Dogal Afetler ve Cevre Dergisi

198-213

Authors: Ali Murthada Ali, Musa Hakan Arslan, Mustafa Altın

The mechanical properties of the concrete are improved by adding glass fiber to the fresh concrete mixture. Numerous studies have been carried out in the literature to determine the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GRC). By adding glass fiber into the concrete, the bending and tensile strength of it increase considerable, and concretes produced in this way are preferred in practice to be thinner. Since there is no comprehensive investigation of the fire performance of the GRC used in practice, this study examined the changes in the mechanical properties of GRC elements subjected to four different (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) fire periods. In the scope of the experimental study, 300 samples including Ø15 / 30 cm cylinder and 4x4x16 cm prism were produced. The effect of glass fiber admixture of 0,5,10,15 and 20 kg / m3 on the compressive and different tensile strength of the concrete was tested on GRC elements exposed to fire for different periods of time. A significant contribution of glass fiber to the tensile strength for unburned samples has been observed, however glass fiber does not contribute to the compressive strength. After 30 minutes of fire, tensile strengths of single and double point bending tests of GRC samples increased. In the case of longer fires, there has not been an increase in this rate.

224-236

Authors: Hasan Koçyiğit, Firdevs Sinanoğlu

Recently, the development of industrial activities and technologies, on the one hand make the human life easier, on the other hand, it decreases the available water resources due to environmental pollution. One of the most important environmental pollutants, together with the advancing industrialization and technology, is the widely used of pesticides in agricultural activities. Pesticides, which are indispensable in modern agricultural activities, are used in many areas, like industrial, domestic etc. The main objective of this study is to investigate the pesticide residue in the waters of Alara Stream, which is considered the most important water resource and heartland of Alanya and its environs. The intensity of agricultural activities in the region is very important for the investigation of the pesticide residue. For this purpose, 4 sampling points were determined on the Alara Stream. Samples were collected from these points to represent the wet and dry seasons in this area. The residual levels of 110 pesticides were investigated in the samples. During the selection of these pesticides, the desired parameters in the export of fresh vegetables and fruits are taken into consideration. These parameters are given in Table-4 and Table-5 of the Surface Water Quality Regulation. The samples were extracted according to the Quechers Method and analysed by using the LC-MSMS and GC-MS. Detection and Determination Limits and Recovery studies were carried out during the analysis process. The Detection Limits (LOD) range between 0.23 and 9.67 ppb. According to the results of the analysis, it was observed that the determined pesticide values were lower than these determination limits.

247-256

Authors: Mehmet Özyazıcıoğlu , Kemal Dönmezçelik, Süleyman N. Orhan, Mehmet Yener Özkan

Nearly all regions in Erzincan lie on a first degree earthquake zone. In the plains of the city, the thickness of the alluvial layer over the bedrock is about 1 km. In this regard, it is clear that a detailed ground amplification analysis is required for the city settlement area. In this research, soil amplification analyses based on equivalent linear one dimensional shear wave theory have been made for the province of Erzincan. For this purpose, borehole (max depth 275 m) data pertaining to DSI (State Water Works) drilled between 1960 and 1980 for ground water exploration are used. The equivalent linear ground motion analyses have been accomplished by EduShake/ProShake, a one dimensional shear wave analysis program. Eight different scaled real ground motion acceleration time histories are used to obtain surface motion PSA (Pseudo Spectral Acceleration). The average of PSA at each boring location is plotted together with bed rock outcrop PSA and 2007-Turkish Earthquake Code Design Spectrum. The amplification ratios for each period are computed by dividing surface PSA to bedrock outcrop PSA. The map of the city is divided into microzones, representing each boring log to display periods where computed amplifications are observed.

