Khristianstvo na blizhnem Vostoke

5-271

Authors: Alexandr G. Grouchevoy

Reports signed by A.A. Dmitrievsky following the results of the revision of 1910, as well as his letters to A.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov are a kind of chronicle of A.A. Dmitrievsky to the Middle East, when in the first months of 1910 he led the revision of all the institutions of the Society. The decision on the need for such an audit was made at a meeting of the Council of the Society on May 22, 1909. In December of the same year, the Vice-President of the Palestine Society, A.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov presented the Secretary of the Society A.A. Dmitrievsky detailed instructions on the need for a thorough revision of the Society’s farmsteads in Jerusalem, Haifa and Nazareth, all educational institutions of the Society and all aspects of the life of Russian pilgrims in the Holy Land. V.I. Belynsky, a senior accountant of the Company, as well as P.I. Ryazhsky, Chairman of the Construction Commission of the Society and Inspector of the Galilee educational institutions. About the reasons for this revision, A.A. Dmitrievsky wrote in three places and in all cases these explanations are not identical. In this work, dedicated to the activities of A.A. Dmitrievsky in 1907–1918, all options for explaining the reasons for the revision are taken into account. In carrying out this inspection, A.A. Dmitrievsky played an active role, and all his explanations regarding the reasons for this inspection complement each other. According to the results of the revision of the first months of 1910 with the direct participation of A.A. Dmitrievsky, two reports were compiled — On the courtyards of the Society and on the Educational Institutions of the Society. In addition, A.A. Dmitrievsky during a business trip to the Middle East, six letters were written to A.A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, duplicating in many respects the content of both Reports. These letters can be seen as an informal report by A.A. Dmitrievsky about the trip, because the letters contain information about each day of the inspection, indicating the dates of visits to all educational institutions, partly — farmsteads. The letters also contain brief descriptions of A.A. Dmitrievsky of those people with whom he had a chance to meet, as well as descriptions of the areas he saw. In letters and numerous draft versions of the texts of letters, this information is more detailed than in Reports.

301-319

Authors: Eldar O. Kostuev

The article deals with the genre of apocalyptic in the literary monuments of the era of the reign of Tsar Ivan IV Grozny (1533–1584): “Canon to the Angel the Terrible Governor”, Correspondence of Tsar Ivan Grozny with Prince Andrei Kurbsky, “The Legend of the Capture of Tsargrad by the Turks”, “Kazan History”. Three main sections of apocalyptic motifs in the literary monuments of the era of Tsar Ivan Grozny are distinguished: 1) Holy battle; 2) Martyrdom; 3) Universal Court. The article emphasizes that the Book of Revelation of the Apostle John the Theologian serves as a kind of key to this time. The meanings contained in her narrative have a significant impact on the thought of this historical stage, which is recorded in the literary heritage of the era.

5-23

Authors: Kirill M. Ivanisov

Based on a number of historical sources, newspaper materials, the article highlights the activities of Bishop Veniamin (Fedchenkov) as a member of the Supreme Provisional Church Administration in the south-east of Russia and the head of the military and naval clergy in 1920. In addition, during this period, Bishop Veniamin combined the duties of a vicar Bishop of the Taurida Diocese, Administrator of the Military and Naval Clergy with the duties of Administrator of the parts of the Kuban and Black Sea Diocese liberated from the Bolsheviks. The article analyzes the composition of the clergy in the entrusted dioceses. A number of initiatives are noted that have received broad support from the authorities and the people: Days of Repentance, the founding of the Order of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, a nationwide collection of donations, the publishing house of Tserkovnye Vedomosti, the organization of shelters at monasteries for the defenders of the Motherland who have lost their ability to work, the establishment of awarding clergy with the badge of pastoral distinction and others.

34-43

Authors: Besik V. Khurtsilava

The article describes the main events in the life and work of the outstanding Italian archaeologist and explorer of the Holy Land, prof. Virgilio Canio Corbo. As a result of numerous archaeological excavations, he revealed such remarkable Christian monuments as Herodion, Macherus, Magdala, Capernaum, etc. The rich material he found during excavations deserves a prominent place in the exposition of the Terra Sancta Museum in Jerusalem. The excavations carried out by V. Corbo in Bir el-Qutt (Palestine) turned out to be extremely important for Georgian culture. Here he discovered the ruins of a Georgian monastery from the Byzantine era. The ancient inscriptions (V–VI cent.) found here are of great importance for the study of the origins of Georgian monasticism in the Holy Land. In the article, the author separately deals with the issue of relations between Prof. V. Corbo and the Georgian Scientific Society, talks in detail about the existing problems in establishing contacts between the sides, etc.

