Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies

5-20

Authors: Roman A. Orekhov

Herodotus was the fi rst one to leave us information about the foundation of Memphis in Egypt. We fi nd out from his work that the city was founded as the capital on the side of the Western fl ood-lands of the Nile in the epoch of the legendary king Menes (Narmer in Egyptian, 3050 BC) during the period of the so called zero dynasty. However, to what extent does this information correspond to the reality? Taking the data of the modern studies as the basis, the author concludes that there was no single capital in the epoch of the fi rst dynasties on the West bank. The earliest large settlements on the West bank appeared only in the epoch of the Old Kingdom and corresponded to the so-called pyramid towns. These towns were capitals of the state, each in its turn, and their main function was to perform funeral cult of the deceased kings. Only two centres could pretend to be a united capital in the historical perspective: Djed20 Isut (pyramid town of the king Teti, 2345–2333 BC) and Mennefer (pyramid town of the king Pepi I, 2332–2283 BC). It is most plausible that the Memphis described by Herodotus emerged only at the end of the Middle Kingdom. Its appearance was prompted by the invasion of the Hyksos (1663–1555 BC) into Egypt who founded their own military fortress on the place of the pyramid town of Pepi I (Mennefer). Subsequently on this place a city-citadel Memphis appeared.

38-51

Authors: Vladimir A. Bolshakov

The article deals with the problem of interpretation of a scantily investigated title of ancient Egyptian royal women ‘god’s mother’ (mwt nṯr). As the author suggests the correct understanding of the title’s signifi cance largely depends on the interpretation of the term ‘god’ (nṯr) that was frequently used in Egyptian texts as a designation of a king’s person and that of a particular deity. The historical survey of this title application to the royal women (primary of the New Kingdom Period) allows to conclude that under the designation ‘god’ a king was undermined and not a ‘real’ god. In connection with that the author distinguishes the title ‘god’s mother’ and the titles ‘god’s mother of (the divinity) N’ – i.e. the titles containing the proper name of the deity. In particular, the difference between the title ‘god’s mother’ and the title ‘god’s mother of Khonsthe- child’ held by the XXI Dynasty Theban high priestesses is stressed. A special attention in the article is paid to the eventual link of the title ‘god’s mother’ with the sacral role of the future king’s mother which the New Kingdom temple scenes of theogamia demonstrate. An analysis of the epigraphic and fi gurative evidence has led the author to the conclusion that the title ‘god’s mother’ primary refl ected a theological role of a king’s mother or king’s wife as an earthy embodiment of the goddess-mother (Isis, Hathor, Mut) and can be interpreted in the context of two ancient Egyptian mythico-theological models – the so-called ‘osirian’ and ‘solar in its Theban version. Thus, the author interprets the sense of the title “god’s mother’ in the context of the idea of the divine motherhood of the ruling king as an earthy manifestation of the god.

69-76

Authors: Sergey G. Botalov, Ochil Battulga

The article considers the fi rst systematization of the archaeological material researches of the Xiongnu monuments in Mongolia. We trace the investigation history from the 1920s to the present. In general, nearly hundred-year research results for Mongolian settlements can be summarized in the following way. The fi rst stage (1920s) revealed the fi rst fortifi ed and unfortifi ed settlements and collected fi eld research materials. During the second stage (1950s-1960s) they arranged the excavations on sites of the unfortifi ed settlement of Boroo and fortifi ed settlement of Gua-dov, Bayanbulak. After that fi rst architectural data were gained, as well as fi ner age determination of these objects performed. The third stage (1990s to the present) continues energetic Xiongnu settlement researches using modern scientifi c methods. These researches allow to gradate Xiongnu monuments along the surface, architectural peculiarities and cultural layer capacity, together with the new local chronology estimation within the Han period. Besides, such a prominent number of nonmigratory settlement complexes revealed and investigated for today allows a new view on the cultural, economic and political shape of the Mongolian Xiongnu society during their nomadic empire.

89-102

Authors: Leonid V. Nikitin

Basing on statistical and other materials, the author considers historical transformation of San Francisco from a small Spanish colonial settlement into one of the leading fi nancial centres of the USA and the whole world. The study shows that at various historical stages the ascent of San Francisco was connected with a wide range of factors. Rapid development of the city started in the 1840s – 1850s, after its transition into the U.S. jurisdiction. Simultaneously, the “gold rush” at nearby territories also contributed to fast growth of San Francisco. In the following decades, transport communications played a very important role too: on the one hand, there was a progress of busy Pacifi c port, on the other – the opening of railway connection with the Atlantic coast of the USA. At the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, San Francisco received additional benefi ts because California was among the fi rst states to abolish restrictions on the establishment of banking branches. During the 20th century, the further fi nancial rise of San Francisco was facilitated by the extremely rapid industrial and technological progress of North California, mainly by the emergence of the famous Silicon Valley. Particular attention is paid in the article to the largest banking corporations of the city (“Bank of America” and “Wells Fargo”), the development of which was closely related to the factors mentioned. The calculations carried out in a long time series show that San Francisco experienced evident ups and downs at different periods, but in any case remained a very important hub of fi nancial activity. Finally, the author concludes that achievements of San Francisco and other fi nancial nodes inside the USA, limiting the dominance of New York City, bring signifi cant benefi ts to the national economy.