272-280

Authors: Erhan Bakırcı, Buket Karatop, Sümeyye Bayındır

Fires caused by natural factors or man-made and the losses they cause are known to have traumatic consequences for the society. The risk of disasters can be minimized when they are determined in advance and the results of the disasters become manageable. In addition to material and moral losses and socio-cultural traumas caused by disasters, especially fire disasters, the effects on the eco-system are felt more and more every day. Therefore, it can be said that fire statistics are kept and used to determine the strategies of fire statistics, especially in the countries that have high standards of social security and are technologically advanced. The strength of this chain of secure relations is possible with the establishment of learning systems. The basic factor in the creation and establishment of measurable-evaluable and taken lessons from lived data systems is the establishment of a robust, scientific and objective statistical data pool and with awareness raising. In this study, Istanbul Fire Brigade converted fires that occurred in Istanbul between 2008 and 2018 into statistical data. These statistics were compared with the fire statistics of the USA, China and EU countries. The largest and most comprehensive fire statistics database in our country is represented by the Istanbul Province Fire Statistics. Compared to the fire statistics of other countries, it was determined that there were differences in the statistical data classification and evaluation of these data. Thus, it is discussed whether the data held are suitable for creating strategies in this area with scientific studies and preventive approaches, and suggestions for improvement are presented.

291-304

Authors: Eyüp Şişman

In trend studies, classical approaches such as regression analysis and frequently used Mann-Kendall (MK) methods are bound to lose their usage due to their limitations and assumptions, due to their inability to meet their requirements in terms of binding conditions and knowledge. In order to use the regression approach for the trends and to obtain correct results, the data should fit into normal distribution, there is no internal dependency (autocorrelation), the measurements are accurate, equal variance, linearity acceptances should be investigated before each analysis. There are similar difficulties in the Mann-Kendall method, which results in no trend, increasing or decreasing trend insufficiency in engineering practices. In this study, the trends in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and their mathematical structures are examined. The trends in different stations are compared with the suggested model. SST was recorded at four stations between 1960 and 2009.The increasing trend towards the period of 2000-2009 shows itself. The trends during of 2000-2009 period is especially striking for the Mediterranean region. However, when the model graphs are examined, there are decreasing trends that emerged in 4 different durations (1970-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-1999, 2000-2009) compared to the 1960-1969 duration, which was selected as the reference year. Depending on the reality of climate change, the neutrality of the observed data 1960-1969 should be questioned.

317-326

Authors: Aslı Sabuncu, Haluk Özener

The cause of damage to the environment, forest fires have a significant role in order to give way to natural disasters in the world. Forest fires not only affect ecosystems negatively, but also cause serious problems in economic and social life. As a result of forest fires that occurred between the years of 1937-2016 in Turkey 1,661,506 hectares of forest area was burnt. It is sometimes difficult and impossible to collect data from forests after forest fires. In addition, remote sensing techniques and algorithms are frequently used in determining the burning areas considering the long duration and the cost will be high. Different satellite images (Landsat, MODIS, SPOT, etc.) in various properties are important data sets of remote sensing technology which is frequently used in recent years to map fire intensity, fire damage and burnt zones. In this study, forest fire that occurred and continued 4 days in Seferihisar district of İzmir province on August 9, 2009 was analyzed by remote sensing techniques using Landsat 5 satellite images. Two Landsat images acquired in July 2009 as pre fire and in August 2009 as post-fire. In this study, the capacity of Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) indices and differenced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI) derived from Landsat 5 images have been analyzed in order to assess the fire severity. Besides NDVI and NBR indices results, maximum likelihood algorithm which is supervised classification method was applied to pre and post fire satellite images. The burnt area after forest fire was calculated as 711 ha with dNDVI, 695 ha with dNBR and 665 ha with maximum likelihood algorithm of pixel based supervised classification method. Based on the three different methods of results are compatible, rational and consistent with the results of the General Directorate of Forestry.

