Bylye Gody

472-478

Authors: Evgeny V. Vodyasov, Olga V. Zaitceva

The article describes the features of the emergence and spread of iron in Tomsk Ob Region, which located in the contact zone of the two great historical and cultural worlds: hunter-fishers in the taiga and nomads in steppe. Geological specialty of Tomsk Ob Region is the lack of deposits of copper ore and the presence of high-quality iron ore. Based on the analysis of archaeological data three stages of development of iron in Tomsk Ob Region are allocated: 1. Penetration of the first iron products while the traditions of bronze casting were remain general (VIII century BC-IV century AD); 2. Mass distribution of iron products and gradual replacement of bronze tools (V-X centuries AD); 3. Development of local iron ore deposits and flourishing of iron production (X-XVII centuries AD); The hypothesis that the development of local iron ore deposits became possible only with the beginning of the "Turkic" migration at the turn of I-II millennium AD is voiced. From this moment the population of Tomsk Ob Region acquired full commodity independence. Local iron ore deposits provided the flourishing of iron production, which was interrupted only in the XVII century BC during the Russian colonization.

491-498

Authors: Konstantin D. Bugrov

The actual article deals with the issue of Russia’s territorial size as an argument in 18th century political debate on domestic affairs. The early 18th century authors, like Feofan or V. N. Tatishchev, were arguing that Russia’s monarchical form of government, military strength, and control over vast territory are interconnected, and that such beneficial interconnection could be proved with the historical examples. Such attitude first appeared as a rhetorical borrowing from the Western tradition, yet it soon was tested in an actual debate following the political crisis of 1730. After that, the territorial arguments in favor of Russian monarchy became a cornerstone of a wide intellectual tradition. Therefore, to challenge the monarchical form of government in Russia, radical thinkers and writers had to deal mainly with historical arguments on military power and territorial control.

508-518

Authors: Andrej V. Keller

Russian-German businessman Andrew Knauf is a remarkable person and an innovator in the Urals mining and metallurgical industry of the early nineteenth century, who made a positive impact on its development. The author examines the Knauf activities as the holder of the mining enterprises, modernized due to the transfer of Western technologies. His experience is interesting in the context of serfdom and the lack of qualified personnel in the existing system possessional factories. Traces the entrepreneur with the state interaction, and attempts to identify a real contribution to the production and the region development and the reasons for the Knauf failure. The author makes a fundamental difference between financial failure Knauf and its role in enterprises technical and social modernization, which became for some time the Ural growth and innovation leaders, directly influenced the steam engines in the state factories introduction.Knauf can be attributed to a new type of entrepreneur, socially responsible business.

536-540

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev, Alexey A. Volvenko, Alexander G. Varfolomeev

The article on the basis of archival sources examines the work of foreign emissaries on the Black Sea coastline in 1834-1847 years. The significant part of sources is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The importance is given to the activities of foreign agents, their life among the hillmen, and methods of fighting of the Russian administration with foreign agents. The author comes to the conclusion that in the period of 1834-1847 years, on the Black Sea coastline the emissaries were carried out the diverse activities aimed against the Russian Empire. This activity was shown at the instigation of the hillmen for the war against Russia, the spread of false information, work as instructors, as well as to the personal involvement of emissaries in fighting.

549-557

Authors: Dmitrii V. Timofeev

On the basis of archival materials presents the basic "scenario" emancipation of the serfs in the first quarter of XIX-th century. A comparative analysis of the investigation of cases of dissemination of "unlawful speeches", denunciations, notes and projects identified the following options for addressing the issue of serfdom: the scenario of "external release," "liberation by the initiative of the Russian Emperor" by transferring the peasants on public lands and the payment of money compensation; exemption with the transition to a "new state" scenario "deferred liberation." Comparative analysis of the stories about the role of the state, the rate and conditions of the peasants of freedom, led to the conclusion about the existence in the minds of Russian citizens community paternalistic attitudes. Waiting initiative on the part of the state not only significantly slowed the development process of reform, but also contributed to the formation directly opposite behaviors aimed at the use of forced labor.