122-134

Authors: Valery N. Suryaev

The article examines the attitude of citizens to the army service in the last years of the Russian Empire. It is noted that under the infl uence of the social and political processes taking place in the country, the mentality of the people and the moral and psychological situation in society underwent changes that are characterized as rather contradictory. The factors that contributed to the growth of nihilistic sentiments and the complication of the situation in the country are indicated. One of the consequences of this phenomenon was the negative attitude of the majority of the people towards the army, as a social institution of the state. The infl uence of public sentiments on the attitude of conscripts to the service, the fulfi llment by soldiers of their duties, the increase in the number of violations of military discipline, the main motives for violations in the troops are examined. The reasons for the decrease in the prestige of the offi cer’s profession and the shortage of offi cers in the troops in peacetime are considered. It is noted that in the educated strata of society there is a negative attitude not only to the offi cer service, but also to the offi cers themselves; in many respects this circumstance was determined by the internal function of the army, which was the most powerful pillar of the existing state system. It is shown that the cadre offi cers, as a special social and professional community, in the conditions of internal political cataclysms in the country held different views from the politically active segments of the population.

146-158

Authors: Nadezhda N. Makarova

The article deals with the religious life in Magnitogorsk founded as a «new city», free from the vices of capitalist society, including religion. The attitude to believers had changed in the city during 1930–1980s. The fi rst stage (1930–1940s) is characterized as the most diffi cult time for the believers of all faiths, because of their key task was to survive in a hostile atheistic environment and diffi cult social conditions. The second stage (1947–1959) was rather «quiet» time for the development and strengthening of religious customs in the families. The third stage (1959–1985) was the existence in the context of pressure from the atheistic propaganda and public censure. The periodization in general coincides with major changes in the state religious policy, which suggests the impact of political and social prerequisites on a religious worldview, the formation of religious practices and everyday way of life of the believers. Social upheaval and propaganda forced to change beliefs and to adapt them to the reality. The author concludes that despite the anti-religious actions from the authorities, and the declaration of the idea “Magnitogorsk is the city without churches”, the population continued to practice religion, and the range of faiths in the city was wide enough. Purely external signs determined the religiosity of the population and the city: the presence of churches and chapels, religious rituals, external paraphernalia. This approach ensured a relatively peaceful existence of the believers in the city who had inner religiousness or professed nondenominational confession.

170-178

Authors: Svetlana A. Moiseeva

The article deals with wedding ritual in the Russian settlements in Beloretsk district of Bashkortostan. The work is based on expeditionary material, recorded in 1938, 1965– 1969, 1993–2007 in the villages formed as peasant settlements at steel works in the middle of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century: villages of Lomovka, Tirlyan, Inzer, Zigaza, Tukan, Verkhniy Avzyan, Nizhniy Avzyan, Kaga, Uzyan. The wedding is a special fragment of traditional culture where basic meanings of a local mythological picture of the world are concentrated. They form in general the so-called regional cultural text. This work is an attempt of translating basic meanings of regional traditional text into Russian cultural context. The author determines the wedding ceremony as a fragment of cultural text of the region, consisting of semantically related personal texts. A symbolic character of the wedding ritual cycle is the bride. Therefore, the author focuses her attention on the bride’s text. The text of this or that character is understood as a range of the ceremonial actions performed by a particular participant of the ceremony at the verbal, actional and subject levels. In the context of the wedding and ceremonial cycle, the girl is considered to be a bride until the marriage or wedding registration, the fi nal transition from one to the other sociometric group is fi xed by rituals of the wedding night. The analysis of the local wedding tradition makes it possible to reveal that the rituals of “separation” are the dominant in the text of the bride in the designated ritual period: the bride said goodbye to unmarried girls, with a carefree girl’s life (freedom and beauty), with her parents and the fold. During this period, the girl experienced the weakening and severing the former ties, on the mythological level - a ritual-symbolic death. The author dwells on the text forming a local variant rituals representing the threshold / liminal state of the bride: “mourning the parents’ doors”, “grieving the dawn”, “farewell to the beauty”, “bride selling / redemption”, “covering / hiding Bride”, “checking the daughter-in-law “.

196-205

Authors: Alexander P. Vlaskin, Tatiana B. Zaitseva, Svetlana V. Rudakova

In the “Crime and punishment” at relative quantitative equality of male and female characters their “artistic inequality” according to the possibilities of their interaction is observed. Men’s images are rather independent and stable in relation to each other. However, they become dynamic when they get to the competitive fi eld under women’s infl uence. As a result peculiar “love-art triangles” are formed. Dostoevsky provided even “polygons” in his draft materials to the novel. In the article, the specifi ed regularity is considered on the example of interference of images of Avdotya Raskolnikova, Luzhin, Svidrigaylov and Razumikhin. It is revealed that under the infl uence of the main character’s sister in competitive relationship all three suitors to win her hand and heart considerably change. Thereby in these men’s images under the infl uence of the female center of gravity the hidden art and psychological potential that is initially provided by Dostoyevsky becomes known. At the same time, the evolution of three images is uneven and diverse. The initial stage in Luzhin’s story fate is positive. He was the only one who did not believe the gossip, and saved the reputation of Avdotya Romanovna. However then he drastically degrades in the ethical relation. Svidrigaylov demonizes himself for a long time. Nevertheless, gradually, under the infl uence of feelings to Avdotya Raskolnikova, he begins to evolve in a positive direction. Razumikhin is initially shown in positive psychological aura. However, in his male reputation there were negative nuances – fl ippant attitude to women. The image is completely cleared of it after the contact with Avdotya Raskolnikova. His evolution is the most radical.

