SAPIENTIAE

5-23

Authors: Roy Alfaro Vargas

From the perspective of dialectics and its notion of Wissenschaft (science) implemented into Latin American Marxist Studies of Culture and Media, this article aims at analyzing unnatural narratives developed by authors such as Jan Alber, Henrik Skov Nielsen, etc., in relation to the emphasis on the emotional linked to bio-politics and post-postmodernism. It studies some elements as the violation of the excluded middle from the formal logics into unnatural narratives, as a means to eliminate the notion of mimesis, and at the same time through the non-referentiality and the abstracted, to accentuate the irrational (the emotional). Besides, these narratives are understood as a means of social control and of collaboration in the improvement of the extraction of surplus value, in the context of the current systemic crisis of capitalism. Also, it is assumed a critical position in regard to these narratives, since, in political terms, it is not possible to accept this economic strategy, disguised as a narratological paradigm, with nuances of social control, in the context of the Third-World countries.

44-58

Authors: Elexis Craib Díaz

La carrera de Medicina (Cuba, Matanzas) perfeccionó su proceso docente-educativo renovando trabajos metodológicos. Partiendo del siguiente objetivo: gestionar actividades metodológicas por disciplinas, para implementar estrategias curriculares desde contextos hospitalarios urbanos. Fueron empleadas metodologías cualitativas en varias preparaciones didácticas dirigidas a los profesores; discurriendo demostraciones sobre indicaciones Ministeriales; propiciando además analizar diversas proyecciones teórico-prácticas, viabilizando generalizaciones. Esta perspectiva pedagógica permitió contextualizar misiones hacia cada escenario formativo. Desarrollando habilidades profesionales acordes con las diferentes exigencias salubristas territoriales. Todo ello facilitando transformar componentes académicos y laborales; generando comprometidos desempeños profesionales. Estimulando aprendizajes significativos rebasando limitaciones cognitivas. Este estudio exploratorio proporcionó planificar, ordenar, ejecutar, controlar, así como también evaluar metodológicamente la formación universitaria; siendo efectivos, disímiles nexos instructivos entre asignaturas. Donde el claustro adquirió mayor preparación, satisfaciendo expectativas estudiantiles; que deben ser elevadas con sistematicidad, sustentando así una adecuada calidad médico-asistencial comunitaria ante desafíos medio-ambientales contemporáneos.

79-95

Authors: Felipe Javier Galán López

El año de 1968 fue fundamental para los movimientos sociales a nivel mundial, a 50 años de distancia se requiere contar con distintas interpretaciones sobre los postulados teóricos que influyeron en las acciones colectivas que distintos sectores principalmente juveniles llevaron a cabo. Un concepto que es esencial para entender 1968 es el de contracultura, para estudiarlo resulta necesario conocer la influencia que tuvieron los teóricos críticos de Frankfurt en los movimientos contraculturales. La Teoría Crítica abordó diversas problemáticas en su tiempo, fue fundamental para el surgimiento de la contracultura en su posición frente al racionalismo burgués y a los totalitarismos tecnócratas. Durante las primeras dos décadas del siglo XXI han surgido organizaciones, colectivos, grupos que han tomado la bandera de movimiento contracultural, se han generado acciones colectivas en las que el factor cultural ha sido motivo de lucha, en ese sentido se ha dado un nuevo debate sobre la pertinencia de la definición de contracultura. La metodología que se sigue en este trabajo tiene que ver con una revisión histórica y un análisis sobre la discusión conceptual entre Teoría Crítica y contracultura, en especial se revisa lo propuesto por Theodore Roszak (1970) y José Agustín (1996), se analiza la influencia del sociólogo Herbert Marcuse en los movimientos contraculturales de los años 60, por lo que se concluye que la relación entre ambos conceptos es importante para el estudio de los movimientos sociales de 1968.

112-126

Authors: Gonzalo Adrián Rojas y Shimenny Ludmilla Araujo Wanderley

O bicentenário do nascimento de Karl Marx é um convite a revisitar seu legado teórico e político, parafraseando Lenin, nasTrês fontes e as três partes integrantes do marxismo, escrito na ocasião dos 30 anos da sua morte, em 1913, uma vez que ainda suscita a hostilidade e o ódio do conjunto das classes dominantes, assim como quando não a sua negação, a sua simplificação na academia, o que não deixa de ser lógico numa sociedade que tem como base a luta de classes, onde não pode existir uma ciência “imparcial”. A partir da análise crítica da filosofía alemã, o socialismo francês e a economia política inglesa conseguem realizar uma superação dialética, articulando a economia, política, filosofia e a história, entendidas como separações analíticas de uma realidade que faz parte de um todo social. O objectivo desta comunicação é apresentar um conjunto de categorias teóricas que vão aparecendo em algumas das suas principais obras e que sempre tem relação com uma táctica de intervenção na luta de classes do proletariado, no marco de uma estratégia revolucionária. É uma abordagem muito geral, sendo que cada livro de Marx merecería uma análise específica, neste artigo limitamo-nos em termos de teoria e filosofia política, desse modo, não abordaremos acerca das suas contribuições na crítica da economia política burguesa. Concluímos com a necessidade da luta teórica e política pela independência da classe trabalhadora e de recuperar comunismo como projecto político, revolucionário há 200 anos do nascimento de Marx.