56-77

Authors: Ioann N. Kudlasevich

The study is devoted to the study of Russian-Athonite relations in the second half of the XIX century, when Mount Athos was inevitably drawn into the orbit of the geopolitical interests of both Russian and Britain. The main theme of the article is Greek-Russian conflict in the St. Panteleimon Monastery which had reached its climax by the mid-1870s. According to the archival records and the materials published in the last decade, one can trace Archimandrite Leonid (Kavelin’s) participation in the role of a church diplomat in the process of solving the problems of the Russian monasticism on Mount Athos during the period of anti-Russian tension in the Orthodox East.

5-21

Authors: Sergey Yu. Zhitenev

The article presents a brief history of Russian Orthodox pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the role of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in its maintenance and development. Special attention is paid to the organization of the pilgrimage, the processing of travel passports of the Russian pilgrims and their diplomatic support on the way to the Holy Land. Discusses the activities of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and the work of her superiors, including Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin). Also special place is given to the participation of the Imperial family in the maintenance of the Russian pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Given some statistical data characterizing the dynamics change of the pilgrimage flows of Russian pilgrims making the journey to the middle East. The role of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in the Russian pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Given some statistical data characterizing the dynamics change of the pilgrimage flows of Russian pilgrims making the journey to the Middle East. The role of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society in the development of Orthodox pilgrimage to the Holy Land and the creation of Russian Palestine. Special attention is drawn to the fact that Society actually reduced the cost of pilgrimages from Russia to the Holy Land in the late XIX — early XX centuries.

66-122

Authors: Ekaterina V. Smirnova

The article is devoted to Alexander Gavrilovitch (Iskandar Jabrail) Kazma — a prominent educationalist of Syrian origin in mperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS). Close attention is paid to the period of his life when he worked as IOPS agent with particular focus on his role in activities aimed at establishing first IOPS educational units. A selection of archival documents are attached to the article including letters from IOPS secretary M.P. Stepanov, assistant secretary S.D. Lermontov as well as IOPS foundation-member P.A. Vasilchickov’s letters addressed to Russian Consul General in Beirut K.D. Petkovic. All the materials are related to the initial phase of IOPS educational activities and above all they are linked with Kazma’s business travel. He was assigned a mission to collect statistical data on Palestinian Orthodox Christian population and establish first educational institutions. The correspondence mentioned above contains information on a wide range of very important issues such as establishment of first IOPS schools in Palestine; permanent interaction of IOPS senior officials, Russian Consul General in Beirut and A.G. Kazma on the school business; position of Jerusalem Clergy on IOPS educational activities; as well as position of Russian diplomats on this issue. A document of particular interest is an instruction specifically formulated / developed for A.G. Kazma to regulate his relation with Russian Consuls and Jerusalem Clergy; to carry out activities aimed at establishing schools in Palestine, organizing schooling and exercising control over the process. In addition to all those important issues the instruction contains valuable information about first educational programs developed for IOPS schools.

145-154

Authors: Michail N. Uryasov

This article tells about the leaders of the administration of the courtyards of the Orthodox Palestinian Society in Jerusalem N.R. Seleznev, V.K. Antipov and V.A. Samara, who managed the property of foreign PPO in the period from 1919 to 1951. This article is published on the basis of a speech that was made at the XI Round Table «The Holy Land in the Slavic-Russian Tradition», which took place on May 22, 2021 and was organized by the youth section of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society and the Institute of Slavic Culture of the Russian State University named after A.N. Kosygin.

171-185

Authors: Liliya N. Mantsevich

The military and political turbulence of the last decade has drawn the attention of the international community to the Middle East. The Christians of the East, in particular in Syria and Iraq, have often been the victims of violent political and ethnoreligious struggles. France has taken into account this situation. The threats to members of the Christian community and the lack of effective European involvement in their fate have been an occasion to recall the glorious past of French diplomacy in the Middle East. The press has begun to write more often about the country’s engagement with the region, including the humanitarian and educational activities of religious organizations. The traditional areas of French religious diplomacy in the Middle East and Palestine, whose organizational structure emerged in the mid-19th century, involved politicians in Paris, diplomats abroad, and clerics in French territory and the Holy Land. In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the activities of several departments were linked to France’s religious diplomacy in the Middle East. In addition, the interests of Eastern Christians were defended by L’Œuvre d’Orient, Catholic charitable institution established after the Crimean War. The French consulate in Jerusalem and religious institutions operated on the ground. The latter were mainly run by members of the French community, who had settled in Palestine from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century.