213-221

Authors: Nadezhda B. Prodanik

The article is devoted to the genesis and fi liation of the myth of Siberia “Hyperborean” in the poetry of Vladimir Rayevsky and correspondence of Gavriil Baten’kov. The provenance of the myth about Hyperborea is found in ancient mythology and literature – in the lyrics of Pindarus and Vergillius: poets recreate two dissimilar myths about the blessed, happy, summer Hyperborean land (Pindarus) and the harsh, cruel, winter Hyperborea (Vergillius). Anthological imagery is inherited by Russian poets – V.A. Zhukovskiy, A.S. Pushkin at the beginning of the 19th century, the life of the poet in Russia is fi lled with light, happiness, Apollonian delights. Poets-Dыecembrists combined the Ancient Greek and Roman versions of the Hyperborean myth: the distinctive features of the Siberian space are the home peace; the happy remoteness of Siberia from capital political battles; healthy and severe climate. Siberians were known Apollonian delights: creativity and reading. The circle of reading is wide enough: here we fi nd texts of very different subjects and languages – literature, science and philosophy and religious; texts in Russian, English, French and German. After the December uprising mythopoethic idyll was interrupted. Siberia became a place of exile and prison for the nobility. Read was only intellectual pleasure, and the book – a true friend.

236-244

Authors: Natalia A. Makarycheva

In the article the functioning of Pushkin’s plot in the novel “The Brothers Karamazov” by F.M. Dostoyevsky is investigated. The analysis of love-letter confession connecting two heroines of Dostoyevsky’s novel with the novel “Eugene Onegin” helps reveal psychological features of one of the main characters of “The Brothers Karamazov” – Katerina Ivanovna Verkhovtseva, to show her “dalekost’” [difference] from a harmonious Pushkin ideal of the Russian woman. The appeal to a parallel plot with Lisa Hokhlakova not only expands the idea of this personage’s character, but also specifi es the ideological and art function of the minor heroine in the whole of the novel.

252-261

Authors: Svetlana G. Shulezhkova, Artem N. Mikhin

At the end of the 20th century, there was an event, which made slavists pay their attention to a number of fi rm attitudes on the history of Slavic writing and its origin. Once again, linguists tried to defi ne the sources of the fi rst literary language of the Slavs and worked on the problem of linguistic similarity of the most ancient Slavic manuscripts and Cyril and Methodius`s texts. The issue of the time and the place of appearance of the fi rst service book in Slavonic language was also raised then. Bulgarian researcher, Trendafi l Krystanov, found the letter of the Ecumenical Patriarch of the 13th century, which was written on parchment, from which the Cyrillic Slavic text has been scratched out. It turned out that Herman II sacrifi ced Aprakos Evangelium (the copy of the ancient Slavic text, made in the 10th century by Bulgarian copyists) to the letter. After a very long work, the scratched-out text of the Aprokos was recovered and published in 1996. The period of the detailed study of the Vatican Evangelium of the 10th century has begun and now it is the time to analyze its value and place among the other Slavic manuscripts of the 10–11th centuries. The author of the article uses the historical and linguistic analysis of the text and endorses Krystanov`s view on the manuscript status – as the most ancient Slavic book, which was written according to Cyril and Methodius`s tradition. The copyist kept the tradition of reduced vowels and yuses and used standard verbal forms. The text had Greek words, which were replaced with Slavic lexemes in texts of the Aprokos of the 11th century. The lexicological and phraseological structure and grammatical structure of the Vatican Evangelium and Aprokoses of the 11th century demonstrate that these texts are written in the same all-Slavic literary language, which was in use in all Christianize part of the Medieval Slavia.

