IMPACT : International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature

1-8

Authors: MARYAM GHORBANI, FATEME NOORI SARUKOLAEE & MADH DAST-MARD

In the present study, we are going to investigate the effect of collaborative learning method on training higher levels of learning in the system based on e-learning. Methodology was Quasi-experimental pre-test and post test research method. Population included B.A and M.A female and male students in Hadith science of virtual university in Shar-Rey in Academic Year 92-93. Sample consisted of 40 people in undergraduate female and male students in the course of Hadith references which have been selected by use of availability or non-probability sampling method. After conducting the pre-test, the seven-session curriculum using traditional and participatory teaching methods provided to the experimental and the control groups. The reliability calculated based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 95% and relevant experts confirmed its validity. One-way ANCOVA was used and interpreted for every item. Statistical findings indicated that participatory teaching method was effective in higher level of learning (understanding, analysis, and application) for virtual universities students. Access to an effective and deep e-learning experience require to have knowledge about the participatory elements, the level of learning in this learning style and the use of online technology to gain the efficiency in high level of learning.

21-30

Authors: FAROOQ AHMAD MALIK & BILAL AHMAD MALIK

The paper makes an effort to address the political organization of India before independence and delineates as to the how the organization such as congress became the dominant force in Indian political scenario after independence. Mr. Nehru is even believed to have argued that Congress party should have been dismissed after India attained independence. The most fascinating factor stands that people of India associated the country with congress which helped the party to yield the fruits for decades in the name of Freedom and freedom fighters. The dominance was huge that Rajni Kothari described Indian polity as “Congress system”. The paper tries to evaluate as to how Indian shifts from the congress system to “non- congress” system. On the grounds of research, facts and history one has to acknowledge India lives in politics of competition not legacy.

39-48

Authors: JUHI GUPTA

A woman has to go through a life-and-death like situation in giving birth to a world that men would like to look after. But the processes centered on her seem blatantly biased in favor of men and undemocratic instead of being a blissful choice of equal sharing. This is true especially in matters of Khap where women are facing a number of social diktats in our customary society embedded in patriarchy. Khaps that mainly belong to states of Haryana, Rajasthan and Utter Pradesh, are originated from the ancient system of ‘Panchayats’ as a social administration and organization. Actually, the word ‘Khap’ itself denotes a regional area or ‘Janpad’, now equivalent to a ‘tehsil’. Khap actually wield much more power than the statutory panchayats in these states. Survival of the institution of ‘Khap’ during such a long passage of time demonstrates not only its resilience but also its suitability for the people inhabiting the long tract extending from Madhya Pradesh and Malwa to Sindh, Punjab and Multan. Can such a historical institution be scrapped at arbitrary political calls? Complaining ‘Taliban-style’ diktat of a Khap Panchayat in Baghpat region of Uttar Pradesh, union home minister, P. Chidambaram, anticipated state government action against them. But neither policing against a community is likely to succeed nor can any ‘fatwa’ forbid women from using cell phones, going to the market or walking unescorted. Concentrated efforts by polity, civil society and media are required to put in order the anachronistic institutions of Khap. This paper is a modest attempt to develop strategies of resistance in the light of shared knowledge and to vocalize the silent but brave resistance of women in India whose life has been encroached upon with claims of dishonor. Hope it provides a tool for anyone seriously committed to eradicating violence against women in all communities.

49-54

Authors: TANVI KHANNA

Ismat Chughtai’s short story Lihaaf became the centre of controversy as soon as it was published. Although the story does not make any reference to same-sex relationships, it gained immense notoriety for the depiction of the relationship between Begum Jaan and her maid, Rabbu with sexual overtones. The enclosed space of the zenana becomes the site on which homoerotic desires are articulated and sexual liberation is sought. The lihaaf or the quilt becomes a covering for the deviant desires of the women. By sexualizing the zenana, Chughtai gives a blow to the patriarchal ideology that a zenana is the sanctum sanctorum of the house and is, therefore, free from the invasion of any form of sexuality. The portrayal of the character of Begum Jaan is a result of Chughtai’s participation in the construction of the project of modernity. Begum Jaan is the representative of the ‘new woman’ who constantly tried to negotiate the difficult terrain of traditionalism versus modernisation. My paper analyses the depiction of the zenana as a sexualized space which becomes the site for radical same-sex politics. I also analyse Chughtai’s engagement with the project of modernity and its articulation in her work.

69-78

Authors: SINITHA XAVIER

Economic performance of the trawlers in fishery depends upon the profit that they attain. The nuances of profit distinguished in the study are gross profit and net profit. Gross profit should be non negative for the short run viability of the trawlers and for the long run viability, net profit should be positive. In the present study 30.15 per cent of the owners were not able to meet the total cost of trawl operation in Kerala Fishery and only 6.53 per cent of the owners were able to attain a profit margin of above 21 lakhs. To identify the factors behind the variations in profit, regression is worked out and the result indicated that the standardized co-efficient ‘fishing hours’ was having the highest value followed by fixed cost and fuel. The lowest value is marked for the ‘experience of the owner’. Profit ratio, net profit ratio and rate of return were also calculated. The rate of return calculated is 12 per cent which was found to be lower than the rate of interest paid by the owners (14.5%) and hence the operation of trawl boats becomes a tedious task.

87-90

Authors: SURABHI VARMA & S. M. P. N. S. SHAHI

Mahatma Gandhi, during the fateful years of India’s struggle for independence, dominated the Indian national scene, and Gandhian strategies and approaches shaped the course of India’s destiny. Gandhi’s image, his personality and his philosophy influenced millions of people in India, including a large number of poets, novelists, and other men of sensibility. They regarded him as their literary and spiritual mentor.