335-349

Authors: Sezar Gülbaz

Due to rapid and unplanned urbanization, natural disasters such as rising floods affect the daily life. In order to prevent losses and minimize damages, it is necessary to model the streams passing through urban areas and to establish flood extent maps. In addition, the generated flood extent maps should be updated taking into account the changes in land use occurring in urban areas. Moreover, new settlements near the streams should be made by considering the flood extent maps. Moreover, existing residential areas near the streams should also be resettled to safe areas, taking into account flood extent maps. In this context, studies on the calculation of flood flows and the development of flood extent maps are of vital importance. In this study, the hydrological model of the Sazlıdere Watershed in Istanbul and the hydraulic model of the Türkköse Stream, which is the main stream within the basin boundaries, were generated. In the study, watershed area, slope and boundary, elevation map, land use, soil type and stream routes were modeled by using the WMS software program. The HEC-HMS software program for hydrological model and the HEC-RAS software program for hydraulic model were used. The hydrological model was calibrated by using rainfall and flow rate data previously measured in the watershed. Finally, flood extent maps generated on the main stream and side branches on the watershed were obtained by using heavy rainfall between 03 and 05 July 2005. The floods in the model were examined and it was observed that the depth of the water in the areas close to the downstream of the main stream could be around 8 m. In addition, it was determined from the model results that the water depths in the main stream and on the side branch passing through the settlement areas were 6 m and 4 m, respectively, and the flood extent widths were 260 m and 240 m, respectively. Thus, the flood analysis of the Türkköse Stream was carried out with the described model and the areas affected by the flood in the settlement area were determined.

368-376

Authors: Derya Karabulut , Tolga Bekler

Natural disasters are unpredictable natural phenomena that can result in a large number of life and property losses, with an unknown level of impact. We are witnessing different natural disasters every year in the world and in our country, and the effects of these disasters on communities. Children and adolescent people are the most sensitive and vulnerable individuals when exposed to disasters. Every year, millions of children and young people around the world are exposed and affected by various natural and man-made disasters. This study was conducted to raise awareness of the effects of natural disasters on children and adolescents. Theses and articles obtained by using search words and phrases such as disaster, natural disasters, disaster effects, disasters and children, disasters and young people, child development from different databases such as Yöktez, Google Scholar, Dergi Park, EM-DAT, Science Direct, PubMed, International Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology Studies, International Journal of Family Child and Education, have been reviewed and interpolated as to form a data base for further studies.

381-385

Authors: Sinan Mehmet Turp

In this study, the author gave the following information in response to the discussion initiated for the article titled “Bitlis Air Pollution Emission Inventory and Estimation of Health Effects by Multiple Linear Regression”. In the writing process of the article, the author only obtained the imported coal data and calculated the regression analysis according to the data obtained. SOx, NOx, CO and PM10 emission inventories and regression analysis were recalculated from the pollutant parameters. In the article, primary pollutants are determined by calculation, not by measurement. According to the data obtained from the Bitlis Environmental Status Report, the total amount of imported coal in Bitlis province in 2015 is 55118 tons and the Domestic Coal (Social Assistance Foundation) is 15000 tons and the total coal amount is 70.118 tons. In 2015, SOx, NOx, PM10 and CO parameters of primary pollutants in air pollution from domestic coal were calculated to be discharged to the atmosphere at 538 kg, 48 kg, 57 kg and 601 kg, respectively. Number of patients who applied to hospitals due to respiratory and lung diseases obtained from Bitlis Health Provincial Directorate of 2015 were determined. According to these data, classic multiple linear regression method was used to estimate the number of patients in the next year. The real data and the estimation data were compared again to ensure that R2 = 0.81.

11-21

Authors: Kazım Onur Demirarslan, Şenay Çetin Doğruparmak

Mining can be defined as the work of extracting any material that has an economic value such as ore, industrial raw material, coal and petroleum in the earth’s crust and providing necessary raw material. Today, interest in the mining sector has been increased in order to meet the developing technology and the increasing energy needs. However, since there is no serious environmental management system applied to mining activities, these activities have significant harmful effects. One of these effects is the air pollution caused by the vehicles during transportation of the extracted raw material. This study investigates the emissions of CO, NOx and PM10 due to traffic from the point where ore is extracted to the operation site in the copper mine which was established at Cerattepe location, Artvin city of Eastern Black Sea region. Within the scope of the study, the mentioned road route was divided into 5 regions and the emissions due to traffic before and after the establishing of the mine in each region were modeled by CAL3QHCR module in CALROADS 4.0 program and pollution distribution maps were created. Emission rates are calculated using CORINAIR's task-based emission factors. In order to evaluate the data obtained as a result of the modeling, the percentage increase in concentration was calculated and the results for each of the three pollutants were examined by a two-way ANOVA test. The results of the ANOVA test indicate that the traffic that will be formed after the mine has an adverse effect on the pollution effect with 95% reliability.