269-277

Authors: Tatyana G. Popova

One of the most popular medieval books, “The Ladder” (Lestvica) by John Climacus, is still to be a subject that has been little explored. The article deals with the lexical structure of the book by analysis of the text of the most ancient Russian manuscript created in the middle of the 12th century in the Kiev territory. In the manuscript, there are many words indicating the time and the place of the fi rst Slavic translation of “The Ladder” (Preslav Literary School). The outstanding medieval Bulgarian scholar and writer John the Exarch was possibly the translator. The medical and astronomical terms, names of animals, plants and chemical elements are considered in the article. The terms related to the monastic life are described: the names of dwellings, words conveying a way of life in the monastery, names of monks. Special attention is paid to the words calling evil spirits. This group of words in “The Ladder” is extremely diverse. The devil and his suite (demons) do their sophisticated work against the monk, personifying a particular vice. John Climacus expressively describes the struggle of the monk against these demons (the demon of vanity, the demon of adultery, the demon of despondency etc.). In the original text, the author tries to replace lexemes of the devil or a demon with indirect names (the enemy, the wolf, the dragon, the robber etc.). The Slavic text of the monument is still characterized by big aspiration to avoid the use of the direct names. When reading the manuscript one gets the impression that the scribe specifi cally omits the names of the demons. In general, observations on the text of the Slavic manuscript in comparison with the Greek original lead to the belief that the fi rst Slavic translation of “The Ladder” was done at a high level. In the Slavic manuscript there are missing text fragments and therefore the meaning of the original text is often lost. However, this is not due to bad translation, but the activity of copyists of this text translation is to be blamed.

286-293

Authors: Olga N. Turysheva

The article is devoted to the nomination “gynocide” emerged in feministic literature of the 1970s. The author examines the origin of a lexeme and the nature of its use in the scientifi c and art sphere. The authorship of the term belongs to the American feminist Andrea Dworkin. Combining the millennia-old Chinese tradition of foot binding and the prosecution of witches in medieval Europe, Dworkin implies the underlying crime of Patriarchal culture against women in the invented lexeme. She characterizes the studied cultural practices as an expression of the fear of the feminine nature and the desire to establish control over it in order to ensure the dominance of masculinity in the culture. Dworkin’s occasionalism came both in modern scientifi c vocabulary and in modern artistic culture. The primary subject of the article is the work of the contemporary Danish fi lm screenwriter and director L. von Trier. The analysis of the image system of the fi lm “Antichrist” in conjunction with the analysis of functioning the concept “gynocide” in it as well as other analysis of movie texts by L. von Trier allows us to refute the common opinion about anti-feminism of his work. The author of the article concludes that the cinema of Lars von Trier reveals the deep drama of the women’s position in the culture. The analysis is carried out on the material of the series “Depression Trilogy” which includes the fi lms “Antichrist” (2009), “Melancholia” (2011), “Nymphomaniac” (2013). The paper has been written in an interdisciplinary way: the gender anthropology is combined with a lexical analysis of genesis and the analysis of cinematic text.

307-322

Authors: Tatyana S. Tereshchenko

Among the peoples the Greeks interacted with, the Persians played a very important role. There are some problems with differentiating of their images, as Greek art was extremely unprecise in the depicting of other peoples. Besides there are many common traits in the images of Persians and other Eastern peoples – primarily Scythians. There are some criteria which help to differentiate them: date of creation (the Scythians: mainly second half of the 6th century BC, the Persians – the 5th century B.C.), parts of clothing (knee-long chiton, different decorative pattern of pants etc.), weapons (sagaris, spear), features of appearance (the Scythians’ pointed beard, bushy – Persians, etc.), plots (the Scythians – assistants, the Persians – opponents), semiotics. Images of the Persians displaced those of the Scythians that was associated with both their resemblance and the similarity of their connotations (East), as well as with the external and domestic political events (Greco-Persian war, the fi ght against medism). The transition from the images of the Scythians to those of the Persians was gradual. With time, the images of the Persians underwent a certain transformation: from the middle of the 5th century BC clothes and weapons of the Persians and the plots where they were represented become more diverse. During the Hellenistic period, the confrontation with the Persians was materialized in objects of bigger scale: mosaics and sculpture. Representations of the Persians were always syncretic: they combined the real (historical) and mythological that was characteristic for Greek culture in general. Images of battles between the Persians and the Greeks had some mythological connotation, Persian details were present in some mythological subjects, and some of them in turn conceptualized contemporary events for the Greeks.

339-350

Authors: Liudmila V. Frolova

In the article, the work of A. Altdorfer by request of Maximilian I for the fi rst time has been considered in detail as a separate stage in the development of the artist’s style. The masterpieces created by A. Altdorfer and his workshop by the order of the Emperor in 1512–1516 are analyzed. The article focuses on such art works as the xylograph “The Triumphal Arch” (1515), miniatures and xylograph “Triumphal carriage” (1516–1519) and the illustrations for the «Prayer book» of Maximilian I. The value of this period for reconsideration of problems which solution is essential for creative evolution of the master is revealed. The artist’s special importance attaches to the problem of organizing a large series of images, has already been scheduled in an earlier cycle of xylographs “The fall and salvation of mankind”. This period is discussed in connection with the evolution of A. Altdorfer`s attitude to the ancient tradition, the depiction of space and human body. The infl uence of A. Dürer resulted in a more streamlined system of perspective, without losing interest in the space demonstration by the complex reduction of human fi gures. The original approach to the landscape understanding was formed in the art of Altdorfer during his work for the emperor under the infl uence of court humanists and developed in later works of the master. The landscapes, created by Altdorfer become panoramic; get the scope, the craving for generality, stored in the artist’s work in the future. This image is similar to the poems of K. Celtis, the author played a signifi cant role in establishing the programme of art works, commissioned by the Emperor Maximilian I. At the same time Altdorfer’s original understanding of war as a tragic event was formed and turned out to be principal for his later works.

