International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics

1-6

Authors: Bülent Bayram , Inese Janpaule , Özgür Avşar, Mustafa Oğurlu, Salih Bozkurt, Hatice Çatal Reis , Dursun Zafer Seker3

Coastal management requires rapid, up-to-date, and correct information. Thus, the determination of coastal movements and its directions has primary importance for coastal managers. For monitoring the change of shorelines, remote sensing data, very high resolution aerial images and orthophoto maps are utilized for detections of change on shorelines. It is possible to monitor coastal changes by extracting the coastline from orthophoto maps. Along the Baltic Sea and Riga Gulf, Latvian coastline length is 496 km. It is rich of coastal resources and natural biodiversity. Around 120 km of coastline are affected by significant coastal changes caused by climate change, storms, erosion, human activities and other reasons and they must be monitored. In this study, an object-oriented approach has been proposed to detect shoreline and detect the changes by using 1:5000 scaled orthophoto maps of Riga-Latvia (3bands, R, G, and NIR) in the years of 2007 and 2013. As many of the authors have mentioned, object-oriented classification method can be more successful than the pixel-based methods especially for high resolution images to avoid mix-classification. In the presented study the eCognition object-oriented fuzzy image processing software has been used. The results were compared to the results derived from manual digitizing. Extracted and manually digitized shorelines have been divided in 5 m segments in x axis. The y coordinates of the new nodes were taken from the original “.dxf” file or computed by interpolation. Thus, the RMS errors of selected points were calculated.

15-26

Authors: Caesar Bita

One of the characteristics of the East African Coast has been its accessibility. The sea has been a means of contact with the outside world. Over the last 2000 years, there has been an interpenetration of cultures to this region through trade consequently assimilating this coast into the international economic system. Accessibility from the land has made the East African coast historically an integral part of Africa. This allowed movement of goods from inland to the coast and onward to international markets. This coast has a trade advantage because the monsoon winds and oceanic currents are reliable and permit rapid, seasonal navigation, both along the coast of eastern Africa and across the Indian Ocean to western and southern Asia. A number of scholars have discussed how the monsoon winds and currents facilitated communication between various parts of the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) seaboard and the Red sea, the Persian Gulf, and southeastern Asia. These winds caused long distance seasonal sailing along the East African coast and beyond to the rest of the ancient world. The islands of Comoros and Madagascar were also part of the Western Indian Ocean seaboard cultural and trade networks from very early times even before the BC/AD changeover. One of the major ancient coastal cities that played a role in this transoceanic trade is Mombasa in the Kenya coast. This paper explores these ancient trade contacts which have been proven by historical period stone anchors discovered in Mombasa, Kenya.

34-39

Authors: Michele Stefanile

In the coastal territories between northern Tuscany and southern Campania, on the Tyrrhenian Sea, constitute a privileged observation post for any study on the port facilities in the Roman time. Along these shores, in fact, there is an amazing concentration of ancient remains connected to port infrastructures, often not very far from the modern cities, and in many cases still recognizable beneath the sea or near it, despite the big changes suffered by the Italian coastal landscape over the past two millennia

49-56

Authors: Salvatore Agizza

The coast from Punta Tresino to Ogliastro at the National Park of Cilento and Vallo di Diano is rich in caves while the bottom is cloaked in seagrass meadows on which shipwrecks dating from the Roman era and World War II were found. Natural landscapes, above and below water, interspersed with eloquent archaeological landmarks: coastal quarries, a roman harbour, remains of maritime villa with aquaria for fish farming. For this multileveled territory, a project proposal for the construction of underwater archaeological nature routes which aims to promote new ways of using archaeological heritage would be desirable.

1-15

Authors: Şinasi KAYA, Okan TUYSUZ

The Gaziköy–Saros region is located in the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), Turkey, which is one of the major active strike-slip faults recognized in the world. The morphological characteristics of this region were shaped by the nature of the fault. By means of combination techniques of remotely sensed and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data a 3-D (three-dimensional) model can be generated. Afterwards, the produced 3-D model of the study region can be effectively used in examining the aforesaid features and various other associated analyses. In this study, the DEM data is obtained by digitizing 1/25,000 scaled maps and Landsat 5 TM data. A novel method is used to define the region’s geomorphology through merged digital elevation model (DEM) and remotely sensed data. The morphometric analyses of our study identified five erosion surfaces and indicated that the active faults contributed to the morphological development of the study area. Moreover, another hypothesis derived from our study is that the formation of the elevated areas was caused by fault compressional force components and formation’s linear features were produced by the strike-slips.