41-57

Authors: Emre Özşahin, İlker Eroğlu

In recent years, uncontrolled growth of cities as a result of rapid population rise has caused people to go towards inappropriate areas in terms of local soil conditions. At the same time, this situation, which increased the depression-sensitive areas in urban centers compared to the old ones, also caused the earthquakes to acquire the features of urban earthquakes. Thus, earthquake sensitivity studies based on local ground conditions have become a necessity for contemporary cities. Employing GIS (Geographic Information Systems) techniques, the present study aims to analyze the effect of the local soil conditions in Erzincan city on earthquake sensitivity through the frequency ratio method. Local soil conditions in the area where the city was established lead to a strong sense of earthquake effect. The study explores the distribution of earthquake sensitivity based on the local soil conditions in the urban area as well as its possible effects on the population. The results of this study show that Erzincan city, where 95,596 (2015) people live, has high earthquake sensitivity. The most sensitive districts to earthquake are Atatürk, İnönü, Karaağaç, Kızılay, and Yenimahalle. The damage that may result from local soil conditions in a possible instant of earthquake will be less in the areas surrounding the city where earthquake sensitivity is moderate. For this reason, considering the earthquake potential and local soil conditions, the existing risks should be taken into consideration in the construction of new buildings, or sites with a lower earthquake sensitivity should be chosen for construction. Especially, the regulations related to the building should be followed carefully in the construction and control stage and the ground improvement should be done if necessary.

65-79

Authors: Ali Rıza Parsa , Ali Osman Kuruşcu

Turkey is considered one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world. Turkey has hosted many important civilizations in history. Some of the important structures and settlements symbolizing the socio-economic and cultural life of these civilizations have survived to the present day. Located in the rural areas of Turkey, many of the new masonry structures that continue to be constructed under the influence of the structural culture formed by the civilizations are also under the influence of earthquake loads. February-March 2017 Çanakkale/Ayvacık-based earth-quakes caused significant damage to the traditional masonry structures. The region in which Gülpınar based earthquakes took place has a significant historical background. The geography of the region where the earthquake took place hosts different civilizations from the chalcolithic period to the present. The examination of this region is important in that it is an earthquake region as well as having a noteworthy historical background. This study examines the behavior of the masonry structures damaged by the mentioned earthquakes, and the causes of damage. The study also reveals the importance of the architectural design of structures under the effect of the earthquake to its users. In the period of new settlement that will take place after the earthquake, in the light of the analyzes, suggestions have been made in order to bring out the structures that are comfortable, safe, and sustainable, considering the structural culture of the region.

94-100

Authors: Aslıhan Katip

Pesticide industry wastewater causes toxic effects and bioaccumulation and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) concentrations of these wastewaters cause environmental problems. Furthermore, the wastewater caused from pesticide industry indicates great alteration in the wastewater characteristics subjected to the kind of agrochemicals produced and on the use of materials manipulated. In this study wide found and economical coagulants; ferrous (III) chloride, alum, ferrous (II) sulphate, and also a polyelectrolyte magnafloc were used for a physicochemical treatability study and reusing of the wastewater was evaluated. SS and COD removal was ensured with coagulation and flocculation process, however, it was seen that this process was not sufficient for discharging to receiving water environment. The optimum pH values for iron (III) chloride, alum and iron (II) sulphate were found to be 7.21, 8.12 and 7.18, respectively and optimum coagulant dosages were 250 mg/L for iron (III) chloride and iron (II) sulfate, and 300 mg/L for alum. The COD removal efficiencies were 43%, 47% and 42% for iron (III) chloride, alum and iron (II) sulphate respectively and also SS removal efficiencies were 44% for iron (III) chloride, 47% for alum, and iron (II) sulphate for 39%. Optimum polyelectrolyte doses were determined to be 0.2 mg/L for alum and iron (II) sulfate and 0.3 mg/L for iron (III) chloride. Consequently, it was ascertained that the wastewater originated from pesticide industry could be reused in production after the coagulation/ flocculation process.

