Bylye Gody

1140-1173

Authors: Leonid A. Bobrov, Viacheslav P. Zaytsev, Sergey P. Orlenko, Alexey V. Salnikov

In the splendid and rich collections of the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin Museums is stored a unique East Asian helmet currently inventoried as OR–2057. Over the past two hundred years, images and brief descriptions of this item have been repeatedly reproduced in various works from military history to philology. However, the helmet OR–2057 has not yet been the subject of independent scientific weapons research. The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed description of the construction and decoration of the helmet OR–2057, as well as to confirm its dating and attribution. The complex research and analysis of material, written and pictorial sources made it possible for us to clarify the dating and attribution of the helmet OR–2057, as well as the circumstances of its receipt into the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. The first mentions of the helmet in the Russian service documentation are connected with the embassy of Stepan Grechenin and Bazhen Kartashev sent to Ombo Erdeni Khong Tayiji (Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji), ruler (Altan Khan) of the Khotogoid people, and his spiritual mentor Erdeni Dai Mergen Nangso, a lama of Tibetan origin. This embassy lasted from August 28, 1636 to April 23, 1637 (all dates are in Julian calendar). In the course of negotiations, in early February (presumably on February 4), 1637, Lama Erdeni Dai Mergen Nangso presented the helmet in question (as well as some mail and plate armour, and vambraces) as a “tribute” to Tsar Michael I of Russia. On October 28, 1637, the helmet was deposited in the treasury of the Kazenny Dvor (Treasury Court), and then in the Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. Based on our research we discovered that the helmet was made within the tradition of weapon-making from the late Jurchen (early Manchu) period in the second half of the 1610s to the mid-1630s at one of the workshops of the Later Jin (1616–1636) state. Thus, the helmet in question can be attributed as a late Jurchen or early Manchu helmet of the reign of Nurhaci (1559–1626) and Hong Taiji (1592–1643). The privilege of wearing a helmet with such decorations at the time of the Qing Empire (1636–1912) was granted (according to the Huangchao liqi tushi) only to representatives of a narrow stratum of the Manchu and Mongolian aristocracy — the “princes of blood” of the first and second ranks, that is, the qinwang and junwang (the bearers of the second and third most high titles in the Qing Empire). This allows us to suggest that the helmet OR–2057 could be originally made for one of the representatives of the highest nobility of the late Jurchen (early Manchu) state, whose social status was close to or equivalent to the status of persons who received the titles of qinwang or junwang during the Qing time. Thus, the helmet OR–2057 is one of the earliest known helmets to be of Late Jurchen (Early Manchu) manufacture that can be dated with a high degree of reliability and correlated with the armament of the Later Jin state’s aristocracy. The latter fact predetermines the exceptional scientific value of the helmet in question as a reference for the dating and attribution of Later Jin and Qing helmets of the first half of the 17th century from museums and private collections in Russia and other countries.

1184-1193

Authors: Vladimir D. Puzanov

As a result of reforms of Peter I, the Russian army became regular. However, in many provinces of the Russian Empire groups of experienced people in the old services were not disbanded. In the XVIII century, the number of militias grew, and in Siberia were formed whole regiments of peasant population, which had rarely been involved in military Affairs in the Russian state. The territory of formation of the first discharge units of Cossacks were two western districts in Siberia – Ishim and Yalutorovsk. By 1751 there were 1400 discharge of the Cossacks of the peasants and the commoners – 800 people in Yalutorovsk district and 600 people in Ishim district. In 1744 the military forces of Siberia were subordinated to the chief commander of the Siberian corps, which was subordinated directly to the Military Board. The chief commander of the corps was appointed major-General Christians Kinderman. In 1751 the General Kinderman began the formation of the 10 regiments of Cossacks discharge each of 1000 men. 4 of them were formed in the East in the Kuznetsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Yenisei districts and 6 in the West – in Tobolsk, Tyumen and Verkhoturye, Yalutorovsk, krasnoslobodska, Ishim districts. As a result, by 1752 Kindermann was able to form 10 regiments and 5 teams, numbering 9630 soldiers and 515 commanders, in total 10 145 discharge of the Cossacks. The Senate allowed the military authorities of Siberia to start discharge of the Cossacks, but proposed to send them from their villages on the line only in special cases. However, the military authorities tried to turn the discharge service of the Cossacks into the regular.