27-38

Authors: Umut Aydar, M. Orhan Altan

Co-registration of point clouds of partially scanned objects is the first step of the 3D modeling workflow. The aim of co-registration is to merge the overlapping point clouds by estimating the spatial transformation parameters. In computer vision and photogrammetry domain one of the most popular methods is the ICP (Iterative Closest Point) algorithm and its variants. There exist the 3D Least Squares (LS) matching methods as well (Gruen and Akca, 2005). The co-registration methods commonly use the least squares (LS) estimation method in which the unknown transformation parameters of the (floating) search surface is functionally related to the observation of the (fixed) template surface. Here, the stochastic properties of the search surfaces are usually omitted. This omission is expected to be minor and does not disturb the solution vector significantly. However, the a posteriori covariance matrix will be affected by the neglected uncertainty of the function values of the search surface. . This causes deterioration in the realistic precision estimates. In order to overcome this limitation, we propose a method where the stochastic properties of both the observations and the parameters are considered under an errors-in-variables (EIV) model. The experiments have been carried out using diverse laser scanning data sets and the results of EIV with the ICP and the conventional LS matching methods have been compared.

46-55

Authors: Semih Dalğın and A. Özgür Doğru

Crowd sourcing is a popular method for providing data from people by the use of mobile sensor, internet and communication technologies. However efficient use of the raw data provided by the sensors with different characteristics in order to obtain accurate results is not investigated in detail. This study aims to investigate the data collected by mobile sensors integrated in the smartphones for scientific purposes such as weather forecasting. In this context, accuracy of the data provided mobile humidity, pressure and temperature sensors was examined in this study. Data provided by 5 smart phones and 3 Bluetooth sensors were tested in this context. Accuracy assessment process was performed by calculating the Root Mean Square Errors of the data with respect to reference data collected by TST Sensor simultaneously. This study shows that accuracy of the data collected with the mobile sensors is affected by several external parameters such as climatic conditions, handling habits of the user, and etc. Although it is possible to calculate correction constant for each sensor separately, it is not possible to calculate a unique and universal correction constant in order to increase the accuracy of the raw data collected by the mobile sensors. Therefore further studies should be executed for improving the accuracy of the mobile sensor data for scientific purposes

63-76

Authors: Elif Sertel, Semih Sami Akay

This research aims to propose new rule sets to be used for object based classification of SPOT-5 images to accurately create detailed urban land cover/use maps. In addition to SPOT-5 satellite images, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) maps, cadastral maps, Openstreet maps, road maps and Land Cover maps, were also integrated into classification to increase the accuracy of resulting maps. Gaziantep city, one of the highly populated cities of Turkey with different landscape patterns was selected as the study area. Different rule sets involving spectral, spatial and geometric characteristics were developed to be used for object based classification of 2.5 m resolution Spot-5 satellite images to automatically create urban map of the region. Twenty different land cover/use classes obtained from European Urban Atlas project were applied and an automatic classification approach was suggested for high resolution urban map creation and updating. Integration of different types of data into the classification decision tree increased the performance and accuracy of the suggested approach. The accuracy assessment results illustrated that with the usage of newly proposed rule set algorithms in object-based classification, urban areas represented with seventeen different sub-classes could be mapped with 94 % or higher overall accuracy.

88-105

Authors: Dursun Zafer Şeker, M. Sedat Kabdaşlı , Murat Çelikoyan, Cem Gazioğlu

The present study intends to assess the stability and energy dissipation performances of a breakwater configuration (APC) protected by an antifer layer. For comparison, an ordinary caisson (OC), which was 5% wider and 10% heavier, was also investigated. Physical models were implemented and tested under regular and irregular waves; and resulting linear and angular displacements were directly measured via a photogrammetric method. Additionally, wave forces and resulting horizontal displacements were estimated both from recorded pressure data and from individual incident waves by modified Goda method. To calculate the horizontal displacement, the estimated wave force time series were directly double-integrated, whilst the theoretical method proposed by Shimosako et al. (1994) were used on the individual force values. Although OC was tested under shorter durations and had a more favorable superstructure in terms of resisting forces, the results indicated that APC was significantly more stable. Energy dissipation performance of the tested configurations were quantified in terms of spectral averaged and phase resolved reflection coefficients, whereas antifer damage ratio was measured on a block-count basis. Results indicated that the APC configuration had an enhanced performance of dissipating the wave energy; moreover, the dissipated energy directly links to antifer damage ratio.