97-108

Authors: MANPREET KAUR

All experiences of our life give us education such experiences have direct education effect upon us. Education is a lifelong process. It starts with conception and ends with death. Man has become a victim of the confusion and mental illness. Majesty of the human beings are dissatisfied, unhappy and discontented and all these factors lead to disturbed mental health. Everyone knows that sound mental health is a root of sound habits and habits are formed among children during infancy years. Home is physical unit in society, Which exerts a great influence upon the mental health of adolescents. The role of mental health in human life is very important as it plays role not only in the lives of individual, but also in the life of societies. Good health depends on the state of both mind and body. Each exerts a direct influence on the other, but owing to the power of mind over nature, good mental health is of supreme importance. The present study has social and educational importance as it will deal with the adjustment of youth who are the maker of society.

135-148

Authors: ZADA KEMELBEKOVA, NURZHAMAL SHENGELBAEVA, AISHA MUKASHEVA & SVETLANA KOPBAYEVA

Investigating this problem we discovered that literary text could be a source of knowledge or a mean of motivation and it executed different functions. We collected data after holding classes using literary texts at three levels of French language learners. Teaches of test groups offered practical solutions of the problem. We tried to analyze importance and effectiveness of the use of literary texts at the French language class. The research showed that study of literary texts could help to motivate the curiosity of students and discover the pleasure of reading.

159-166

Authors: T. INDIRA RAO & HONGSANDRA RAMARAO NAGENDRA

The three types of vocal disorders are organic, functional and neurological. The organic disorders can be corrected with surgery. Faulty use of voice, yelling, screaming and loud talking may cause functional disorders. Precautions are to be taken to avoid functional disorders. People like singers, orators and teachers who use their voice hours together are supposed to know the fundamental and optimum frequency of their phonation which can be measured with stroboscope. Otherwise forceful use of voice either in high pitch or low pitch other than optimum level leads to the damage of the vocal cords. Studies in the West have scientifically investigated the methods of correcting these functional disorders. Indian traditional practices of yoga and pranayama on voice culture are yet to be investigated. There are asanas which stimulate the vocal muscles and strengthen them. Pranayama helps in soothening the vocal muscles and relaxing them. The influence of the traditional practices of yogasanas and pranayama can be studied scientifically.

1-4

Authors: DREAMSEA DAS

Rabindranath Tagore was a universal personality. His genius was versatile. He was influenced by the Christian conception of the fatherhood of God and by Shakespeare, Goethe, Wordsworth etc. But the roots of his intellectual creativism and emotional make-up lie in the Upanishads, in the poetry of kalidas, in the lyrics of Vaisnavas, in the mystic poems of Kabir and the religious atmosphere of the Brahmo Samaj. Tagore’s inspired poetry and prose becomes the literary vehicle of the regeneration of a fallen race. His songs and messages were like inspirations to social and political workers. Tagore was venerated as a seer of Indian freedom. Apart from his political and social thoughts his educational thoughts were also standing as a landmark in the educational system of India. He tried to give India an educational system which can meet the spiritual and natural needs of human beings. The objective of the paper is to analyse the educational thoughts of Tagore, his basic conception of education and its process. The paper is primarily based on secondary sources like the Books, Journals and Articles etc. The method used is historic-analytic method. Tagore was a great champion of education for international understanding.

15-20

Authors: BHARATH KUMAR, T. P, SUKANYA, T. S, BELLI, R. B, SHASHIKUMAR, S & GIRISH, R

Coconut is one of the most important crops of developing countries. In India, it is being grown in more than fourteen states as commercial plantation crop. The coconut is popularly known as the tree of life. The coconut is considered such because of the many uses it can provide, starting from its roots up to its main fruit and still up to its very leaves. Majority of the coconut growers in the district are facing the problems of labor scarcity and shortage of skilled labor during the time of harvesting. The traditional method of harvesting the nuts using knife with bamboo sticks for dwarf trees and physically climbing the tall trees is quite risky and accident prone. Twenty farmers were selected for each training programme randomly from the coconut growing taulks of Chikmagalur district viz kadur, tarikere and Chikmagalur taluk. The selection was made in joint collaboration with department of Horticulture, CGS, NGO’s, SHG’s, Gram panchayat/Krishi Bhavans through media coverage likely by print and electronic medias. Thus forming, total of eighty participants for four training programmes. The duration of training programmes was for six days. Apart from the skill demonstration of coconut climbing machine various aspects on coconut crop management.

25-34

Authors: SWARNA PRABHA CHAINARY

This paper aims to explore the similarities and dissimilarities appearing in case of few domains of the Boro and Kokborok, the languages of Assam and Tripura. It tries to highlight the phonological similarities and dissimilarities these two languages have in case of segmental and suprasegmental phonology. In segmental some phonemic changes occurring in both the languages have been given. Tone is a very important suprasegmental feature of both the languages. In case of word formation compounding and agglutinating occupy a prominent place and have been tried to include in the paper citing few examples. The similarities and dissimilarities in few morphological processes and exceptions have been taken care of in this paper.

45-52

Authors: SHARMISTHA BHATTACHARJEE

Child labour is a universal phenomenon in rural and urban areas. Working of the children in entertainment or sports industries is also a part of the same platform. Although, there is lot of sophistication and polished behavior in the later case since all appears to be glamorous in the eyes of the parent and the employer. Still the existence of such a practice calls for attention. This paper presents an overview of children in the entertainment industry their nature of work, restrictions on children working, obligations for parents and employers and the laws and regulations combating the same. It presents the data provided by the secondary sources of data.