5-33

Authors: Ekaterina V. Smirnova

Through the period of the late 19th to the early 20th century steps undertaken by the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) to expand schooling activities were closely connected with Russian — Arab collaboration. The Teachers’ Training School in Nazareth was founded in order to provide IOPS primary schools with qualified pedagogical staff. A Syrian graduate from Russian theological school A.G. Kazma took charge of the Nazareth Teachers’ Training School. He both taught and ran the school, he also did his best to help Russian teachers to integrate into academic activities. Since the Russian teachers didn’t speak Arabic very well their teaching was not very effective. In addition to this communicative mishap there was also lack of service benefits as well as unsuitable living conditions. All the above mentioned factors led to staff turnover which drastically affected educational process. Granting service benefits to the personnel stabilized and enhanced teaching standards. Inspections of Senator N.M. Anichkov and Syrian professor M.O. Attaya to the Middle East contributed to identifying and gradual removal of faults. They participated in teachers conventions where new curriculum and syllabus were drafted, an expanded list of manuals and their translation deadline were set. Due to consolidated effort of school Inspectors, superintendent Kazma and school pedagogical staff, approved documents were introduced into educational process. Since better work conditions put an end to staff turnover of Russian teachers as well as Arabs qualified in Russia were recruited, expansion of educational opportunities became possible and Russian-Arab collaboration became more productive.

55-82

Authors: Irina Yu. Smirnova

Based on materials from the personal fund of A.N. Muravyov (Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library 188), the article analyzes the activities of the Archbishop of Mount Sinai and Ecumenical Patriarch Constantius I of Constantinople (1768–1859) and his role in the interchurch relations of the Eastern Patriarchates with the Most Holy Governing Synod. Particular attention is paid to the participation of Constantius I of Constantinople in discussions with representatives of Russia, France and Great Britain on the eve of the Crimean War in the midst of a dispute over the holy places of Palestine.

112-136

Authors: Christin E. Bøsterud

Within Reformed paradigm research, increased light has been cast on matters of gender equality as particularly expressed in the theological field of ethics. In the article, focus is lent to the central philosophical ethical schools of thought, both secular and Christian, with particular aim to explain a Reformed ethics suitable for scripturally based feminist studies. An overview of the historical-philosophical foundations is established for scaffolding the connection between secular and Christian schools of thought. It is demonstrated how neutrality or value-free ethical principles are nonexisting, and the presentation includes and illustrates pivotal value aspects, particularly within the context of feminist research. It is illustrated how a constructive ethical approach, acceptable for Reformed utilisation is based on Christian attitudes of obedient servantship to God, as explained through four key cornerstones of: love, stewardship, self-denial and obedience to God, an approach that is pertinent related to gender equality topics. It is outlined how Reformed ethics is built on the theological foundation of Luther and Calvin, further developed by Zwingli, as undergirded by the positive objectives shared through God’s law, through God’s grace, and the effects on Christian life. Such deontological foundations presuppose the possibility of free choice, as requisite for judgement in the Eschaton. A taxonomic overview of key Christian ethical vantage points is given, and a useful Reformed ethics for application in feminist studies is concluded. The established model is further connected to central Reformed paradigmatic positions on gender ethics and equality.

155-165

Authors: Agustinus Pratisto Trinarso

This research aimed to find the moral nature of culture from Arek Suroboyo continues to examine using theory of Nicomachean ethic. Arek culture is Javanese sub-culture which centred in Surabaya and has not been widely studied. One of the studies that needed is ethic which study to trying understanding the basic elements in the Arek culture morality as it seen in several moral phenomena in the society. Nicomachean ethic used to emphasize relevance ethic of Arek in order to prosperity and joy of the society. The data collection implemented through interview with the expert and literature sources. From this research found several advantage and disadvantage of Arek Suroboyo ethic, especially the lack of balance between cognitive reasoning and affective consideration in giving the assessment or decision morally. One of the solutions is ethic campaign take advantage of the ethical nature of Arek Suroboyo which is including local moral figures and popular community leaders in Surabaya citizen. Except, it is suggested the moral education of Maieutics model in order creates the new generation with good moral autonomy as the effort to return the morality wave which reverse the tide of increasingly skewed morality to the pragmatic-economic values which opposite with the humanity