1-15

Authors: Mustafa Avcıoğlu, Ahmet Evren Erginal2, Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk, Alper Demirci, Yunus Levent Ekinci, Murat Türkeş, Ersin Karabacak, Ali Sungur, Hasan Özcan, Rezzan Ekinci, Gülsen Erginal

We studied the composition, vegetation cover, wind regime characteristics and subsurface nature of a coastal dune field on the west coast of Bozcaada Island, NW Turkey. Performing Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) technique, we determined that dune sands with a thickness of ~11-13 m cover the underlying Miocene basement, as confirmed by an abrupt increase in resistivity as from lithological boundary. The results demonstrate that foredune terraces and ridges differ from swales from various points of view. The foredune sands are characterized by average contents of over 82% medium to fine-sized angular sands, especially quartz (85%), based on X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) data, CaCO3 (1.15%) and organic matter (0.19%). On the other hand, swales are composed on average of 59% medium to fine sands, a mixture of silt and clay (13%), very coarse sands and small-size gravels (28%). In addition to the different grain size distribution, swale sediments have conspicuously lesser amounts of SiO2 (78%), higher amounts of CaCO3 (5.6%) and organic matter (0.8%). Wind climatology analysis showed the predominance of a northerly (mainly NNE) near surface wind circulation over Bozcaada throughout the year with high wind speeds of maximum 7.4 m/s. Nevertheless, the existing sand transport and associated development of foredune forms and blowouts in the dune field relates considerably to the bimodal distribution of northerly winds (NNW and NNE). Although the coastal dune area is capped by a variety of dune plants, blowout development is highly active, in particular, on the northeast section of the dune field.

25-46

Authors: İpek F. Barut

There are numerous springs and wells within the context of this research about the part of northern and northeastern in The Mandalia Bay which has an important role regarding tourism and agriculture in Turkey’s Southeastern Aegean coasts. There are an important springs in this basin, as the high discharge with values Ekinambari springs for 5385 l/s, Savrankoy springs for 4215 l/s, Avsar springs for the 1000 l/s, Sucikti springs (Karacahisar) to 400 l/s. The change of the total annual flow observations compatible with each other, an increase was observed in springs of Ekinambari, Savrankoy and Sucikti. The springs group of Ekinambari, is located from the sea about 10 km away in the alluvium. These springs were at the foot of the hill at various points at 46 m altitude, different flow rates and temperatures, allochthonous limestone flows from the broken system. The springs in the investigation area, which was measured in the high current values, of Savrankoy and Ekinambari springs monthly average current value of resources are examined, the difference between the current value is less than by months. In this spring waters of high salinity values (0,5 to 36,2‰) was determined. In this study were questioned as origin of ground water salinity from deep aquifer formations or from current sea water? In the case of salinity, in spring waters have occurred on deep towards the karstic levels of limestones from sea water is saturation. Examined the water was fed by a high level, the transition period is short and in aquifer in contact with shallow circulating water for a short time is. They could say that mixing different amounts of surface water were also. Given these results, the most important spring waters for the region (Savrankoy, Ekinambarı, etc.,) of ground water movement in karstic system pressure and decreasing/increasing rate of interventions performed in the presence of a seawater can be mentioned.

54-61

Authors: Emin Özgür Avşar, Mehmet Orhan Altan , Ünal Anıl Doğan , Devrim Akça

Chemical anchorages are applied in many engineering implementations, particularly strengthening of reinforced concrete structures. During strengthening procedure; chemical anchorages should be tested, since they supply to transfer the load between existing construction elements and newly added elements. Therefore; the study of the quality of chemical anchorages is an important issue in construction materials science. In this context; the most important experiment is to determine the pull-out loads of embedded anchorage reinforcement by applying axial loads. In this study; it is aimed to determine the displacements of steel reinforcements, embedded into concrete by using chemical anchorages, while applying axial pulling loads. In order to determine the displacements and load - deformation graphs; starting conditions and every 10 bar pressure applied conditions of the steel reinforcements were captured by the cameras. The obtained images were evaluated by using photogrammetric software. Based on the photogrammetric post-processing results, the load - deformation graphs were plotted and the loads at loss of adhesion were determined