57-72

Authors: B. CHANDRASHEKARA & NAGARAJU L. G

Karnataka rich with scenic beauty is located at the southern part of India. Resourceful with all kind of verities including temples, wild life sanctuaries, waterfalls, cosmopolitan cities, valleys, hill resorts, beaches etc..., Karnataka is a must visit state in India for all tourist enthusiasts and will not get disappointed. Karnataka have 320 km Long, virgin, pristine, and unexploited coast line. From Ullal to Karwar, Karnataka has the most beautiful and amazing coastal landscape. Also, it has a coastal location which is located in between two similar destinations i.e. Goa and Kerala. This paper focus on what are the costal destinations located in Karnataka, impact of costal destinations for Karnataka tourism Development and suggest guidelines for Development of Sustainable Costal Tourism in Karnataka with Sustainable costal products.

87-92

Authors: ZIPPORAH NYABOKE ONSOMU

This research paper seeks to identify behavioral biases which affect individual investors at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. In addition, the relationship between gender and the behavioral biases was investigated. To conduct the study, questionnaires were issued to investors of Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. A total of 58 investors responded of which 69% were men and 31% were women. Data collected for this study was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi-square test. Pearson Chi-square technique was used to analyze the relationship between gender and the behavioral biases. The results indicated that investors are affected by Availability bias, Representativeness bias, Confirmation bias and Disposition effect. Overconfidence bias has no significant effect because less than 50% of the investors were affected. There was no significant correlation between Availability bias, Representativeness bias, Confirmation bias, Disposition effect and Overconfidence bias and gender. This is because the Pearson P-Values obtained were more than 0.05.

97-102

Authors: SAUGAT DAS & RITIKA JAIN

The behavioral aspect of investors plays an important role in financial decision making which has attracted a huge financial literature. Among other objectives, demographic variables are one of the important objectives which influence financial decision making of investors. This paper focuses on the relationship between the four demographic variables i.e., age, gender, education and occupation with the four most important objectives of investment such as risk, return, retirement and tax which influences the buying behavior of the investors. A sample of 150respondents was interviewed and analysis was done through SPSS. The study emphasizes the fact that demographic variables indeed play a role on the mindset of the investor community which is driven by age and educational qualification.

123-130

Authors: JOHN NWANEGBO – BEN & PROTUS NATHAN UZORMA

The question of African identity from various philosophical or ideological perspectives has been interestingly playing a role that appears to negate the psyche of the African personality. This negation paradoxically has been unconsciously exhumed by the flare for Black Consciousness. Steve Biko’s Philosophy of Black Consciousness though exposed the contradictions inherent in the position held by the “Liberals” in South Africa, but he failed to resolve the core matter of African Identity. We argue that the notion of Black Consciousness instead of promoting neutrality of human nature and African identity, it created and built into the psyche of the people and current generation a vengeful disposition which contradicts identity of the core African.

143-150

Authors: OKON AKPAKPAN UDOH & EZEKIEL O. AKPAN

The paper observed that the Nigerian education system has failed to equip its products with the necessary tools to live in the modern world and excel in their environment. It noted that the phenomena of automation and globalisation have produced a highly competitive new world order that is accelerating, knowledge-driven and global. For products of Nigerian educational institutions to survive, Nigerian education curricula should be completely overhauled and synchronised with the needs of the business community of the new world order.

1-6

Authors: LINA R. THATTE & H. A. CHANDE

The world is currently exploring the concept of sustainable development. This can be attained by making a paradigm shift in the process of planning and implementing of various development projects. Accommodative and inclusive growth is to be attained for development to be socially sustainable. The planning authority for the city of Thane in Maharashtra state, India, is the Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC) being established in 1982. Paper attempts to outline selective measures taken by TMC to ensure sustainable development for the city and also to study the social impact of these measures. TMC’s proactive measures in areas of slum improvement, health, education and its cost effectiveness by emerging partnerships with other stakeholders are discussed and the social impact of these measures is assessed through level of resident’s awareness and the level of satisfaction derived by them from TMC’s projects and services obtaining primary data from residents. The Social impact evaluation of TMC’s measures for sustainable development is found to be participative and also proactive. Analysis of satisfaction score and awareness score from primary data collected however, shows that these scores are lower. Effective governance on part of TMC and participatory approach however are recommended to ensure sustainable development for the city.

13-18

Authors: MEDHA. J. GUPTE

China and India, the two Asian giants are looked upon as being superpowers, particularly in the realm of trade. The two countries have been adopting different paths, in their gaining consideration as the two fastest growing economies in the Post Reform period. Immediately after independence India was one of the most tightly controlled economies. But with the opening of the economy in the eighties and more specifically after 1991 and the abolition of Licensing Raj and policy of intense protectionism, Indian economy has made rapid strides in certain crucial sectors. Several problems such as Poverty, Population explosion, illiteracy and absence of basic infrastructure, seem to be plaguing our economy. No doubt she has her areas of strength. But on comparison with her Chinese counterpart, there are bitter lessons that she has to learn from her neighbor. Indian economy, though at present on an economic decline, hopefully on a temporary basis, has to gear up all her reserves, if she has to continue her upward march towards being a global superpower.