110-115

Authors: Hakan Ceylan, Metin Davraz

Andesite stone is widely used in civil engineering and architectural applications in Turkey. The production, cutting and polishing of the andesite stone by mining methods causes a large amount of waste. Some of them are big particular waste that is taken off pit and factories. And the others are powder waste derived during cutting in factories. These are wasted and not reclaimed. Andesite contains SiO2 as the main component. Therefore, andesite may have pozzolanicity and thus may be used as mineral additive in concrete. In this study the usage of andesite waste powder as mineral additive in concrete is compared with F type fly ashes. In order to estimate the status of mineral additives in various replacement levels; the 28 and 90 days compressive strengths of concrete specimens were tested by preparing concrete specimens in different cement dosages. For C40/50 strength class, the optimum replacement rate of andesite waste powder was determined as 10% at curing ages of 28 and 90 days. The results of this study show that andesite waste powder can be used as mineral additive in concrete such as fly ash. The usage of andesite waste powder as a mineral additive at the optimal replacement ratios can achieve savings of, 20 kg cement for C40/50, 46 kg of cement for C55/67, and 52 kg of cement for C70/85.

124-133

Authors: Eren Kömürlü

Four different types of rock materials from Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated to determine their change in porosity as well as the degree of cracking, fracturing, disintegration and strength loss under heating-cooling cycles with variations in temperatures up to 300 Co. Cooling time and thermal strains of the rock specimens were also determined in this study. Totally, sixty rock core samples were tested to evaluate their physico-mechanical and mechanical properties. Thermal cycling was found to lead for increase in the porosity of the rocks, making new cracks, particle disintegration for two types of tested rocks and considerable losses in uniaxial compressive strength values of all the rock materials tested in this study. The purpose of this study is to investigate immediate changes in temperature values rather than step by step heating up to a target temperature. For instance, rock samples were directly put in 250 oC stove from a -50 oC cabin in the last and fifth thermal cycling. After the heating process, specimens were cooled in water and air. This study aims to be a usable reference to establish a thermal change procedure and improve a new testing method for determination of thermal fatigue durability of rock materials.

153-165

Authors: Uğur Dağdeviren

One of the damages caused by earthquakes in engineering structures is soil liquefaction-induced damages. Because of the many factors that affect the liquefaction mechanism of soils, the assessment of liquefaction potential is a rather complex problem. In the earthquake, it is the necessary to determine the liquefaction sensitivity of soils and take precautions by estimating possible effects. The stress-based liquefaction analysis, which is the commonly used to determine the liquefaction susceptibility of the soils, has been included in the new Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC). In the usage of this method, the numerous parameters such as the earthquake characteristics, the soil properties, the in-situ and underground water conditions, the properties of equipment used during field studies are needed. Due to the excessive number of parameters and empirical expressions used in the analysis, significant errors can sometimes cause in the soil investigation reports in practice. In this study, in order to make practical use of liquefaction analysis based on standard penetration test defined in TBEC, and to control quickly the performed analyses, the graphics that give the factor of safety against liquefaction of sandy soils were prepared for different depths, groundwater levels, fine contents, and SPT-N values. In addition, cards were developed to determine design parameters such as the stiffness of the columns to be used in the column formation method and the column spacing to be used for the improvement of the liquefiable soils.

175-186

Authors: İrfan Macit

The reasons of disasters may be natural, technological or human-made; in any case it breaks down human life to an undesirable state. One of the effective methods for the struggle with disasters is to make appropriate plans to reduce the risks and measures to be taken before the destructive effects of the disasters. The processes that start with the Yokohama strategy framework are indicators of the effectiveness and efficiency of classical disaster management methods. The Hyogo framework action plan indicated that the adverse effects of disasters were reduced in time covering a period of a decade. With the Sendai framework action plan, this period has been increased to fifteen years and future planning is expected to be more effective in the long term. In this study, planning activities aimed at reducing the adverse effects of disaster risks are criticized and their future achievements on Integrated Disaster Management (IDM) techniques are discussed. Moreover, it is also emphasized that the use of information technologies contributed to the Sendai framework action plan and the development of effective relief action plans.