564-575

Authors: Alexander Yu. Davidov

The author defines life’s constants of Alexander Illarionovich Vasilchikov (1818-1881) – a prominent public figure, aristocrat, scientist and organizer of the first cooperative union in Russia. The novelty of current research is that the author presents the protagonist in his main social roles – as a farmer and cooperator. It has been proved that by focusing on his estates organization, Vasilchikov realized how dangerous the serious moral defects of Russian peasants were for nation’s future (“wastefulness” and “inordinacy”). The attention is paid to how the offended patriotic feeling made the prince and his companions (“vasilchikovs”) to create a nationwide credit-cooperative organization. Their aim was to gradually accustom peasants to domesticity and housekeeping, mutual trust in a common activity. By presenting the results of Vasilchikov’s activity analysis, the author tries to define the role of national cooperation as an important method of motivation and work culture development. The actuality of the research is also seen in revealing the leaders’ role (A. Vasilchikov and “vasilchikovs”) in acceleration of large-scale creative public processes.

586-594

Authors: Gulnar K. Mukanova

The article is devoted to an interesting chapter in the history of international relations in Central Asia, namely, the role of the consular service in tracing ethno-demographic processes in the area of Russian-Chinese border. Observation Russian consuls and analysis of the situation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are reflected in the sources that allowed the author to explore the details of the development of the law in 1903 to regulate the uncontrolled immigration. The author studied the array of documents from the archival funds and memoir literature, periodical press materials specified period. Activities of Russian consuls for many years has not been studied as a subject of study, since the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in 1917 and the abdication of Nicholas Romanov 2 put them out of politics. The fate of Russian consuls abroad after 1917 constitutes a separate dramatic page of history. China has actively cooperated with the consuls in Xinjiang, which is understandable position of the state on the eve of the First World War. This is an example of the interested cooperation of Russia and China in solving the problem of spontaneous cross-border migration in Central Asia.

602-622

Authors: Boris N. Mironov

Traits that some have regarded as distinctively Russian had appeared previously in Europe—sometimes two, three, or more centuries earlier, albeit with variations. Nevertheless, like any country, Russia did have distinctive features brought about by religion, geography, and political and economic conditions. Russia’s location on the periphery of Europe, its multinational population, and the influence of its eastern neighbors reinforced these features. Russia embraced Western civilization later than other European countries. Whereas after the fall of the Roman empire most people in western Europe occupied a relatively familiar and well delimited territory containing previously developed centers of Roman culture, Russia’s historical development occurred in an uncivilized, immense, and constantly expanding space. Russia lagged behind the rest of Europe; but this does not preclude its basic similarity to Europe in the social, economic, political, and cultural spheres. Russians and Europeans have shared common features of development, particularly in the spheres of religion, geography, and ethnicity. However, Russia developed asynchronously with other European countries. Russia’s Europeanization was not the product of borrowing but the inevitable result of its own evolution, essentially similar to Europe’s but delayed by the conditions of its historical environment. Although this lag placed Russia at a clear disadvantage in international power relations, it cannot be attributed to any hypothetical, peculiarly Russian moral or cultural failing; for the cultural and spiritual richness of this society, at both the popular and the elite levels, has been amply demonstrated.

