Sumy Historical and Archival Journal

10-17

Authors: YEPIK L.I.

The author of the article gives the documents which weren’t published earlier. These documents show practical directions of translation into Ukrainian language the activity of the Soviet staff (machinery) in Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century. The materials from the archives notice about strengthening of attention to preparing, up-bringing and putting out the staff of the native nationality into the staff of the party and state bodies, bringing teaching of the Ukrainian language at schools, organization of cultural - educational establishments, publication of books, newspapers and magazines in Ukrainian language and the language of the national minorities. In fact, it was a complex program in fundamental teaching of Ukrainian language, learning Ukrainian literature, history and geography. Some months’ courses for learning Ukrainian language and Ukraine’s Studies were created for state personalities. Sometimes these courses existed formally, though their visitors could be discharged from their working places in case of failing this exam. At the beginning of such courses many party and economic employees attend them only sometimes. As a rule, they communicated among themselves in Russian or in mixture of Ukrainian and Russian languages. Their reports also were not given in Ukrainian. Nevertheless strong and persistent policy in the sphere of language gave its certain positive results. The documents say that at the beginning of 1929 Ukrainian language confirmed its position in all spheres of public life in Ukraine.

25-33

Authors: BELOUS A.P.

Along with partisan printed periodicals and leaflets that were distributed mostly among the occupied territories, an important source for the study of individual points in the partisan movement in Ukraine is fighting sticks and wall newspapers. They are the basis for a comprehensive study of the sources of information to play an integral, objective and multidimensional picture of life in partisan detachments. Their importance is enhanced by the fact that to date has not created a synthesis study in which a collection of internal partisan press would be seen as a historical source. Done partisan press of source analysis internal use and covers various aspects of guerrilla life: socialist competitions, training, performances. Through the prism of war leaves raised the issue of military discipline and self-discipline, as well as their relationship with the local population, the problem of alcoholism. Attention is paid to figures editors of publications internationalism and antinazi movement in occupied Ukraine.

41-46

Authors: DEGTYAREV S.I.

This article examines the attempts of the government of the Russian Empire to establish the supply of professional officers in civilian government agencies that have been made against the background of the development of the education system in the first quarter of XVIII century. Government officials have tried to implement the specified purpose, first of all, through highschool and higher education, although this period is beginning to appear, and so-called special, just for future civil servants education. Embodiment of these goals prevented a number of problems: the imperfection of the system of education, class character of both education and the civil service of the state, to the idea of compulsory education nobles, etc. The emphasis is on the fact that for virtually all of XVIII century a special place in the field of education in the Russian Empire occupied the various religious schools - Academy Collegium Seminary (as others actually was not). And due to religious educational institutions in the public service in the XVIII century fall not only members of the nobility, but also people from other social classes, although this is happening against the wishes of the state. In fact, during the first half of the XVIII century. state reached a certain level of professionalism civilian officials in a certain degree. But the number of such officials still did not meet the needs of the state. The very same professional education is not reinforced by the previous total. Only at the end of the first half in XVIII. Some government officials are beginning to express the idea that up to a certain time, all need to be trained adding identical, is not ready for service.

53-58

Authors: MAYDEBURA O.P.

The formation of the radiological center in Odessa and its impact on radiobiology is shown. The contribution of scientific works and E.S.Burksera’s ideas to radiobiology development in Ukraine is set. The first radiological laboratory in Tsar’s Russia was created on March, 10 in 1910 in Odessa in the Russian technical society on the initiative and under the direction of graduate of the Novorosiyskiy university E.S.Burkser. The laboratory was not limited to the task of the Russian technical society, and from 1911 began to study radio-activity of different natural objects, including algae, fish, plankton, plants and other living objects. An important contribution Odessa radiological laboratory made to the study of the accumulation of radioactive elements by plants and other living organisms. The natural radioactivity and influence of X-rays on plants and animals in the center of Odessa began doing since its inception. In 1914 E.S. Burkser published the article “The influence of the radioactive elements on plants”, in which he cited a series of experiments from the study of radio-activity in the seeds of plants of various kinds - moss, pea, boxwood, rye, radio-activity of ash of plants in comparison with radioactivity of mountain kinds. In this article Evgen Samoylovich described the action of radium radiation on bacteria and fungi, showing the stimulating effect of small doses of radiation. The work also highlights the different conditions of influence of ionizing radiation on the germination and growth of seed plants. The results of experiments made a conclusion about the stimulating effect of small doses of radiation on the germination and plant growth . Teaching assumed that the radioactivity associated with the chemical processes of a living organism, in which the radioactive gases. In 1927, E.S.Burkser with the staff of the Odesa Chemical and Radiological Institute - I.Bruno and C.Bronstein studied the radio-activity of plants in the ionization chamber. The experiments have shown that the radio-activity of plants is very low, in the dry plants it was not fixed, and between fresh and withered plants were observed her minor fluctuations. The scientists assumed that the radio-activity associated with the chemical processes of a living organism, in which are the radioactive gases. The results did not satisfy the experimenters, so they have proposed a new methodology for the study of determination of the concentration of radium in plants and living organisms, and methodology for the identification of the content of thorium in plants. The application of new techniques made it possible to establish the quantitative composition of radioactive elements in plants.

64-71

Authors: KUZMUK O.I.

The retrospective analysis of appearing and development of civil democratic control system over Military Organization And The Department Of Defense And Safety Of Ukraine is made. It is determined, that the proper conditions for providing civil control have been absent. First of all, the social consensus has not been agreed. Many people think that civil control means only control, supervision, determination and penalty of the guilty. Some people consider that civil attempts to principles of subordination and threaten the military activities. The attempts to make civil control’s frame wider to civil management of military activities refuse managements functions of command system and administrative military personnel organization put under doubtfulness the necessity in the officer as a military commander. According to the author’s opinion, the most efficient organization of civil control is such relations between Army and society, when their interests are reconciled and simple dictate of political will to military is worked. It is important that the definition of military professionalism is one of the control’s forms of civil control. The article deals with the problems of personnel provision, legislation regulation of civil control. The author describes the basic pertaining to development sufficient legislation base, main standards of effectiveness of civil control are determined.

90-95

Authors: KHARKOVSKYY R.G.

The article deals with the study of evolution process of the Egyptian vector of the European expansion in XVII-XVIII cr. It is stressed that during the previous period (XI-XVI cr.) the main pretenders to the predominant influence in Egypt were England, Spain, Portugal and France. It is ascertained that the aggravation of the Russian-Turkish confrontation caused the appearance of two mutually exclusive approaches in French Near Eastern Policy. The first one was intended to technical, military and financial support of Sublime Porte in its struggle with Russia; and the second one was intended to take timely measures on partition of “Turkish inheritance”. The most important part of this inheritance was Egypt, which had great strategic value as the shortest link between Europe and India. It was religious factor that played the main role in the struggle between these countries. The main feature of researched period was the principal rivalry for the dominance in the Nile’s valley developed between London and Paris; determining factor of this rivalry was economic. It was this factor that influenced on the character of European powers’ (and first of all - Great Britain and France) struggle for the predominance in the Near East.