Journal of Higher Education and Science

73-89

Authors: Emel AKÖZER, Mehmet AKÖZER

Plagiarism allegations on similarities between Dr. Benjamin Spock's Baby and Child Care (1946) and Dr. İhsan Doğramacı's Annenin Kitabı (1952; The Mother's Book) and the public presentation of the ruling on the 15th of April, 2014 by European Court of Human Rights consummating legal proceedings on these allegations, are not likely to contribute to ensuring a correct understanding of plagiarism as conceived in science ethics in the general public and scientific community. First, the Court has not ruled in support of the veracity of allegations. Second, parallels between the two books – regarding genre, claims to originality, and the nature of similarities – do not justify evaluation in reference to the concept of plagiarism as defined in science ethics. Besides, intellectual property law, on which allegations pretend to be based, cannot be taken to found illegitimacy of plagiarism in terms of science ethics. Science ethics defines plagiarism as misconduct positively with reference to norms of scientific integrity, the fairness principle, and values essential to collaborative work, rather than negatively with reference to violation of intellectual property. In the mid-20th century, in an environment where such principles or values have not yet taken root, the course of the discovery of DNA structure, one of the century's greatest breakthroughs, has enabled ethics violations substantially surpassing issues of intellectual property or plagiarism, and moreover, these violations have apologists even today. Scientific integrity and fairness imply “treating colleagues with integrity and honesty” as equally as “providing proper references and giving due credits to the work of others”. Abusing plagiarism allegations as a means to defame colleagues or permitting such abuse to become commonplace neither suits advocacy of scientific ethics nor complies with the “fairness” principle. A strategy to fight plagiarism must be tested against whether or not it contributes to entrench the norm of scientific integrity and fairness principle or how far it contributes.

99-111

Authors: Metin ÖZKAN, Tokay GEDİKOĞLU

This research originated from the increasing number of discussions in relation to the financial support of higher education, the quest for creating sustainable resources for the increasing demand of higher education and the inadequate number of academic research that focuses on the finance of higher education in Turkey and seen as a necessity. In line with this requirement, it is aimed to determine the opinions of the participants regarding how the Turkish Higher Education should be financed. The study population consists of administrative staffs who conduct financial issues in universities. Universities included into the sample are identified based on stratified sampling method by considering the rankings revealed by “University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP)”. The sample of the study includes 138 staffs conducting the financial issues of these universities. The data are collected by means of a questionnaire consisting of 48 items developed by the researchers. According to the findings, higher education should be financed predominantly by diversification of the resources instead of financing by public resources. It is suggested that this method can also develop financial autonomy and thus can provide an opportunity for using the resources more effectively. Resources from the public budget to determine the amount to be transferred to the university is a determinant of performance criteria, the amount determined by the method of allocation be given directly to universities and colleges by the method of budget spending this budget bag is required. Performance criteria should be taken into consideration during the identification of resources to be transferred to universities from the public budget, the amount determined should be assigned directly to universities and universities should spend this budget by considering their own priorities.

124-131

Authors: Murat YALMAN, Tamer KUTLUCA

Services provided for students in traditional libraries at universities have been renovated in line with the development of technology. Therefore, today libraries are not evaluated with their sizes of places but with the variety and abundance of sources found in libraries. In terms of current educational activities, it is fairly important for universities to structure and renovate their libraries. The reason is that learning is now independent of place and time. The spread of the Internet and of Internet technologies and the increase in the number of Internet users make e-library obligatory and unavoidable. Therefore, universities should internalize the concept of e-library and take electronic library into consideration while restructuring their library services. The present study tried to determine how to carry out an e-library design in accordance with the library services of universities. In this process, the overall purpose was to determine the needs by examining the user interface of the webpage designed, its interface features, its differences, ease of its use, its clarity for users to understand and the pros and cons of the system. In this way, universities using e-library are believed to provide their students with better services by increasing their quality of education.