25-36

Authors: ANTHONY AKWESI OWUSU & MAGDALENE BROWN

Quality assurance in teacher training is significant to the overall attainment of teacher quality at the pre-tertiary level of any educational system. Despite institutional efforts being put into teaching practice, coupled with the immeasurable investments trainees are making, quality appears to be an elusive goal. This paper therefore examined teaching practice (TP) in the context of preparing quality teachers for actual field service. As a case study, the study documented evidence on teaching practice as laid down by the university of Cape Coast using questionnaires on 125 trainee teachers in the faculty of education. The study found that TP was beneficial to pre-service teachers in diverse ways even though trainees had some concerns which tended to water down quality of the exercise. As a result, novel recommendations were made to teacher training institutions to possibly look at innovative ways of streamlining activities to improve TP supervision and assessment in Ghana.

47-56

Authors: HUMAYUN RASHEED KHAN

Most of the time people look to the law for justice. The demand for justice is made in the form of a legal or moral claim. A person accused of a crime claims the right to fair trial or procedural justice. People’s demand for punishment of a criminal act is a demand for justice. A citizen’s claim to equality before the law is a claim of justice. Justice is not exclusively a jurist’s concern. It is at the center of moral and social philosophy. Justice has been termed as the highest virtue. It has also been equated with fairness. The concept of just entitlement is also central to the theme of justice. A person who is fair, generous and helpful engages in the virtue of beneficence. Sympathy is the origin of the ideas of beneficence and of justice. The most recent idea of justice puts emphasis on the role of public reason in establishing what can make societies less unjust. The aim of this paper is to evaluate various paradigms of the concept of justice and to highlight how the ideal of justice may be achieved by moving on the path to prevent prevalent injustices in varied forms in our societies.

73-88

Authors: EKHAESE EGHOSA NOEL & ADEBOYE ALBERT BABAJIDE

The domestic architecture of a traditional settlement is greatly influenced by the socio-economic and socio-cultural characteristics of its residents. Benin City which is the focus of the paper is a case of a traditional settlement undergoing domestic architectural evolution with the changing times influenced by factors of growth and development. The paper has examined the effect of socio-economic and socio-cultural characteristics as factors that partly determine the design, style, pattern, space use, organization, location and meaning as well as land use of the domestic architecture of Benin. The study employed the use of questionnaire administered to residents across the cross-section of the city. In the end, descriptive frequency tables were used to analyse the data collected from the residential zones in Benin. The research has been able to corroborate the theory that socio-economic and socio-cultural factors are some of the determinants/elements of domestic architecture of a place.

95-102

Authors: ZAURE BADANBEKKYZY & ZABIRA B. YESHIMBETOVA

Nowadays the humanizing of the science, deep changes took place in the society, the innovation of public mind ascertained the language as a priceless value. The place of Kazakh Republic as the subject of international relations, getting the state status of Kazakh language considers representatives of linguistic associations to learn the state language. Also, Kazakh language is taught as an obligation subject in genera and higher education.

107-128

Authors: MOHAMED EL SEBAEI

A lot of poets entered the prison in the history of the Arab and Persian literature; for various reasons, including political, ideological, religious and other, and tasted imprisonment and captivity. They registered, by their expressive abilities, their painful and difficult moments they have experienced. Because the Persian and Arabic Alhabsiaat have its special nature of the various aspects such as contents, descriptions, fictional images, literary elements and others, they need research with the utmost precision. This paper presents the virtual conditions of the prison and its Interior conditions in the Persian and Arab Habsiaat literature; such as (shackles, prisoners, the warden and others). The poet in the Persian and Arabic Alhabsiaat includes verses expressing his inner feelings talking about his innocence, freedom, sorrow and grief, and so on. This paper examines the descriptive implications in the Persian and Arabic Alhabsaat, which could be considered both (virtual description of the prison and the description of the inner feelings) in order to clarify the literary side of the prison poems in Persian and Arabic literature.

141-146

Authors: ODOK, E. A, EKURI, P. K & EDIM, M. E

This paper seeks to highlight on the need for healthful school environment as a remedy for the attainment of school goals in developing countries. To a reasonable extent, the characteristics of healthful school environment, factors that influences healthful school environment, school goals as well as problems associated with unhealthful school environment were considered. Hence, conclusion was drawn and recommendations made such as: provision of basic necessities of life such as shelter, food and warms and protection from biological threats; safe water or sufficient water; vector borne free disease environment.

163-168

Authors: ARUNA CHAUBEY & R. D. HELODE

The sex differences are natural differences which include the visual, biological and physical. Each female and male member of society behaves with regard to the social responses but the sex is the important basic differences which may give differences exist we assumed there may be a considerable differences in male and female personalities. Our aim is to know the SEX DIFFERECE IN THE PERSONALITY PROFILES OF COLLEGE MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS. A sample of 480 college/university male and female students was selected in an incidental-cum random basis. The age of the sample was 17 to 22 years from different colleges situated at Raipur and Bhilai. Cattell’s Sixteen P F test (Hindi from A) by kapoor (1972) was used to assess the magnitude of sixteen different personality factors as these are existing in the case of so selected sample. The raw scores obtained by each sex group on each personality factor were put to ‘t’ test so as to know the extent and level of sex difference on 16 personality traits. The obtained results are reported. Using factor wise raw score/group mean as the base, the mean, scores were further converted into stens score to draw the sex wise personality profile of the college students. The obtained profiles are depicted.

