IMPACT : International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology

11-20

Authors: A. P. C. Saratha Devi & V. Mahesh

Changes in lighting condition impact the appearance of face images to a large extent. Therefore it becomes very difficult to recognize a face under different lighting conditions. The face images have to be normalized to overcome the illumination variation to get recognized. The work presented here analyzes the performance of the illumination normalization methods of face images like DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) normalization, Wavelet Denoising, Gradient Faces, Local Contrast Enhancement, and Weber’s law under different lighting conditions. The face images are preprocessed and normalized by each normalizing method to reduce the effect of illumination. To analyze the performance of each method, the features of these preprocessed images are extracted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the recognition is done based on Euclidean Distance. In this paper, the advantages and drawbacks of each method are analyzed. The recognition rate and computational time of these methods are compared. The Extended Yale B database is used in this work.

25-34

Authors: Jayesh N. Modi

Easy configuration and quick deployment of Wireless Ad hoc Networks make such networks more suitable for various applications including multimedia applications (e.g. VOIP, video conferencing etc). The traffic patterns (video and audio streams etc) generated by multimedia applications are more complicated than those of simple voice and data traffic. The available bandwidth for Wireless Ad hoc Networks fails to meet the requirements of multimedia transmission, which results in packets loss, delay and decrease the quality of transmitted multimedia data. Network Coding is a technique which can be used to overcome such problems over Wireless Ad hoc Networks. In Network Coding technique, it allows a node to combine data (packets) received from different input links, encode received data and send encoded data on its output links (instead of just storing and forwarding). In this thesis work, a variant of Network Coding that is Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC) with Multi Generation Mixing (MGM) is employed for MPEG-4 video traffic. In this work, each sender node encodes packet using RLNC with MGM with the aim to provide more protection to I frames. In MGM, mixing set size number of I packets (Intra frames) are encoded together in one generation and enough number of copies is forwarded over the network. In order to provide more protection to packets of I frames, I packets are encoded with P (Predictive frames) packets in another generation and enough copies of mixed IP packets are generated and forwarded over the network. Similarly, I and P packets are encoded with B (Bidirectional frames) packets and enough copies of IBP mixed packets are generated and forwarded over the network. In this thesis work, simulations are carried out by changing protocol parameters and its effects on network parameters and performance parameters are analyzed. Simulation results confirm with intuition that the performance get enhanced using Random Linear Network Coding with MGM.

49-54

Authors: M. H. Joshipura

Ionic liquids are considered as green solvents. They are useful in many aspects. Thermodyanmic data are required for proper simulation of the processes. Prediction of properties using Cubic Equations of State (CEOS) is an attractive option as it requires only pure component data. Ionic liquids have very low vapor pressure and hence estimating vapor pressure is very challenging. Zero pressure fugacity approach was used in the present work. For ten ionic liquids vapor pressure predictions were carried out using Patel-Teja equation of state. This CEOS was used with six different cohesion factor models. Optimized parameters were generated for all the IL's for six cohesion factors and are provided in the paper. Generalization was also done using acentric factor and mass connectivity index for all the models and the comparison was done. It was found that exponential form of cohesion factor gave the highest accuracy for generalized model.

59-62

Authors: Rohit Samadhiya & P. K. Singhal

In this paper the microwave balun with defected ground structure has been presented. Here in the ground the slots of different sizes and of shapes have been cut to show the transition of electric field between the microstrip and slots in the ground. This structure has been designed at 2.7GHz frequency; the return loss (S11) is obtained 18dB, bandwidth of the proposed structure is obtained to 54MHz and the phase difference between the balanced ports is 180 degree.

81-90

Authors: M. Suhanya, M. Thirumarimurugan & T. Kannadasan

Owing to the difficulty in disposal of tyres and environmental pollution due to accumulation of waste tyres, pyrolysis is carried out as an alternative, efficient and environmental valorisation process, rather than combustion-inceneration which primarily is characterized as a destructive one. Pyrolysis can be considered as a non-conventional method for tyre recycling, which seems to be very appropriate for complex materials, such as tyres. This technology could not only reasonably and effectively dispose waste tyre and tube without pollution, but also is effective in producing fuel that can reduce energy crisis. Thermogravimetry analysis reveals that the pyrolysis of tire rubber at atmospheric pressure starts at a temperature around 250oC and finishes at a temperature of about 550oC. In general, by pyrolysing waste tire three fractions are obtained: solid residue (around 40 wt.%), liquid fraction (around 50 wt.%) and gas fraction (around 10 wt.%). The general trend is an increase in yields of liquid and gas fractions as the temperature increases. From the works devoted to tire pyrolysis, which are investigated on the generation of liquid fuel results that derived liquids are a complex mixture of organic compounds containing a lot of aromatics.

105-110

Authors: Hamsa K, Anusha Ramesh & Jayasimha SR

The DDN Web Object Scaler (WOS) is a revolutionary object-based, cloud storage system that addresses the needs of content scale-out and global distribution. At its core is the WOS object clustering system, intelligent software that allows a massively scalable content delivery platform to be created out of small building blocks, enabling the system to start small, and easily grow to a multi-Petabyte scale Objects stored in the WOS cluster are managed by policies which determine where the data should physically reside. WOS policies dictate content distribution within the cluster. Using policy-based content distribution with WOS, organizations can easily create disaster recover sites, place content close to where it will be accessed to improve performance and latency, or share content across the globe. One of the most unique features of WOS is that it maintains data location intelligence across the WOS cluster and minimizes object access latency, one of the biggest issues in cloud computing today. With this built-in intelligence, WOS ensures that data is always served back to clients from the “closest” location (i.e. with the lowest possible latency) and that bandwidth costs between zones are kept in check. The specifics of how WOS determines the closest instance of data is the topic of the remainder of this document.