149-176

Authors: Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian

En los últimos años, los países de América Latina han dado importantes pasos en materia de inclusión. Sin embargo, millones de ciudadanos y ciudadanas aun no participan adecuadamente de la vida social, económica, y política de sus respectivas sociedades. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la relación entre la persistente desigualdad, y las implicaciones que esto tiene para las democracias en los países de la región. La metodología empleada en el desarrollo de este artículo fue analítica y cualitativa, donde las contribuciones de autores como Munck (2005), Casas-Zamora et al (2014), Zovatto & Herrera (2011) y datos provenientes de trabajos de CEPAL y PNUD, entre otros, fueron clave para el análisis plasmado en el trabajo. Entre los principales aspectos evaluados como consecuencias de la desigualdad existente en América Latina se encuentran (a) el desencanto de la ciudadanía con la democracia, y erosión de su legitimidad, (b) el aumento de la violencia y otras prácticas antisociales, (c) el acceso diferenciado a derechos, especialmente para indígenas y afrodescendientes, (d) la emergencia de nuevas conflictividades, en particular proveniente de las clases medias, y (e) la reducida representatividad y calidad de las decisiones provenientes del sistema político. El artículo concluye que la concentración del poder económico-político en pocas manos desvirtúa la práctica democrática y los procesos políticos, con frecuencia poniendo al Estado al servicio de las élites, afectando el ejercicio pleno de los derechos humanos, deslegitimando la representación política, y las instituciones republicanas.

96-125

Authors: Mirian Nareti Neves

Being taken into account that the process of development of the satisfaction and the compromising in the individual are a subject that has been generating interest in the researchers, for the understanding of the mechanism of the relationships between the organizations and their employees, any factor that contributes to the development of these constructos acts through his/her impact on an or more psychological predispositions, which take an individual to hold certain way in relation to something or somebody. The satisfaction and the employees' compromising are relevant constructs that can lead to the competitive advantages and the success of the organization. In this study it is had as objective to analyze the correlation among satisfaction in the work and the compromising of the Nurses of the Pediatrics of the General Hospital of Luanda. To take to cable it was revised the theories of the hierarchy of the needs of Maslow and the theory of the factors hygienic and motivation is of Herzberg, with a lot of frequency it was used the contributions of Chiavenato (2010); Ferreira, Neves and Caetano (2011); Myers (2006); Rojot, Roussel and Vanderberghe (2009); Spector (2006) and Teixeira (2005). Para this study a research of the quantitative type was accomplished, of method exploratory-descriptive. The data were collected through two questionnaires, which it was submitted there are percentage analyses and averages, as well as, to correlations. Low satisfaction degree was verified with the wage (2,40), medium satisfaction degree in the importance of the work (3,95) and a high satisfaction degree in the relationship with the friends (4,23). There is predominance of the normative compromising in the nurses of the Pediatrics of HGL, it was also identified a weak correlation (0,27) among the satisfaction in the work and the normative compromising.

148-167

Authors: Julio César César Valdés

As a result from a series of events and events that took place in the economic order throughout history and that influenced the political conduction of the countries, it is the interest of many continents, regions and countries to design a monetary union. The objective that arises for the present investigation is to analyze the existing conditions in Latin America for the possible implementation of a monetary union, for the development of the objective we rely on the criterion of authors of relevant international trajectory in the areas of economy and finance such as Bayoumi, Eichengreen, nobel prize laureates Joseph Stiglitz and Robert Mundell were also consulted, their significant contributions were a great contribution for the present investigation. The methodology used was the realization of a retrospective and transversal analysis of the reality of Latin America to implement the monetary union. Both the proposed objective and the methodology, together with other research techniques, allow us to state, as main results, that Latin American countries have insufficient capacity to obtain sufficient foreign currency to maintain and / or stabilize their balance of payments and close its international accounts, it is argued that the use of numerous currencies creates multiple difficulties for regional commercial exchange. It is considered as final considerations that Latin America still does not meet the necessary conditions for a single currency to circulate since the economic models of the different countries of the region are totally divergent from each other.

208-231

Authors: Víctor Manuel Castillo Girón y Suhey Ayala Ramírez

This work was centered on the traditional commerce in the swap meets, which are itinerant markets in the streets some days a week in a public space assigned by the local government once the fee is paid (Delgado, 1992; Teja y López, 2013). The principal objective was to analyze the importance of supply and distribution of goods in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico, and so on the exchange process and practice that took place in that spaces. The work is based on data from a survey applied to a sample of tianguistas (382) and customers (387) in which despite the geographic dispersion, size and commercial business diversity, they have a kind of similarities in terms of informality in the working process and laxity to follow the official standards, particularly in security matters, space and furniture hygiene that is required for that kind of commerce. At the same time the prices and quality of the products. It is remarkable that the development has been favored by the advantage that swap meets offer for customers as the same for merchants next to the capability of the merchants to take advantage for the institutional holes. In conclusion, however the importance for self-employment, the acquisitions of basic goods for the population and social interaction, the permanence of the swap meets it has to be associated with the quality of services, and over the less, with the origin and security of the food that are sold and consumed there.