173-178

Authors: UDAI NARAIN SINHA

As per Panin, Amarakosha and Patanjali, The word Laxmi is a derivation from the Sanskrit lakshi (Denotative of feminine gender) Lakshi +echa mutt, whose etymological meaning is one who looks upon the prosperity of mankind and helps for the aims and objects of all the Creatures in Universe. She looks upon the industry of every person. [Panin: “Ashtadhyayi” padac chedavritti vartika tippani sahit” parishkarta Shastri gopaldutta pandeya evam prlhaad-giri, (in two volumes), 1981 Chaukhamba Varanasi (Surbharti Granthamala no. 119), 3.16 6. Amar koshah” Svargavargah, line 54, Braille edition by Dr. Tej Singh hand written Braille copy: December 3, 1973 in two volumes, volume 1, Kashi Hindu Vishva Vidyalaya, Varanasi Amarakosha Ink Print edition Compiled by B.L. Rice edited by N. Balasubramanya, 1970. Delhi verses IBID, Puri B.N. “India in the Time of Patanjali” Page 181 and n.11. First edition: Bhartiya Vidyabhavan, Mumbai. According to mythological details Laxmi are very commonly Shri, is the wife of Lord Vishnu and appears in various names in the various form taken by the great Lord himself. The philosophy attached to her worship indicates that Goddess Laxmi is the Goddess of prosperity, purity, chastity and generosity to all. Her form as “Chanchalla” represents the fickleness of the mind of human being. Her four hands represent four spiritual virtues. They are in existence to all the four directions of the Universe and embodies her willingness to help and assist to all the Creatures to every direction in space, signifying The boons she bestows upon - the four ends of human life; dharma, wealth or Artha, pleasure and moksham. She sits on a fully blossomed lotus a seat of divine truth. Her personal charm is considered par excellence. An aura of divine happiness, mental and spiritual satisfaction, and prosperity always exist around her as depicted in Indian and foreign art. Aparna chattarji holds “Goddess Laxmi has no favouritism. She does not discriminate on the basis of cast, creed, gender or social status. The same bowl of rice can satisfy the hunger of a king or a beggar, the same blanket will provide warmth to a man or a eunuch, the same roof will shelter equally the judge and the criminal. Laxmi will go to anyone who seeks her and make himself worthy of her. She even makes know moral judgments to a poor and a judge. Wealth and Power are essentially impersonal to her. They come with a position and not with the person. Thus we wood safely say that people bow not to the man under the crown but to the king bearing the crown and sitting on the thrown.” She is incorrectly connected only with money and popularly accepted as its goddess by general masses but in fact, the Holy goddess is also the goddess of prosperity, chastity, luck, divinity and purity. She is also the goddess of Bramha-vidya and one of her name is’ vidya’ which literally means knowledge. She is the goddess on whom we ask for happiness in family, friends, marriage, children, food and wealth, beauty and health to all over Nations. Hence she is very popular goddess worshipped everywhere since ancient time. She is also attached to prosperity and Operator of the Universe Shri Vishnu and Ganesh, she is known as Haripriya, Shri, Padmalay, Kamala, Lokemata, Padmpriya, Padmamaladhar, Devi, Padmamukhim, Padmakeshi, Padhastam, Padmasundari, Bhargavi, Daridranashini and the daridradhvamshini in different literature of India.

183-194

Authors: SARIT PRAVA DAS, PREETI NARENDRA & PARNA MISHRA

The Small and Medium Scale Enterprises being very volatile in nature are always exposed to high degree of risk. It is therefore imperative for them to address the uncertainty in their environment with the help of the workforce around them. Due to a leaner work force structure, it is easier for HR to implement change management programs in SMEs. The HR faces the challenge to adhere to the agreed policy norms in SMES. HR also faces the problems to synchronize the goals of the promoter and the individual employee goals. This paper analyses the various issues faced by SMEs and various strategies which would help the SMES to be more resilient.

203-212

Authors: OLUWASUJI C. OLAWOLE, ESAN VINCENT A & AFOLABI, MUYIWA BAMIDELE

The third estate of the realm are the three organs of government namely; legislature, executive and judiciary while the fourth estate is the mass media which serves as watchdog over three principal of government. The anti-press rule which operates prior to the rebirth of democracy in May 29, 1999 seems to repeal the freedom of unhindered flow of information in Nigeria. This study therefore examines the relationship between democracy and fourth estate. The study adopts libertarian theory of the press as framework of analysis and secondary data was mostly used due to the nature of the study. The study argues that efficiency of fourth estate of the realm is necessary for survival of democracy of any country. It equally identifies some positive development that took place within the period of the study. In spite of the feat of fourth estate and democracy in Nigeria, some challenges were identified. The study recommends the effective implementation of the Freedom of Information law which is capable of addressing the major lacuna between democracy and fourth estate of the realm.

1-14

Authors: SAILAJA CHENNAT

Developing reflective practitioners is an important goal of teacher education programmes world over and that reflective practice is worth persisting with, in the field of teacher education, is un-debated. But, the extent to which we, teacher educators, are reflective, remains a taken for granted aspect. With a presentation of a conceptual framework of reflection and reflective practice of teachers, referring to primarily to the theories of reflection by Dewey and Schon, the author has attempted to share reflective accounts from her experience of many years in the field, as a mentor and facilitator in the school internship programme. Critical reflections are preceded by recognising dilemmas in one’s field of practice. The author has attempted to pose the intriguing questions that emerged from her practice as a case in point for presenting the reflective accounts. The diverse roles of a teacher educator, ranging from a mentor for initiation of a teacher-to-be, to, a facilitator of reflective practice, specifically in the School Internship Programme, have been captured to provide the context for the reflective accounts.