141-147

Authors: Enes GÖK

In the United States of America, the term “clinical faculty” has been used to define diff erent positions academic personnel hold in various fields and job sett ings. Although it possesses diff erent meanings, the main argument is that the clinical faculty position in general, is designated to bring practical knowledge and expertise to the professional schools by filling the gap between theory and practice. Schools of education, as in other professional schools, also off er this type of clinical faculty position to provide practical knowledge to their students who will need it in their future lives as teachers, administrators and practitioners. Th is study aims to discuss the future of clinical faculty in schools of education through analyzing the position, in terms of job specifications, eff ectiveness, job requirements, personnel rights and the issues this category of faculty encounters in a cross comparative way across the fields of education, law and medicine. One of the main recommendations of the paper is that the future of clinical faculty should be secured through creating a clinical – tenure - track faculty positions in schools of education as in other professional schools instead of keeping them under the general appointment and promotion rules and regulations with the other faculty members. In this way, both the clinical faculty members' problems related to job security, compensation, and promotion and non-clinical faculty members' concerns related to quality will be resolved.

156-166

Authors: Mehmet Ali GÜLPINAR

In our era in which the higher education is undergoing a fast transformation at the paradigm level throughout the world, it has become imperative to re-handle and restructure the higher education system in all its aspects. In this process, carrying out studies through various methods like holding search conferences/meetings, thematic meetings, workshops at the national level as well as more detailed studies done at university, faculty and department level are also of importance. In this context, this study aims at evaluating the search meeting in which the present and the future of a university and a faculty were handled, evaluating the ‘present of the faculty' and searching for answers to the question “How should tomorrow's School of Medicine be?” In four search meetings each lasted four hours overall and held with 58 participants at the total, an unusual format of ‘brainstorm' composed of three sessions was used and the content analysis of the writt en views and evaluations stated by the participants during the first session was performed. Th e findings obtained from the study indicate the importance of micro scale studies to be conducted on the university level, faculty level and department level as well as the macro scale studies to be conducted for restructuring the higher education with its main frame, structure, functions and administration.

176-181

Authors: Mehmet Bilgin SAYDAM, Nuray ÖZGÜLNAR, Feyza DARENDELİLER

The aquisition of clinical and practical skills is the main target during the speciality training program. On the other hand, acquisition of skills in reading and interpreting scientific knowledge are also important training targets in order to develop and update clinical practice constantly. Th e process of thesis preparation during the speciality training provides an important opportunity to capture the skills in interpreting scientific knowledge. In Turkey, thesis writing has been obligatory for completion of speciality training for several years. Recently, there has been a discussion about the obligation for clinicians to write a thesis, especially those who are undertaking specialist training in education and research hospitals. Th e aim of this study was to evaluate the pros and cons of thesis writing during speciality training using a questionnaire that was sent to specialists. Th is descriptive and analytical study was conducted as an e-questionnaire between December, 2013, and May, 2014. A likert scale consisted of 18 questions has been prepared in accordance with this study. Th e questionnaire was sent to 1536 physicians. 328 of the questionnaires have been included in the study by evaluating the responses obtained from 345 of the participants. Th e response rate was 23%. Th e Cronbach alpha coeff icient was 0.77. Out of the 328 questionnaires, 11.9 %were from Basic Medical Sciences, 57%from Internal Medical Sciences, and 30.2%from Surgical Medical Sciences. Among the respondents, the percentage of specialists, assistant professors, associate professors and professors were 20.7%, 8.2%, 13.7%, and 57.3%, respectively. Independent of specialty field and aff iliation, the respondents concluded that the conduction and thesis writing contributed to their scientific career in spite of the common problems they encountered regarding adequate time for preparation. Furthermore, they concluded that thesis writing had a positive eff ect in the development of their scientific thinking and writing skills. It was determined that there had been inadequate education regarding methodology and basic research methods prior to thesis preparation. Nearly all respondents emphasized the necessity of thesis preparation. In conclusion, based on our study, thesis writing is recommended; however, in order to improve this process it is a fact that more eff icient organization of financial resources, workforce, and time is needed.

