Revista Ambiente & Água - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science

1-11

Authors: Maria da Conceição Rabelo Gomes; José Ângelo Sebastião Araújo dos Anjos; Rafael Ribeiro Daltro

The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate the variables responsible for contributing to possible natural and/or human contamination in groundwater of the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, seeking to subsidize water quality monitoring and management actions in the area. To do so, multivariate analysis techniques regarding factorial analysis in principal components and cluster analysis were used. The factorial analysis allowed the grouping of variables into two principal factors that explained 93% of total accumulated variance. Variables were strongly related to concentrations of metals and salinity in the water. The cluster analysis was used to classify water sources according to the quality of waters into three clusters in each factor. The natural background of the rocks of the municipality of Boquira was shown to influence water resources. A continuous (during dry and rainy seasons) monitoring of water quality from wells and springs located upstream and downstream from contamination sources is recommended, even if these waters are not used for public supply, to determine possible contamination plumes from contaminated material.

1-12

Authors: Leonardo Pellizzari Wielewski; Tatiana Zuccolotto; Marlene Soares; Liziê Daniela Tentler Prola; Marcus Vinicius de Liz

Reactive Black 5 (RB5) is one of the synthetic reactive dyes most used in the textile industry, due to its solubility in water and reactive groups which form covalent bonds within the fiber. In the process of dyeing fabrics, however, it is estimated that 12-14% of dyes are released into the effluent. This work evaluated the biodegradation of RB5 dye, adsorbed in polyurethane foam, by basidiomycetes (Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus floridae). Results were evaluated considering the partial- or total medium discoloration, the adsorption capacity of the dye in the polyurethane foam (PUF) and the respirometric measurements. The results showed that Phanerochaete chrysosporium was able to partially degrade 50 mg L-1 of RB5 in pH 6.0, when cultivated in Petri dishes. When this microorganism was cultivated in PUF cubes saturated with RB5 solution (50 mg L-1, pH 6.0), CO2 production reached an accumulated value of 2.16 mg on the fifteenth day, revealing the growth of the microorganism and consequently the contaminant degradation, which was used as the source of nutrients.

1-16

Authors: Marlene Alves de Campos Sachet; Patrícia Bilotta

The implementation of sewage collection systems alone does not guarantee public health, since households must be correctly connected to the network in order to derive any benefit from these public works. In order to ensure an environmental and social return on investments in sanitation, a) population must be instructed concerning the role of each citizen, and b) companies responsible for the provision of water and sewage services must be managed in a coordinated and participative manner. This study sought to understand why many households do not respond promptly to the “Connect to the Network” program in the state of Parana and how much the further efforts cost to the sanitation company to regularize this problem. The methodology consisted of analyzing the program’s socio-environmental intervention strategies, interviews and service reports for 17 projects (13,286 household connections). The results: no projects achieved 100% of household connections; total connections were less than 80% in 40% of the projects; the additional cost of re-implementing social and environmental initiatives was R$ 680,000.00. We recommend that user representatives be allowed to participate in the network-deployment process, that social awareness and mobilization strategies be expanded and diversified, and that free home connections be completed for low-income families. This study may aid development agencies to arrive at a standardized methodology for the objective evaluation of socio-environmental initiatives that are to be carried out within the community; it may also aid in the fulfillment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly Goal 6 (sanitation services for the entire population).

1-9

Authors: Arnulfo Tarón Dunoyer; Rafael Emilio González Cuello; Rosangela Perez Salinas

Effluents generated by the food industry have become a serious environmental concern. Bioremediation is a biological process developed as an alternative for the treatment of contaminated areas. In current research, the biodegradation of fat, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and total solids were evaluated in dairy waste employing enzymatic extract of Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC 9773 as biological agents. All the variables were determined following the specifications of the Standard Methods of the American Water Works Association. Enzymatic extract of Y. lipolytica at different concentrations (8, 12 and 16.0%) was used in a fermentative medium at two pHs (5.0 and 6.5) for 32 h. The highest percentages (%) of fat (82.88), BOD (43.32), COD (44.3) and total solids (13.58) removal were obtained using an inoculum concentration of 16% at pH 5.0 for 32 h of fermentation. These results may have industrial relevance for the reduction of contamination of industrial effluents with high levels of fat and other contaminants.

1-10

Authors: Leila Pereira Neves Ramos; Douglas Machado Leite; Weslaine de Almeida Macedo; Cyntia Beatriz Magalhães Farias; Ademilso Sampaio de Oliveira; Nair Dahmer; Isane Vera karsburg

This study evaluated genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of water samples through the analysis of Allium cepa root cells exposed to samples from five urban lakes of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso. The samples were obtained in the dry and rainy periods, October 2014 and April 2015, respectively, at five distinct points. The collection points were as follows: Lake 01, located in MT 206; Lake 02, in Avenida Perimetral Rogério Silva; Lake 03, in Sector C; Lake 04 on Teles Pires Avenue; and Lake 05, in the Cidade Bela District. Bioassays using Allium cepa bulbs were taken from the water at each point, and comparisons were made with the negative and positive controls. The results found the presence of genotoxic and cytotoxic activities on the roots of A. cepa, indicating high potential in cell cycle inhibition. This result may also be caused by the influences of seasonal periods, taking into account that in the rainy season there is a greater transport of cytotoxic substances by rainwater, and in the dry season, a higher concentration of pollutants due to the reduction of water volume, resulting in a greater interaction of the concentrators as well as a greater concentration of the elements found in the water of these lagoons.

1-12

Authors: Ana Isabel Machado; Rita Fragoso; Ana Vitória Martins Neves Barrocas Dordio; Elizabeth Duarte

This study developed a method for furosemide quantification through high performance liquid chromatographic technique. Special attention was given to solute loss and storage stability due to furosemide’s low solubility and photosensitivity, respectively. The performance of Nylon and PVDF filters was tested in a 2 mg.L-1 furosemide solution. PVDF filters showed better recovery capacity and therefore are more suitable for furosemide filtration. Over eight days, three different storage conditions were studied to access furosemide degradation susceptibility: (i) exposure to light at room temperature, (ii) storage at room temperature without exposure to light, and (iii) storage at 4ºC without exposure to light. The study demonstrated that after 48 h under natural light exposure furosemide was completely degraded. Furosemide solution stored in the dark was stable. Storage temperature did not seem to affect furosemide concentration. The study shows that the selection of more suitable filter and storage conditions for furosemide determination is crucial to avoid underestimation errors.