633-640

Authors: Andrey Yu. Mikhailov

This article is based on the methodology of intellectual history examines the process of secularization of Orthodoxy in the late Russian Empire 1860 – 1910-ies. The focus of the formulation of a scientific problem: consideration of secularization as indoctrination Orthodoxy and de-institutionalization of the Synod Church. Under the first attempt to synthesize the doctrine Orthodoxy with modernist ideologies (socialism, nationalism, secularism (laicism), under the second – the erosion of the church as an institution by dividing into various inner-group. As a consequence of early modern rationalization to 1830–1840 there are three ways of indoctrination orthodoxy as synthesis with modern ideology. Firstly, synthesis with a modernist nationalism in its evolution from the "civilian" to the "political". The concept of late imperial political nationalism (N.P. Ignatiev, A.A. Kireev), tied to version of neoslavyanofily (new slavyanofily) (N.P. Aksakov, D.A. Khomyakov) and civilizational theory (L. Leontiev, N.I. Danilevsky) tried synthesize Orthodoxy and nationalism in the spirit of religious interpretation of the nation and society. Secondly, with social theories of modern European socialism and positivism. (archimandrite Fedor (Bukharev), S.N. Bulgakov, archimandrite Michael (Semenov), and others.). Thirdly, with a modernist secularism (laicism and liberalism: P.V. Valuev, D.A. Tolstoy, K.P. Pobedonostsev). De-institutionalization of the Synodal Church took place in the following ways. In the period of early modernity (1700–1840), konfessionaliztion (die Konfessionalisierung), happened embedding religious institution in the state organism (nationalization) on the practical and theoretical level. The evolution from the early modernity to late modernity (1830–1860) itself has raise the question of the "internal" secularization as activation of layman or parishioner. Theory A.S. Khomyakov (new criteria and the nature of the Church as a divine-human organism) and investigation of teachers of Ecclesiastical Academy (A.S. Pavlov) required for the majority of the church - laity, a new, higher status On the other hand, the absence of many centuries hierarchy (bishops, priests) in certain parts of the country has created a "popular deinstitutionalization" – bezpopovtsy (without priests). During the late Empire, 1860 - 1910 the desire of the church renovation and restoration of "canonical order" led to the emergence of new forms of deinstitutionalization: formation of numerous church brotherhood, unions and others movement in Russian Orthodoxy. By the 1917 revolution in the empire, in the official church existed a sufficient number of different trends, which is allocated, then again merges with the main mainstream. "Social Christians", "free Christian", "Golgotha Christian", representatives of "Christian brotherhood of fight" (B. Sventsitsky, V. Ern) had their own ideology (ekleziologiyu), religious practices and organizational structure.

650-662

Authors: Branislav Šprocha, Pavol Tišliar

Slovak population in the 20th century has undergone significant changes in the character of the reproductive behavior. However, these changes not proceed simultaneously and in the entire population at once. One of the most frequently mentioned factors is the economic activity of women and their related affiliation with one of the economic sectors. In this context the primary sector was very important. The study analyzes the realized fertility of women in Slovakia depending on and working in the primary sector between 1900 and 2001. Differential analysis of fertility is based on population censuses results.

670-675

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Nina I. Kryukova

The article on the base of archival documents considers the events of the First Russian revolution in the Tuapse district of the Black Sea province. The article is paid attention to the activities of the social-revolutionaries, peasants’ union and representatives of other political parties. The author comes to the conclusion that the Manifest of 17 October 1905 became the starting point of a fundamentally new hard revolutionary violence, which peaked in the winter of 1905–1906 years. The armed uprisings took place in two of the three districts of the Black Sea province (Novorossiysk and Sochi districts) and only a strong anti-Republican stance of the administration of Tuapse district has managed to keep the situation in a legal way.

682-688

Authors: Elena G. Lapshina, Larisa A. Koroleva

In article activity of sign figures of the Russian vanguard of Vladimir Evgrafovich Tatlin, the first Soviet designer, and Efim Vladimirovich Ravdel, the first rector of the Highest state art and technical workshops is considered. The special attention is paid to the Penza period of their life. In 1905 Tatlin began the vocational education in Penza in Art school of N.D. Seliverstov upon termination of whom gained the diploma of the artist with the right of teaching drawing, drawing and calligraphy. During training he was admitted to school in Tsege's salon, participated in an exhibition of the third salon of the Golden Fleece magazine in Moscow. Then Tatlin moves to Moscow where arranges own workshop. Revolutionary events found Tatlin in St. Petersburg where he became the informal leader of «futurists». In April, 1918 he was appointed the chairman of the Moscow art board of Department FROM Narkompros. He taught in picturesque workshops of the Moscow and Petrograd Svomas. Ravdel since 1918 was the head of department of arts of Board of National education of the Penza provincial council of country and working deputies; I organized drama studio, national conservatory, the museum; I participated in exhibitions, debates, etc. In detail the reform of the Penza art school (1918-1920) which was carried out by it, attraction of pedagogical shots (D.P. Buryshkin, D.M. Iofan, etc.), a set of entrants, etc. is considered; creation of an architectural workshop of the Penza free state art workshops. In 1920 Ravdel went to Moscow where held the rector's position of Highest state art and technical workshops (1920-1923).