191-196

Authors: Latife UTAŞ AKHAN

The aim of this study is to determine the att achment styles of the nursing students. Th e samples for this descriptive research have been conducted by the nursing students of a state School of Health. Th e research was conducted between 03 – 14th of January, 2011 with 383 students among 491 who agreed to participate in the research. In order to gather the data, demographic data collection form and the relationships scale inventory which was developed by Griff in & Bartholomew (1994) and of which the reliability of validity was conducted by Sümer & Güngör (1994) were used. It is determined that the students with indiff erent att achment style have high level of alcohol-cigarett e consumption and that having social security aff ects the att achment styles of the students in a safe manner and that there are diff erences in the att achment styles depending on the gender. It is found that women have an anxious att achment style while men have an indiff erent att achment style. It is established that fearful att achment style appears when the level of maternal education is low and the indiff erent style of att achment appears when it is higher. It is identified that paternal education and age range does not aff ect the student's att achment style. It is determined that the style of att achment aff ects the habits like alcohol consumption and smoking and that the presence of a social security and the level of maternal education have a role in identifying the styles of att achment and that there are diff erences in styles of att achment depending on the gender.

18-27

Authors: Zafer ÇELİK, Bekir S. GÜR

Since the establishment of the Council of Higher Education in 1981, university autonomy and the governance of higher education system in Turkey have been contentious topics. There is a public demand for decreasing the power of the Council and increasing the autonomy of universities in Turkey. Notwithstanding the consensus on reforming the higher education system, there is no consensus on the content of the reform. Accordingly, there is a need for scientific studies presenting the state of higher education in Turkey from an internationally comparative perspective. This study includes three parts. The first part investigates the governance of higher education systems based on the examples from the OECD and Europe. The second part discusses the governance of higher education institution and how the institutional autonomy is defined. The third part presents the changes that the governance of higher education system in Turkey underwent from a historical perspective. In the conclusion, based on the international comparisons, some policy recommendations are proposed in order to contribute to the reform discussions in Turkey.

36-50

Authors: Erkan YAMAN, Kayhan RUÇLAR

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the sense of organizational silence and the organizational culture the instructors perceived. In this study, the scale for determining organizational culture developed by İpek (1999) and the scale for measuring organizational silence developed by Çakıcı (2007) and adapted by Soycan (2010) are used. No remarkable difference was found in the academic staff's sense of organizational silence degree according to their genders and educational backgrounds. It was seen that the instructors' sense of organizational silence had remarkable differences according to their age group, faculty, sense of administration type in their institutions, frequency of their face-to-face communication with their administrators and their thoughts of speaking clearly with their administrators. It was observed that research assistants had a significantly higher sense of organizational silence than the lecturers in the sense of ‘Lack of Experience'. It was seen that academicians who had 1-5 years of employment period had the highest sense of organizational silence while those who had 21 years or more employment period had the lowest sense of organizational silence in the sense of ‘Lack of Experience' of organizational silence. When the points that participant academicians got from organizational silence and organizational culture scales analyzed in the correlation table, it was found out that there was a remarkable relationship between the academicians' sense of organizational silence and sense of organizational culture. This relationship was a medium-level negative relationship between subdimensions of two scales. A medium-level negative relationship between the organizational silence (total) and the organizational culture was also seen. Based on the findings, university administrators were proposed to create a participant culture in their institutions as well as to encourage instructors to speak clearly and increase the frequency of contact with them.

56-66

Authors: Dilek KEKEÇ MORKOÇ, Mustafa DOĞAN

Many institutions prepare websites for their users in order to meet the increasing need for information in the era of change. The importance of the internet is undeniable in distribution and sharing of information. The internet of the institutions and their methods of usage and functions via websites are one of those factors that improve the institutions’ reputation and prestige. Particularly, while universities convey a lot of knowledge/messages to their actual and potential users via websites, on the other hand many users are able to access to any information they need through these pages. In this study, the importance of university websites and their use of promotional purposes were examined via the websites of departments providing four-year tourism education. The first three tourism departments of State and Foundation Universities with the highest base score according to 2012-2013 ‘Student Selection and Placement Center’ were selected and examined with content analysis method. In this research, the question of how these six universities selected within the scope of case studies use their websites belonging to their tourism departments as a promotion tool is tried to be answered.