SAPIENTIAE

5-24

Authors: Eduardo Andres Sandoval Forero y José Javier Capera Figueroa

The purpose of this article is to make a description of the concept of the state present in the thinking of such theorists as Skocpol (1989), Wallerstein (2005) and Mann (2006). In order to establish the conceptual convergence that reflects the proposal of the world - system, in the autonomous actions and the autonomous power that interact in the notion of the State. In this way, it was proceed with an extensive analysis on the hemerographic production that has the theme through a rigorous systematization. In each approach we demonstrate the similarities and substantial differences that exist in the proposal, approach and methodology used by each of the exposed theorists. Where it was found that the figure of the system-world is more linked to a critical perspective, the autonomy of the State responds to a more institutional criterion, and the last, that is, autonomous power has a preponderance to have a structuralist affinity due to that in all three the State is the fundamental category. The results obtained demonstrate that the approach used by the authors mentioned has a significant difference, but it is possible to establish means of communication, to construct deeper analyzes of a subject as complex and exhaustive as can be the state for its complicated conceptualization in history, and becomes a bet where there is a kind of reflexive relationship between various approaches dedicated to the study of the state as a field of research in the social sciences.

37-63

Authors: Caridad Pastora Abreu

This article is intended to describe theoretically the Collaborative Counseling as a tool for professional improvement for the English teachers in the Blended modality; It is used a qualitative methodology , where ideas and reflections by authors such as Añorga (1997), Nieto (2005), Resende (2007), Romero, (2007), Sanchez,(2013) among others, have served as a great contribution in its realization The theme is novel and current, since collaborative counseling is conceived as a form of professional improvement, it is developed through dialogue, collaboration, exchange between the parties involved, and flexibility; It also facilitates the participation and involvement of teachers by establishing a relational climate and an affective tone, that allow them to reflect about their practice, develop metacognition and to make decisions, as its own singularities. These characteristics of collaborative counseling are viable in this new modality of higher education, which has represented a great challenge for English-language university professors, who presented Inadequacies in the direction of the teaching learning process in the mentioned modality. On the other hand, it is valid to take into account the characteristics of the English discipline and the existence of a limited number of programs aimed specifically to overcome the English language teachers’ necessity for this new modality of studies, all of which lead to the search for solutions, where the collaborative counseling ,as a way of professional improvement, could favor the direction of the English teaching – learning process in the mentioned modality.

88-91

Authors: Jorge Dávila

Resumo de Livro