23-28

Authors: MONALISA NAYAK JASH

Exploration and experimentation are two key terms in any teacher’s life; without them teaching becomes monotonous. Continuing professional development (CPD) is accepted as an integral part of teacher education because only a continuous practice of teaching and learning assures a high level of expertise and enables the teachers to keep their professional skills and knowledge up-to-date with the need of the present generation. CPD therefore should not be regarded only as an obligatory activity just to meet the requirement of the classroom but teachers should start thinking beyond the newest pedagogical approaches and also concentrate on relevant and up-to-date knowledge in the use of technology and latest interesting tools of teaching with entertainment. In this regard we can talk about role of social media which can be termed as an excellent tool for teaching the present generation challenging youngsters and correlate with their technical savvy mind. The educators need to view it as an opportunity to develop professionally as well as to improve their classroom skills by not being restricted to the classroom itself rather they can reach out to the need of the students beyond hours at their availability through some social media like Twitter. Longer serving teachers are not necessarily reluctant to change their CPD. Therefore this paper primarily will focus on encouraging longer serving teachers to stay in touch with the recent developments and continue to challenge their practice by making innovations regarding lesson plans, assignment based learning, grammar and vocabulary practices through activities and games, getting connected to a wide range of educators discussing over a vast innovative ideas in language teaching as well as learning through entertainment and maintaining 24X7 relationship with students and CPD through Twitter, a world which brings the first alteration in an educator’s life that a single ‘Click’ matters a lot than that of Papers. This paper intends to bring out all those new techniques and developing changes which lead to proficient teaching by a specialist.

35-42

Authors: PARUL

Caste is the basic system of societal organization in India, which is based on highly unequal entitlements to economic and social rights. Education also gets affected by the mechanism of this Caste system. In spite of increasing attention given since independence to the education of weaker sections of the community, the percentage of the scheduled caste enrolled in higher education continues to be lower than their percentage in the population, and this also varies from region to region. The paper looks into the disparity in higher level of education among Scheduled castes and general population. It is based on the unit level data of the two latest NSSO rounds (55th and 66th) with comparable data for the two social groups namely Scheduled Castes and General Population (or others as given by NSSO).

49-62

Authors: SUSHMITA JHA GOSWAMI, S. K. JHA & BRIJESH KISHORE GOSWAMI

India is a mega diversity country with an enormous repository of biological wealth in terms of flora (45,000 species), fauna (75,000 species) and microorganisms. It is also endowed with a rich and invaluable, cultural and traditional knowledge, and practice systems. Our country is well known for its indigenous systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, etc. New pharmaceutical products are being identified based on this and their effects are to be validated. We need to plan to conserve and sustain this biological wealth for our next generations. The concern for environmental issues is among the most topical issues in academic, business and political debates in both the developed and the developing countries. This paper highlights the issues related to evolution, utilization and degradation of natural resources right from ancient to modern era and also highlights the prevalent practices of Ancient India for environment conservation. Several researchers, academicians, spiritual leaders and many more have conducted many studies, focusing on the historical and sustainable management of natural resources such as forests, land, water etc.

69-72

Authors: MOUSUMI DAS

When cast society became prominent in 500BC- AD500AD, a conflict between higher class and lower class became prominent in our society. Ancient Dharma shastra and Rig Veda both gave priority only on higher Hindu cast specially Bhramana and lower class like ayogava, chandala, nishda and paulkasa were completely deprived of even to vis-a-vis with higher castes. So many non-dalit writers like Tagore, Anand, Devi, Tendulkar, Roy, Rao, Karnad have depicted about the cruel and burning oppression of dalits and Spivak suggests the subaltern studies group to educate the subaltern people themselves so that they they can speak about their own poor condition.

83-86

Authors: D. RAJASEKAR & SAJID MARICKAR

The project titled “AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE IMPORTANCE OF E PRESENCE FOR TRADITIONAL BRICK AND MOTOR RETAIL STORES IN DUBAI” clearly states that the objective of the article is to highlight the changes that have undergone in the traditional retail environment and the dynamics that the internet connectivity has brought to shoppers. As United Arab Emirates (UAE), is considered as a launch pad for retailers for entry into the Middle East, a study on the customer sentiment and scale of internet usage is of utmost importance to the prospective as well as well-established retailers in Dubai. The article also gives an insight into the current e-commerce market in the UAE and the potential growth expected over the next decade. It also outlines, which categories are more susceptible to be purchased online. Most importantly, how the major brick and motor retailers in the UAE are foraying into e-commerce space is also highlighted. The research design used for the study is on secondary research which will analyze the current market status and consumers. Also a theoretical model has been formulated which analyses customer lifecycle and channel dynamics and suggests a step by step approach to retailers in the UAE on how to effectively foray into E promotions and ensure customer is benefitted the most. Consequently, the outcomes, recommendations and suggestions are constructed which is considered to be the vital part of the assignment. The research design used for the study is conceptual theory provides the structure/content for the whole study based on literature and personal experience. Hence, the findings, suggestions and recommendations are constructed which is consider to be the important part of the project.

95-108

Authors: MUKESH KUMAR PANTH & I. D. AWASTHI

The present study was designed to center around emotion measurement issues by line number estimations techniques and the relationship of anger and forgiveness emotions with appraisal dimension. Study made an attempt to identify the interval (0 interval and 24 hours interval) and emotion effect on line, number estimations. Data were collected from the U.G. students; subject has to respond on their past emotional experiences on the basis of appraisal dimension, by line and number estimation techniques. In-depth interview with respondents’ generated descriptive data. The data were analyzed with the help of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). In the present study effect of interval was found on appraisal dimension and line, number estimations. Emotions were inversely proportional to all variables. Differences are found in interval, higher differences are found in no interval condition. And the emotion condition are not effective for the subject responses, there were no differences found on any dimensions. The present study also found the one type of interaction effects, was not significant. Interaction effect of interval x emotion was not significant in any dimension. The findings of study have important implications for the measurement of emotions that how emotion measure in a better way by the magnitude scale. The research also shows the relationship of emotions with the appraisal dimensions.