5-18

Authors: Roman A. Orekhov

This article is devoted to the forecasting by the Egyptians of the important events of their history by means of the fi rst rising of Sirius. In particular, the author examines the papyrus 1116 B recto (The Prophecy of Neferti), a well-known literary work dated to the Middle Kingdom (1991–1785 BC), which is kept in the Hermitage Museum. Having experienced the infl uence of Egypt, ancient people used the rising of this star to predict the major social disasters, crop failure, pestilence and natural disasters. The greater part of the evidence is known from ancient times. However, the Egyptian civilization created the fi rst solar calendar based on the Sirius cycles. Therefore, it is evident that the Egyptians could have been the ones where these predictions could appear for the fi rst time. In particular, such a forecast was presented by a priest of the goddess Bastet Neferti to appeal to the king Snofru (2613–2589 ВC). However why, in that case the Middle Kingdom monument mentions the name of the king of more ancient era, the era of construction of the great pyramids?

35-49

Authors: Alexander A. Kleymenov, Alexander Y. Butovskiy

Some researchers noted that the key features of Scythian warfare were the use of the bow as the main armed element and a good command of the skills of “small war”. The leading role was assigned to the cavalry. However, some of the “Scythian” methods of warfare in 5th – 4th centuries BC were typical as well as for the Thracians. This fact can be explained by direct borrowings and similar development of the military and political institutions. The Macedonian king Philip II, performing his military reforms, focused his attention on the necessity of fi ghting against the Thracians. Due to this, the Macedonian army was able to counteract the enemy effectively, whose military art was similar to Scythian. This circumstance allowed Philip II to win the battle against Scythian king Ateas in 339 BC. The next Macedonian king Alexander at the period of military campaign of 335 BC was able to defeat the army of Getae in the battle on the banks of the Danube, who had adopted the Scythians’ military methods. This experience prepared the Macedonian army to the military actions against the nomads of Central Asia and contributed to the successful completion of the conquest of Bactria and Sogdiana campaign. It is stated that the Scythians’ victory over the Macedonian commander Zopyrion, unsuccessful campaign of the diadochos Lysimachus against Getae of Dromichaetes and the defeat of the Macedonian corps in the battle at the Polytimetos River cannot be regarded as an evidence of the total inability of the Macedonian army to confront the enemy, fi ghting in the Scythian tactics.

58-69

Authors: Elena V. Litovchenko

The article deals with the traditional public feasts of the Roman world during Late Antique period. The main goal is to determine the dynamics of their implementation and relevance in the Western Empire of the 5th century AD. The author focuses on studying popular non-Christian entertainments such as Lupercalia, consular and praetor games, and the ceremony of the Emperor’s entry into the city (adventus). The basic research problem is to identify the reasons for practice of holding traditional non-Christian mass arrangements preservation against the established Christianity in the fi fth century. The main sources were the works of 4th – 5th centuries AD Latin authors such as Salvianus, Macrobius, Flavius Merobaudes, Symmachus, Sidonius, papal correspondence and calendars. The usage of the methods of historicalphilological analysis (lexico-terminological and hermeneutic) let the author interpret the texts of Late Antique writers, taking into account the specifi city of sources. The author concludes that these entertainments, pagan, have not lost its attractiveness for representatives of various categories of the population not only during the 5th century AD, but also out of this period. The model of behavior of noblemen assuming the holding of public feasts for the confi rming of their high social status serves as one of the foundation of preservation the traditional arrangements practice. The second reason was to defi ne the tries of imperial administration to conform the Late Roman society habits to Church authoritative position. Finally, we have to take into account the attitude of the most Romans to spectacles as the means of severities distraction.

75-87

Authors: Tatiana L. Aleksandrova

The article reviews the early years of the Empress Athenais-Eudocia (5th century AD) and dwells on the questions of her origin, social status, education and ascension to the throne. The author suggests that AD 401 is the terminus post quem for the birth of Athenais (she could be born around AD 405); the social status of her family was suffi ciently high and she had some relations at the court. Most likely, her birthplace was Athens; the suggestions about her connections with Antioch and Alexandria do not have reliable grounds. She could belong to the same circle as that of Synesius of Cyrene (her uncle Asclepiodotus might be the addressee of one of Synesius՚ letters). The people, who were loyal to the Christian State and willingly converting to Christianity, but rather liberal towards its doctrine, can be described as “Christian Hellenists”. After her father’s death Athenais came to Constantinople, where the Christian Hellenists arranged her marriage with Theodosius II. The role, attributed to the emperor’s sister Pulcheria in the arrangement of this matrimony, is greatly exaggerated and associated with subsequent historical forgery that took place during the reign of Pulcheria. This marriage was based on the proximity of the intellectual interests the bride and the groom shared, because Theodosius II was a kind of a late-antique scholar. The author suggests that the most signifi cant impact on Eudocia had Theodosius II himself; it could be seen in her conversion to Christianity and in transmitting his own ideas. The name “Eudocia” (“Grace” or “Benevolence”) received by Athenais at the baptism might have sounded as the program of the reign of Theodosius II.