117-124

Authors: N. Sumi & R. Malathy

This paper describes the optimum level of replacement for strength and workability of concrete for pavement by replacing different percentage of fly ash and steel slag by weight of cement and fine aggregate for a mix of M40 grade concrete. Hence the study is made on effect of fly ash and steel slag on the performance of various parameters of concrete so as to produce an economical concrete for rigid pavements. An experimental investigation has been made to utilize the achieved flexural strength of concrete in the rigid pavement design which is greater than the required flexural strength as per IRC: 58-2002. Pavement design results are verified with Analysis software. The main objective of the project is to find out alternative materials for road pavements to meet the demands of bitumen for the upcoming years, to provide adequate serviceability at minimum cost, to make the eco friendly roads with safety, and speed for the flow of traffic. In this investigation, an attempt has to be made to determine the feasibility of industrial waste products such as steel slag and fly ash use in base layer of concrete road pavements.

135-142

Authors: Bimal Garg & Akash Agrawal

Rectangular flat panel directional device with putative metamaterial cover at resonating frequency 2.292 GHz shows impressive increment in bandwidth and reduction in size as compared to lone flat panel directional device. Putative metamaterial cover improves bandwidth by 193%, cut down size by 32% and reduces return loss by 200%. Double negative left handed metamaterial structure was introduced as a cover to the rectangular flat panel directional device at a height of 3.2mm from the ground plane. The purpose of this work is to design a compact and efficient directional device with simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability or so-called LH MTM. Nicolson-Ross-Weir approach has been used for verifying the double-negative properties of the suggested double negative metamaterial cover.

151-154

Authors: Satyandra Singh Lodhi & P. K. Singhal

This paper propose a novel design of microstrip Yagi-Uda antenna at 2.45 GHz for ISM (industrial, scientific and medical) band application. The proposed antenna consists of pair of reflector, a driven element and three directors. The antenna had achieved directivity of 5.95 dBi, gain of 4.496 dB, return loss of -41.5 dB and high efficiency. It has been fabricated on the FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.02 and substrate height 1.6 mm. Computer simulation technique (CST) MW studio software was used to simulate the design antenna. The parameter of antenna such as directivity, gain, bandwidth and antenna were analysis and also discussed.

161-168

Authors: NikunjYagnik & AnuragVerma

The meticulous knowledge of the kinematic chain is essential for the designer in mechanical engineering and importunate effort has made to know about kinematic chain as much as possible. The existing literature shows that methods have been reported by C.N. Rao and A.C.Rao to predict the performance and rate the kinematic chains and mechanism among several configurations. In the present work a methodology is used which is based on the influence of type of links, type of joints and type of loop present in a kinematic chain to predict the performance of kinematic chains without carrying out the dimensional synthesis. The work already reported has been used to explore the performance rating of catalogue of 8 – Link, 1 –degree of freedom simple jointed planar kinematic chain. For the whispered analysis required programme is developed in C language. Developed system is implemented to detect rating of independent suspension system mechanism and results shows that current methodology is superior.

177-186

Authors: MD. Arifur Rahman & Syed Muztuza Ali

Automatic control system has played a crucial role in the development of engineering and science and it has become an important and integral part of modern manufacturing and industrial processes. To get from a concrete controlled physical system there are fewsteps to be followed. First, a mathematical model of the physical system is made depending on the existing knowledge of classical physics and this mathematical model can take many forms. The second step in a control system design problem is to decide which desirable properties we want the physical system to satisfy. Very often, these properties can be formulated mathematically by requiring the mathematical model to have certain qualitative or quantitative mathematical properties. Together, these properties form the design specifications. The third, very crucial, step is to design, on the basis of the mathematical model of the physical system, and the list of design specifications, a mathematical model of the physical controller device. The problem of getting from a model and a list of design specifications to a model of a controller is called a control synthesis problem. In this paper, a state-space model has been derived from a type one transfer function plant model. Then the plant’s dynamic characteristics have been analyzed and simulated. After that a state feedback controller using the LQR method and finally a rigorous simulation analysis has been done with the designed LQR system with non-zero initial state with zero external inputs.

193-198

Authors: Madeva Nagaral, V Auradi & Ravishankar M K

Aluminium metal matrix composites (MMCs) have gained importance in various industries because of their good mechanical properties such as wear resistance, low density, high strength and good structural rigidity. Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and in many other domestic applications. In this study, it is intended to develop and study the mechanical behaviour of Al6061/Al2O3/Graphite reinforced hybrid Aluminium metal matrix composites. The composite is prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique), although powder metallurgy produces better mechanical properties in MMCs, liquid state has some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure, simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al6061 alloy is taken as the base matrix to which Al2O3 and graphite particulates are used as reinforcements.6 wt% of Al2O3 is added to the base matrix, whereas, the graphite is varied from 2,4 and 6 wt% into the base matrix. For each composite, re-inforcement particles are pre-heated to a temperature of 200ºC and then dispersed in steps of 3 into the vortex of molten Al6061 alloy to improve wettability and distribution. The hardness and tensile properties of prepared composites were examined. Mechanical properties like hardness and tensile strength of Al6061 alloy was increased by addition Al2O3 particles. The Micro-Vickers hardness of the Al6061-6wt% Al2O3 was found to decrease with addition of graphite content in the composite but the effect of graphite content on tensile strength of the composite was less.