113-126

Authors: HADJOUI GHOUTI1 & KHELADI MOHAMMED2

This present research seeks to explore the nature of teaching culture through literature in the Departments of English in the Maghreb Universities. It attempts to confirm the fact that culture-integrated foreign language teaching holds an important place in foreign language education; it is still neglected within the Departments of English. Therefore, the aim of this paper is threefold: first to examine the situation of teaching and learning culture in the Departments of English and to make some practical realistic suggestions as to the way(s) the teaching of English should be reshaped to take account of the recent developments in intercultural studies with regard to foreign language teaching/learning pedagogy. The second aim stems from the belief that knowledge of the cross-cultural discourse operational patterns is necessary in learning a foreign language and that unawareness of cultural barriers may impede both learner’s success and teacher’s efforts. The third aim is to develop a theoretical framework in order to enhance the conceptualization of the approach that quite fits the learners of English at the university level. Thus, to obtain reliable answers for the fact, the choice falls upon an Algerian University, precisely Tlemcen University.

129-134

Authors: IMEN TURKI – ABDELHEDI & SONIA ZOUARI

The answer to the question posed in the title of this paper is certainly affirmative. In fact, "eating bread or do not eat is not a matter of taste, whim or luxury it is a necessity of all ages and of all ages" (Ferdinando GALIANI 1770). In this regard, the right to food is explicitly presented in several legal instruments as internationally addressing all states of the world or regional vocation, is still in categorical regulations. However, this vital law finds little application in some areas and not even face the facts in other regions, particularly in developing countries. It is even absent in some legal basis and even considered a need energy and not as a fundamental human right.

141-144

Authors: KALAM CHOUHAN

Aim of this paper is to highlights the Rajput Policy of Akbar and Aurangzeb. Mughal emperor Akbar implemented many policies during his reign, which also included 'The Rajput Policy'. Abul Fazl says that in order “to soothe the mind of the zamidars, he entered into matrimonial relation with them”. In course of time, Akbar ex¬panded and elaborated this policy. The Rajputs were the greatest obstacle in his pursuance of policy against the Hindus. Aurangzeb attempted to destroy the power of the Rajputs and annex their kingdoms. The mutual relations of the Mughals and the Rajputs have a great importance in the history of the Mughal period.

155-160

Authors: MD. SAHIDUL ISLAM

In this study an investigation has been made to show how Rabindranath Tagore has represented the tradition of India and the dominance of patriarchy in his short story “Punishment”. The author does so smoothly through his depiction of the wretched condition of the women during pre-independent India. What is commonly found in the stories of Tagore is basically the life sketch of the common people and “Punishment” is not exceptional. However, unlike the novels and poetry where the plot includes romantic themes, the author’s short stories in general and “Punishment” in particular focuses on the sufferings of the margin and downtrodden. In the concerned story, Tagore has highlighted the pitiful condition of women, who are victims of the patriarchal system ages after ages. Through the major female characters of the story, the writer has shown both―the tradition of India as reflected through their behaviour and activities of day to day life; and how they succumbs to the injustice and submit themselves in front of the male members of their family. The story imparts a strong message to the readers that there should be an end to the uneven social structure and women should be readily given their right to live a better life maintaining an identity of their own.

171-174

Authors: P. SUBHA RANI & BIPIN B

Stress is intense, continuous and repeated, it becomes a negative phenomenon or Distress which can lead to physical illness and psychological disorders. With this intention a study was conducted to assess the level of stress among staff Nurses working in multispecialty hospital, Chennai. Descriptive study design was adopted to assess the level of the stress. By Non Probability convenient sampling technique 60 samples were selected. Findings revealed that Out of 60 samples 39 (65.00%) had Mild stress, 21 (35.00%) had moderate stress.

183-188

Authors: ANUPAMA NERURKAR

Introduction Information technology has transformed the way people work. Electronic commerce has unleashed yet another revolution which is changing the way businesses buy and sell products and services. The internet gave another boost to e-commerce. Internet marketing or online marketing refers to advertising and marketing efforts that use the Web and email to drive direct sales via electronic commerce, Objectives of the Study • To review the present status of online trading in retailing in India. • To identify the problems in online trading in retailing from the point of view of providers and consumers. • To provide suggestions to popularize online trading and increase the profitability of online retail companies in India. Indian Scenario Snapdeal an online market place wants to be India’s first profitable e-commerce company and its largest mobile commerce company. This suggests that mobile will be a big driver in future. Others are eBay, Flipkart and Amazon. There are problems in online trading from the point of view of providers and consumers. The biggest problem is cybercrime and absence of protection of personal data. The online retail companies have problem of profitability and absence of sustainable development.