105-148

Authors: Nikolay I. Vinokurov, Leonid Y. Ponomarev

The article analyzes the cult complexes excavated in the central part of the Saltovo-Mayaki settlement situated on the territory of the ancient fortifi ed settlement of Artezian (the North Kerch Peninsula). There are two cult complexes located close to each other. The cult objects included in their structure are represented by several ritual burials in the neglected ancient well, as well as in pits and mines in places for the extraction of stone from antique buildings. In two of them, there was a shared sacrifi ce of men and dogs, in two others – offerings of a goat, a human, a bull and a horse. In one case, there was a ritual action without a human offering. A cow or a calf was sacrifi ced. Such complexes have been previously found in many settlements of Saltovo-Mayaki culture, including those situated on the Kerch Peninsula. For the most part, they seem to have been associated with the agricultural and cattle breeding cult of fertility.

174-188

Authors: Sergey G. Botalov, Ayhan Bayoglu, Denis N. Maslyuzhenko

In 2013 two interesting fi nds were discovered on the territory of the Kurgan Region. A stone plate with runic inscriptions and tamga-like signs were discovered on the bank of the Alabuga River. A bronze plate (tablet) with fi ve lines of graphic signs, estimated as the Brahmi script, was found on the left bank of the Iset River near Shadrinsk. Based on the accompanying material and the conclusion of professional linguists, these fi ndings can be associated with the early Middle Ages (the 5th to 8th centuries) and represent samples of the written traditions of the Western Turkish Кhaganate. It is believed that the broad interpretation of the given artifacts explains to some extend the complexity of a formation process of written traditions in a barbaric society of civilization province in the Central Asia. It is of importance to note that such situation was quite common for nomadic confederations during early nation-building. Facts of multilingualism among Attila’s Hunnic nobles and courtiers (Priscus of Panium) so as multilingualism and multiculturalism in Khazar society (Ahmad ibn Rustah, Abu Sa’id Gardezi) are well known. Such situation is believed to take place among a polyethnic population of the Western Turkish Khaganate. As long as the dynastic leaders were Turks-Apins, polyethnic tribes (Sogdians, Ferghans, Bactrians etc.) populated South Kazakhstan and Central Asian cities, nomadic confederations of Ural- Kazakhstan steppes comprised the Hunnic-Bolgar population (Dulo, Nushibi). Certainly, such polyethnicity caused a search process of both a common speaking language and some generally understood written tradition. Most likely the tradition of the runic scripture became the most rational in this case, as geometric runic characters turned out to be the best to be depicted on any material (wood, stone, birchbark, fabric, leather) due to their simplicity. They virtually represent combinations of straight, slanting and curve lines. Such symbols are easy to remember and reproduce. All ancient writing systems, including Biblical and Phoenician, were created to be simple and convenient. This may explain a wide spreading of the runic scripture across Eurasia, and not exclusively among Turkic peoples. It appears that the runic scripture had a diffi cult process of establishment due to subsequent universalization of existing cocurrent written traditions in the Central Asia macroregion. In this regard given artifacts refl ect to some extend existed written traditions of the Ural-Kazakhstan population during the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages.

202-215

Authors: Gennady N. Garustovich

The author refers to the consideration of the barrows of Turkic-speaking nomads of the second half of the 1st millennium AD in the steppe zone of the Volga-Ural and Western Kazakhstan. There are only few such monuments in the region, and they are characterized by various features of the funeral ritual. They were obviously left by representatives of various ethnic groups of the medieval nomads, small in numbers, which occupied the steppe Ural-Caspian corridor for a short time. The reasons of low population density of these regions are still not well understood (possible military-political or ecological and climatic reasons are only assumed). Kurgan Donguz due to its characteristics resembles to the monuments of the late Western Turkic khanate, Atpa burial mounds reveals similarities with the Kimaks. In other cemeteries (Tamar- Utkul, Yaman, et al.) things reminding ancient nomadic Khazars and Bulgarians were found. However, the author states ethnic interpretations only in the preliminary way, because of the small number of the studied objects, fragmented artifacts discovered by archaeologists and the lack of a representative source base. Unifying features of the funeral rites, so-called “equestrian accessories” (stirrups and so forth), weapons items (arrowheads, parts of the composite bow, etc.), the headset typesetting belts are considered. The era of “desolation” of East European steppes (to the east of the Trans-Volga) is completed in 9th – 10th centuries, when there among the whole territory a signifi cant number of tribal alliance monuments Pechenegs appears, followed by Oguz and Kipchak (but the realities of this process occurred at the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD).

