Dogal Afetler ve Cevre Dergisi

16-28

Authors: Nermin ŞARLAK; Abdullah MURATOĞLU; Şahnaz TİĞREK

The Devegeçidi Dam was first opened in 1972 to irrigate 5800 hectares of land in the Diyarbakır region. The reservoir has been a feeding and breeding ground for migratory birds and some other living ecosystems for many years. However, from time to time, the water volume in the reservoir decreased to a level that could not meet the irrigation water demand and water had to be supplemented from other dams on the Tigris River. In this study, the reasons for the decrease of the water level in the Devegeçidi reservoir were analyzed in terms of meteorological, hydrological and agricultural use. For this purpose, the water resources feeding the dam and the characteristics of the irrigation area were taken into consideration. Within the framework of the study, the monthly operating data of the Devegeçidi Dam were analyzed using statistical methods. The monthly average reservoir volume, monthly total water inflow and monthly total water consumption data for the years 2008-2021 were first analyzed by Mann-Kendall trend analysis method and then by Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing algorithm. Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Palmer (PDSI) and self-calibrated Palmer (sc-PDSI) drought indices were applied to reveal the relationship between hydrological drought problem and precipitation data. Areas and yields of agricultural crops were analyzed using local TurkStat data and GIS-based CORINE land cover maps. Thus, the meteorological, hydrological and agricultural causes of the drought and water shortage problems in the reservoir were revealed.

49-67

Authors: Ezgi Selen TİLAV; Sezar GÜLBAZ

Dams are engineering structures that are of great importance in regularly meeting the drinking and utility water that we need, providing electrical energy needs, protecting residential areas against floods, and creating recreation areas. Although dams have many benefits, it is known that the damages in these structures poses serious disaster risk for the settlement areas located downstream. In addition, our existing dams, which are aging, and in addition to these, our dams that are increasing day by day, increase the disaster risk even more, especially in areas with increasing residential areas downstream. In this study, Darlık Dam, which is located in Istanbul and has a dense residential area on its downstream, was selected as the study area. Dam failure simulation was developed at the downstream of Darlık Dam and the areas that would be affected by the flood wave were observed. In this context, it is aimed to contribute to the determination of the areas where measures should be taken by the authorized institutions and to the prevention or reduction of the disasters that will occur due to dam failure. Failure analyzes of Darlık dam were generated by using HEC-RAS program. In accordance with the dam breach scenario, the breach parameters were defined into the HEC-RAS program and the dam failure flood analysis was modelled in two dimensions. Within the scope of the study, flood flow, water velocity and water depth were calculated in case of possible dam failure. Flood inundation, depth and velocity maps were obtained. Flood hazard areas was created and possible flood wave’s hazard ratio was determined by observing flood inundation areas. Finally, damage of buildings in flood wave areas was calculated and damage ratio and risk maps were obtained. According to the result of damage calculation, it was observed that approximately 3043 buildings were damaged. The damage ratio was shown on the flood inundation areas. It was concluded that %80.05 of all buildings affected by the flood are in the very high risk class. In the next stage, each building in the flood inundation areas was marked according to its risk class, shown in risk maps and presented within the scope of the study.

77-88

Authors: Sümeyye ÖZKAN; Turgay PARTAL

Drought is generally defined as precipitation that drops significantly below recorded normal levels, negatively affecting soil and water resources in a region. Daily low flow indices are usually used for drought analysis. In this study, 7 and 30-day flow data consisting of daily data of flow observation stations at Kale, Sütlüce, Gömeleönü, Artova and Alpudereköyü stations in Yeşilırmak basin, numbered E14A002, E14A014, E14A018, D14A062 and D14A106, were used. By using 31 years of data, flow rate continuous graphs were drawn first, and low flows were determined by reading Q90, Q95, and Q99 flow rates over these graphs. Then, recurrent flow rates of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years were estimated for 7-day and 30-day low flows. Normal, Lognormal, and Gumbel probability distributions, which are frequently examined in the literature at low flows, are used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to determine the optimal probability distribution. All distributions tested at the 90% and 95% statistical significance levels. Finally, the data were included in the Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s Rho trend analysis, and a significant decrease was observed at the Sütlüce and Artova stations for seven days of minimum flow.