195-204

Authors: NIRUPMA JAIMINI

In the developing countries the challenge of educating the marginalized sections of society is a huge one and it calls for interventions at the micro level that could then be up scaled, through research and evidence based evaluative processes. This paper reports a study that was conducted on adolescent girls in the age group of 10 to 14 years, who were early school dropouts or never enrolled. These girls were put through a carefully planned, innovative accelerated programme, patterned as a bridge course in a residential mode for a period of one year. The aim of the programme was to enable them to catch up with the five years of schooling that they had missed through a specially designed, compacted curriculum in Language, Mathematics and Environmental Studies. The idea was to facilitate their mainstreaming into the formal school system. The curriculum helped them to prepare for and take the class five examination, which served to formally certify successful completion of primary education. The objective was also to empower them through a multi pronged approach of personal, social and cognitive development in which their self esteem and identity were built up and they were encouraged to dream, aspire and also make efforts to further their education. The present study focused specifically on assessing the cognitive capabilities of the girls and to gauge their learning after completion of the programme. Their performance on cognitive tasks was studied and compared to their age related counterparts, who had been through regular schooling in the formal system of education. The findings of the study have significant implications for educational interventions aimed at mainstreaming out of school children, which is also one of the main aims of the Right to Education Act.

1-6

Authors: DINESH BABU P

An attempt is made in this paper to look at the portrayal of White women characters in Harriet A. Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself (1861), Harriet E. Wilson’s Our Nig (1859) and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin(1852). This study takes for analysis three White women characters each from the two Black women’s works namely, Mrs. Flint, Mrs. Bruce and Mrs. Emily Flint from Incidents; Mrs. Bellmont, Aunt Abby, and Mary from Our Nig; and four White women characters, namely, Mrs. Shelby, Marie, Miss Ophelia and Evangeline from Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This paper argues that in spite of the fact that each of these three texts presents different pictures of the nature and character of White women, they together show a picture of the position of White women in 19th century American society.

13-18

Authors: P. MEENAKSHI SUNDARI1 & S. BRITTO RAMESH KUMAR2

This paper describes the design and implementation of an interactive image analysis system for dendrochronology, tree ring structure. Image processing is the highest level of the evolution of imaging techniques. New qualities are brought to imaging systems by digital computers and processors. Image processing has various application fields. Such application is tree ring analysis. It determines the living period of trees and all the factors affecting the tree. Image analyses transform the tree ring into digital data using processing software. This process includes resizing, density slicing, measuring (distances and angles), scaling, and stacking. Software are available for analysing the factors of various trees ring patterns. This paper study about the software used image processing for analysing dendrochronology.

27-32

Authors: PATEL BHAVIKABEN M

This paper is to help students/teachers acquire the basic language skills: speaking (selection of appropriate sounds and their organization), understanding (identification of sounds; decoding sounds as meaning), writing (selection of appropriate graphological symbols and their organization) and reading (identification of symbols; decoding symbols as meaning). In every language teaching and language planning situation we set up certain objectives in terms of which we decide which of the skills (active/passive) are to be given the highest priority. Language teachers have begun to feel that linguistics has failed to provide them with the help they seek for improving both content and methodology in their chosen field. The real fact is that linguistics is a science. It seeks to study how language works. Linguistics per se has different aims from language teaching. It is surely not concerned with providing evidence about the most effective procedures for language teaching. It does not have any techniques of language teaching to offer; it has no ‘do-it-yourself’ kit of classroom procedures to display.

39-46

Authors: ALKA BEHARI

It is well realised that there is a need to institutionalise mechanisms for professional development of elementary teacher educators in our country. This is because the aim is to strengthen and further develop a cadre of professionals and researchers in elementary education. The present study was undertaken with a view to understand the issues and challenges that fall within the ambit of professional development of teacher educators. The sample consisted of sixty elementary teacher educators belonging to the District Institute of Education and Training (DIETs) across India as well as a select sample of educationists and other experts. The findings are based on their perceptions gathered on the basis of a questionnaire and focussed discussions on the theme. The needs, concerns and problems of elementary teacher educators have emerged. The findings also lend direction to the ways and means by which these concerns can be addressed.

53-58

Authors: MANSINGH CHOUHAN

In present time history is a main subject in Indian school curriculum and it has its own importance. It is obvious that any country, any society, which doesn’t take an interest in its past losses roots or it has not got deep roots . It has been an important aim to teach history in Indian schools to make students aware of nationalistic values after independence from British rule. All government in India, beginning with the colonial rule, has been alive to the importance of textbooks as a means to ensure their future interest by hegemonising the young. In other words, the textbooks carried in them political purpose of creating consent in the mind of the subjected . Kothari commission explained the aim of Social studies curriculum as “That is a combination of history, political science as civics, geography and economics. The aim of teaching social studies is to help the students to acquire knowledge of their environment, an understanding of human relationship and certain attitudes and values which are vital for intelligent participation in the affairs of the community, the state, the nation and the world. An effective program of social studies is essential in India for the development of good citizenship and emotional integration” .

63-76

Authors: HYESOOK JEON

This study examines what meaning biomedia used in bioart has in the context of media. First, we look at the terms that have been discussed in the art world during last 30 years, such as media, new media, media-specificity, post-media condition, and more, which have been used with the change of contemporary art media, and afterwards, we examine the meaning of biomedia within these terms. The interdisciplinary, integrative feature of biomedia, which uses biological media, digital computer technology, and art media, can be explained with the “principle of convergence.” The convergence of biology, digital technology, and art media, which are at the level of physical and hardware layer (wetware), code-logical and software layer (dryware), and cultural contents layer (meaningware), is actually occurring within the work of bioart. The convergence of three layers implies that all of the significations that are connoted in each layer are combined together in bioart. The phenomenon of media convergence used in bioart reveals how bioartist’s works, which combine living media with various technologies, critically reveal the issues and the ideologies surrounding bio-engineering.