697-707

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Svetlana V. Shevelyova, Margarita N. Urda

The article is devoted to the study of the relationships between power structures in the face of law enforcement and society in the Black Sea province in 1912 year, through the analysis of the activities of the Novorossiysk detective department. The article studies the reports, regulations, and other documents of Novorossiysk police detective branch, on the basis of which the author talks about the General atmosphere of relationships between the authorities and society in the period. Most of used sources are published for the first time. The author comes to the conclusion that the organization of detective business in Novorossiysk was carefully planned and prepared, and rather quickly embodied in practice. Even after the recent revolutionary events (1905-1907 years) there is no written evidence that the society in 1912 was perceived by the employees of law enforcement negatively. However, the authorities are rightly feared of the iterance of public outbursts that are clearly expressed in the historical sources.

715-719

Authors: Lyubov G. Polyakova, Lyudmila G. Zimovets, Leonid L. Balaniuk

The article on the basis of first introduced into the scientific circulation documents of the State archive of the Krasnodar region covers the activities of the gendarmerie staff management in the Black Sea province during the First World War. The author comes to the conclusion that the activities of the gendarmerie were conducted professionally during the 1914-1917 years in the Black Sea province. The expulsion of the prominent representatives of the revolutionary movement from the border area, which was the Black Sea province, led to political stability in the region. Further the tasks of the gendarmerie included only the maintaining of order and the prevention of the penetration of anti-social element in the Black Sea province.

729-734

Authors: Kamil G. Akhsanov

The article is regarded the approaches of Turkish and Russian researchers on the issue of entry of the Ottoman Empire in World War I in 1914. There is given the point of view of Turkish historians and attempt to trace the evolution of the views of Russian researchers in the evaluation of the motives behind the ruling circles of the Ottoman Empire to take military action on the side of Germany. The article presents the most characteristic stamps of Soviet historiography of the reasons for the entry of the Ottoman Empire in World War I on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Also presents the point of view of the entry of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War a number of Turkish researchers in the modern history of Turkey (A. N. Kurat, J. Arslan, I. Ortaylı). What follows is an overview of the most important works on Turkish history in the twentieth century, Released in Russia in recent years. It is emphasized that in most of these studies continue to live on the installation initially aggressive character of the foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century. But at the same time provides the concept of Russian-Turkish Studies historians more fully investigate the problem and diversified involvement of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (V. I. Sheremet Ju.V. Luneva). In this article, the reason for differences in the views of Russian and Turkish historians on the issue involving the Ottoman Empire in the First World War is explained as the difference between the source base and stereotypes and cliches.

742-749

Authors: Mihail Y. Krapivin, Yury N. Makarov

The article is devoted to the history of the creation of a special structural subdivision of the Central office of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VCheka) organized for targeted agent-operative work among "hostile elements" of the Orthodox clergy and contre-revolutionary religious sectarianism. Sources covering the initial period of operation of the "Church" office Secret operative / the Secret Department (SD) of the VCheka was preserved very little, although the amount of work they carried out was great. On the basis of all available documentary material the authors describe the organizational structure of the special Secret Department of the VCheka, which initially received the number "7" in November 1920 and then – the number "6" in November 1921. The authors try to reconstruct the stages of creation and development of the special Secret Department (its reorganization, renaming, personal appointees of the governing composition, etc.) in chronological sequence.

758-765

Authors: Viktor M. Kononenko, Yekaterina A. Forzun, Yekaterina A. Muravskaya, Valentina V. Bykova

The article describes the transformation of librarianship in Kuban in the 20-ies of XX century. Archival sources and regional periodicals materials entered lately into the scientific circulation have allowed the authors of sufficiently revealing the characteristics of library work. The authors succeed in identifying the essential social functions of public libraries and bring to light unknown forms and directions of functioning of libraries in that period of time.