228-236

Authors: Alexander I. Chepel᾿

After the signing of the Treaty of Stolbovo Russia and Sweden sought to cooperate in the military-political and economic spheres. However, the tension in the international relations remained and the countries were forced to pay close attention to the situation on the common border. The fact, that in favor of Sweden Russia had given the part of the Russian North-West Territories together with the population, was the reason for the continuing tension. This forced measure only increased mutual suspicion. For the reliable protection of the borders by the military force Sweden and Russia did not have enough resources, so the two countries made reconnaissance. The Intelligence activities played a signifi cant role in organizing the defense of the border. Reliable information from abroad contributed to timely respond to the danger. In the 17th century the espionage was considered as an important way of getting information. Everyone who arrived from abroad was suspected in espionage. Kinship, religious and business contacts of the border population were used to collect the information. In the new conditions there was no need to create overseas «spy network» because it had already existed. Then the border authorities chose spies among those who had relatives, friends, and business partners on the other side of the border. Agents, who were in familiar environment, had less fear of being exposed. Russia tried to regain the lost territories during the Russian-Swedish War of 1656-1658, but failed. The violation of «eternal peace» by Russia strengthened the suspicion of Sweden. The Swedish government started to toughen the control of transboundary population contacts, trying to limit the breach in security.

248-259

Authors: Alexander V. Trifonov, Viktor I. Usanov

The authors defi ne the historical and social aspects of the activity of Church institutions in Tyumen. The problems, arising at the organization and work of charitable societies with church participation in the city of Tyumen, are designated; the active role of priests in clerical, educational and charitable work with the population is emphasized by the authors. The aim of the investigation presented is to describe the process of the infl uence of church on the local society. The authors believe the charitable activity of the orthodox church in Tyumen was suffi ciently extensive in the 19th – 20th centuries, including school teaching, preaching, working in hospitals and prisons, etc. The article describes the active infl uence of Orthodox Church in Tyumen in establishment of some charitable organizations to help poor people, orphans and widows, especially in the sphere of education, in order to raise living and culture standards for the local population.

269-281

Authors: Svetlana Yu. Belorussova

During 1842–1843 Nagaybak Cossacks with their families were resettled into three districts of the Orenburg province, and formed three different groups, each of them had its own way. The Northern group of Nagaybak Cossacks of 500 people settled in Troitsk District in Нагайбаки-бакалы: страницы этноистории 281 Verhneuvelskaya (Varlamovo), Klyuchevskiy-2 (Lyagushino), Popovо, Bolotovo and Krasnokamenka villages. During this relocation Nagaybaks represented an ethnic community, which, however, was infl uenced by the Russian population. The Northern group was not subjected to the signifi cant infl uence of the missionaries of both religions. Nowadays it is formally considered orthodox: the population demonstrates an indifferent attitude towards religion and rituals both Muslim and Orthodox. Nagaybaks of this group named themselves «Bakals» after the name of Bakalinskaya village, where they had come from. In the course of time different ways Bakals named themselves took place including «Nagaybaks», «Kryashens», «Russian», «Chermyshs» and others. Frequent changes and renovation of self-awareness and self-designation resulted in the fact that today many people can’t safely say about their ethnicity. The Northern Nagaybaks demonstrate the increasing interest to their ethnicity and culture, which is caused by, among other things, the compatriots’ success of Nagaybak District. Due to the personal and group strategy, the ethnicity of the Northern group today is relevant and dynamic. Having gone through several changes of their identity, today the Northern group is in a state of ethnic drift.

294-303

Authors: Vladislav V. Medvedev

The work of K.V. Ivanov «Narspi» is an artistic, but suffi ciently reliable ethnographic source about the life of Chuvash village of the late 19th – early 20th century. The poem has been reprinted many times. There are 31 copies of this work reissue in the funds of the « Chuvash Republic State archive of print», 9 of which were published in the Chuvash language in Moscow, Cheboksary and Kazan in 1919, 1930, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1967, 1976, 1993 and 1994. 2078 lines, collected in 14 chapters, create a story about the Chuvash culture and traditions. Referring to the various aspects of the life of the Chuvash, the peculiarities of farming or national representations, colorful examples and original descriptions are met. Researchers have repeatedly addressed and still address to this work, revealing new stylistic constructs, focusing attention on actual stories of today, but considering the poem only in terms of literature, but the text «Narspi» is fi lled with materials of ethnographic and folklore character as well. The author of the article for his part considers domesticated space created by the rural world. For the fi rst time settlements, houses, farm buildings and objects, shared by villagers, referred in the poem will be analyzed. The article mentions the structure of settlement and its street plan, the estate complex with residential and farm buildings, the internal organization of domestic space. The author’s style, narrating about Narspi and Setnera’s relationship and the Chuvash community as a whole, allows the reader to immerse himself in the village life of past centuries, thanks to the numerous ethnographic sketches, fi lling the content of the poem.

319-336

Authors: Tatiana E. Abramzon

This article is the result of a study investigating the philosophy of happiness in poetry, social and political essays and in “The Letters of a Russian Traveller” by N.M. Karamzin. The research concentrates on the main stages in the development of Karamzin’s concept of happiness and its peculiarities connected with genre specifi cities of literary works. Karamzin formulated the basic ideas of the concept of happiness under the infl uence of masonic philosophy and preromantic poetry while living in Moscow in the 1780s. Earthly happiness is considered as a shadow of true celestial bliss. After breaking up with masons and going abroad Karamzin in “The Letters of a Russian Traveller” (1791–1792) offers readers a variety of viewpoints on happiness. These points of view cannot be arranged in a strict system: the author narrates a story in a manner which makes it absolutely open for a reader’s perception, i.e. profound philosophic reasoning is counterbalanced with author’s irony and naïve stories of everyday life about happiness. In his philosophic and journalistic essay “About the Happiest Time in Life” (1803) Karamzin strenuously argues with ancient and contemporary philosophers over happiness, proving that it cannot exist on the earth and catching philosophers in a deception. Karamzin’s philosophy of happiness is based on a synthesis of ancient and European conceptions of the Age of the Enlightenment. The main tenet underpinning his philosophy is the concept of ethic origin, yet true happiness and bliss are left for heaven.

