanent peasant colonization led the Kalmyk society has to come a long way from a complete denial of the transition to the Cossack estate in the XIX century to the only possibility to save his people and culture. Cossack's self-government had a number of advantages over the existing self-government in the Kalmyk steppe, which was legalized in 1847 — the Regulations on the management of the Kalmyk people. And yet, the question of the transition Kalmyks to the Cossack estate during of the World War I, despite the efforts made by both the of intellectuals and clergy was not resolved positively, due to the negative attitude towards this issue by the central and local authorities. And only February revolutions and October revolutions in 1917 opened the way for a positive solution of the transition Kalmyks to the Cossacks, but by the time any other alternatives of autonomization of the Kalmyk people, and idea of the transition the Kalmyks to the Cossack estate of was more irrelevant.

152-158

Authors: Gulzhaukhar K. Kokebayeva, Nurzipa K. Alpysbayeva, Shotbek T. Bulgauov

The work studies the problem of the detention of prisoners of war of the Triple Alliance in the camps, located within Kazakhstan. During the first months of war, the Russian authorities treated the prisoners of war in accordance with ‘Convention on the Treatment of the Prisoners of War’, approved by the Emperor of Russia. The content of this document corresponded to the Hague Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The major areas of the detention of prisoners of war were Turkestan and Omsk Military Okrug, combining all military institutions of the Steppe Governorate General, including the ones of North-Eastern and Central Kazakhstan. The source base of the research is the materials of Kazakhstan and German archives, the recollections of the former prisoners of war and the published collections of documents and materials.

167-173

Authors: Vladimir G. Dazischen, Larisa A. Kutilova

On the basis of selected publications of the regional newspaper "Krasnoyarsk Worker" the authors analyze the foreign policy priorities of the Soviet Union in 1924. The most important problem of diplomatic recognition is viewed through the prism of relations with China and publications on this topic in the regional press that performs a main function in shaping public perceptions of the Soviet people in the sphere of international relations. The particular importance is given to the newspaper coverage of the issue of the Chinese Eastern Railway and the line of argument that allowed the Soviet government to raise the issue of its ownership in the agenda during the preparation of the Sino-Soviet treaty in 1924.

185-191

Authors: Natalia A. Garazha

This article is an attempt to consider the issues of the use of eastern worker’s labour in the Third Reich during the World War II from the point of view of historical category of gender. The represented category is considered as social and cultural manifestations of gender in the conditions of captivity, transformation of sexuality and representation of gender system in the specific conditions of camp life and coercion and etc.

197-203

Authors: Valeriya A. Esipova

The article is basing on materials of Manuscripts and Rare Books Department of Tomsk State University Research Library, which are introduced into scientific circulation at the first time. Specific features of old-believer`s integration into Soviet society and methods of preservation of their internal autonomy are considered. It is demonstrated, that woman was a compiler of manuscripts under studying, and she was a member of old-believers community (stranniki – wonderers). The article shows range of sources, used by compiler. Assumptions have been made about the reasons for the use of Russian Orthodox Church editions by member of old-believers community. Socio-cultural context of manuscripts` preparation is reconstructed as a result of paleographical analysis (primarily, by studying of writing surface).

211-214

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Irina V. Kornilova

The monograph by Doctor of Historical Sciences E.N. Valeyev "History of book industry in the Volga-Kama region (1773-1917)" (Kazan, 2012. 408 p.) is devoted to the underinvestigated chapters of book history of the Russian province in the context of multinational Volga-Kama region. The author pays particular attention to the establishment and development of book culture of the peoples living in the region in the context of understanding the long historical path of national culture development on the rich historical background of the late XVIII - early XX centuries.