348-356

Authors: Elena V. Pozhidaeva, Natalia A. Koz’ko

The article analyses basic concepts of any linguistic culture. The authors consider that gastronomic and Bacchic conceptospheres are axiologically signifi cant for national mentality characteristic. Linguistic culture of food and drink is regarded as a part of the national linguistic culture that can infl uence the formation and development of ethnoculture. Linguistic cognitive and linguistic cultural approaches to data analysis and observation of culture of food and drink in different spheres allow to consider it as the key factor of the national culture understanding as a whole, they become a means of the national picture of the world reconstruction. Within these approaches the authors concede linguistic cultural or conceptual fi elds to be the most important. Linguistic cultural fi eld combines linguistic and extralinguistic (cultural) information. The notion “conceptual fi eld” is one of the key notions in cultural linguistics. The aim of linguistic culture of food and drink description within the given paradigm is not only to put every linguistic form in line with its cognitive analog, its conceptual or cognitive structure, but also to set tactics of name forming and processes of coagulation. The peculiarity of the proposed method involves its focus on linguistic congnitive-discursive paradigm that is engaged in scientifi c relations with cultural linguistics, cognitive linguistics, social linguistics, semiotics and lexical semantics. Thus, interdisciplinary nature of food and drink culture studies is determined, on the one hand, by the character of the object itself (the connection between the material and the ideal, between the language and the consciousness in food and drink culture), on the other hand, by the modern stage of the humanities development: by their active convergence, synthesis and interaction of research areas.

369-378

Authors: Mokhirukh M. Khoshimkhujayeva

Anthroponyms are an important means of refl ection of worldview, mentality, national culture and history of a nation. Moreover, anthroponyms as a result of secondary nomination, function as a rich motivational base for other names, transferring at the same time connotative value to these names. Therefore, the study of personal names as a part of other names, in particular, as part of phytonyms sheds light on many insuffi ciently studied issues of both phytonyms and anthroponyms. The aim of this article is to determine the national specifi c features of anthroponyms as a part of phytonyms in English, Russian and Uzbek languages. To attain this goal, phytonyms with anthroponyms sourced from ancient and biblical legends, myths, literary works and typical names closely associated with British, Russian, Uzbek folklore and life are analyzed from nominative and motivational viewpoint in comparative aspect. The analysis is done by dividing phytonyms with anthroponyms into special motivational groups (1. Anthroponyms – the names of religious fi gures; 2. Anthroponyms – the names of mythological characters; 3. Anthroponyms – the most common names). By carrying out the analysis, unique features of anthroponyms transferred into plant names are clearly identifi ed in the compared languages. The way culture and history of every nation is refl ected in the language by anthroponym transformation into phytonym is also shown .

391-408

Authors: Liliya I. Sattarova

A medieval minbar is preserved in the Alaaddin Mosque in Konya (the former mosque of Anatolian Seljuk capital), which is a rare example of Muslim wooden pulpit of the pre-Mongol period. The ornamental decorations and carving techniques of the minbar have become a subject of the art criticism analysis for the fi rst time; they indicate the ways and forms of penetration to Anatolia the techniques and motives of Islamic art of east regions. The Konya Minbar is one of the few surviving monuments of Seljuk art of the 12th century in Asia Minor. There are some patterns from the architectural decor on its surface formed in various territories of Dar-ul-Islam in the 11th century. A number of monuments shows that the pulpit was a kind of anthology of both motives and methods of interpretation, to which wooden and stone carvers in Anatolia in Seljuk and post-Seljuk period were addressed. The article contains a description of the minbar’s condition, characterizes carving techniques used to create the decorated surfaces of the pulpit, and deals with peculiarities of its ornamental decoration.

419-434

Authors: Dmitriy I. Gorshkov

This article analyses the portrait by Louis-Léopold Boilly or so-called “Portrait of Michel Duroc, grand maréchal du Palais imperial” from the State Hermitage collection (St.- Petersburg, Russia). The question of changing of an old legend of this source due to many controversies (shown emblems and badges of rank of Duroc’s status) is considered. The real name of Armand Charles Louis Le Lièvre de La Grange, which was lost during long process, is established. The author also takes into consideration some questions about new relations between high offi cers of the First Empire. A.-C.-L. Le Lièvre de La Grange is to be taken as an example. Key words: L.-L. Boilly, M. Duroc, iconography, uniformology, historiography and source study, A.-C.-L. Le Lièvre de La Grange, French Army (1804–1815).