103-112

Authors: Özer AKYÜREK

Forests are an indispensable part of the Earth in terms of their biodiversity and contributions. Fires are one of the most important factors affecting forests, which cover one third of our planet. Forest fires are among the most destructive natural disasters on Earth and are also a very important source of gases and aerosols. The monitoring of forest fires is extremely important for disaster monitoring and prevention. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing, which have been widely used in fire monitoring in recent years, are prominent methods in terms of data collection, analysis and interpretation. This study focuses on the analysis of the forest fire that occurred in Çanakkale on August 22, 2023 and lasted for 3 days with the help of Sentinel-2 and 5P remote sensing images and GIS. The results of the analysis showed that the total area affected by the fire was 4191.93 hectares (ha) and covered a wide range of land cover/use classes. In particular, forests and agricultural lands were the most severely affected in this region. The aerosol index and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) air pollution parameters, which indicate the concentration of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere after the fire, were monitored and their concentrations determined from satellite imagery. The highest NO2 concentration recorded was 0.02624702 mol/m² on August 24, the last day of the fire. The total amount of NO2 emitted into the atmosphere for three days was determined to be 0.06020184 mol/m².

125 - 139

Authors: Merve ARSLAN; Doğan DURSUN

In this study, the aim was to pre-determine the impact of urban planning decisions in emerging areas on air pollution. To achieve this, after conducting an air pollution analysis for the existing urban area of Erzurum (2021), a new air pollution analysis was produced for the target year 2027 in accordance with the proposed urban planning decisions within the study area. The goal was to determine how the changes in the urban fabric resulting from urban planning decisions would affect air quality. Weighted overlay analysis was used as the methodology in the study. The analysis was conducted based on four fundamental data groups: topographic data, which included elevation analysis: meteorological data, which included temperature analysis: air pollution data including PM10-SO2 analyses: and planning decision data, which included green areas, building height, population density, industrial areas and artificial surface analyses. Sub-criteria were established for each criterion, and an impact degree and weight score were determined for each sub-criterion. The analyses were conducted using the NetCAD and ArcGIS software. The study findings indicated that air pollution was more concentrated in areas with high building heights, population density, and a high percentage of artificial surfaces. Conversely, it was found that air pollution was less intense in areas with a greater amount of green space and a lower percentage of artificial surfaces. The analysis also indicated that the city’s temperature conditions and topographical structure had a negative impact on air pollution.

155 - 166

Authors: İrem ÖZTÜRK; Dilara CİNCİ; Fatma Nur ERASLAN; Mansoor Ahmad BHAT; Eftade GAGA; Kadir GEDİK

Microplastics (MPs) have attracted attention as a global concern due to their physicochemical properties, structural components, role as vectors for pollutants and potential health impacts. In studies focusing on the occurrence, levels, and distribution of MPs, there is a need for recovery studies since certified reference materials or standard methods have not yet been established for quality assurance in analyses. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the recovery efficiency of MP analyses in soil and air matrices using an analyte addition approach. Recovery studies were carried out by soil samples taken from the garden of Eskişehir Technical University campus and dust samples taken from the indoor environment of the building in the size range of 1-5 mm with the addition of polyethylene (PE) type (<1000 µm) microplastics on a number or mass basis. MPs in the samples, which underwent a series of experimental processes, such as density separation (NaCl) and organic removal (30% H2O2), were later visually inspected with a stereo microscope and then identified with an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)-Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Polyethylene, Tencel, and Polyacetylene (>70% matching rate) type MPs were detected in soil and dust samples, mainly in the form of fibers and fragments, with sizes ranging between 57.0-4989 µm and 36.2-2636 µm, with an average of 1.43±0.574 MP/g and 5500±2531 MP/g, respectively. In the recovery studies, an average recovery rate of 75% was achieved in trials where PE was added to the samples by mass and 100% in trials where PE was added by number. The recovery studies, which were also evaluated in terms of the factors affecting MP analysis, were examined in the context of current literature, and recommendations were made.

179 - 191

Authors: İsmet YENER; Kazım Onur DEMİRARSLAN

Air pollution, one of humanity's essential environmental problems due to the increasing population and urbanization, negatively affects the ecosystem and public health. During reduced human activity, such as martial law, war, and pandemics like COVID-19, improvements in air quality may be observed due to diminished anthropogenic impact. The novel coronavirus, COVID-19, has caused widespread illness and fatalities. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a state of emergency at the end of December 2019 following the first recognition of the virus in Wuhan. The Turkish government declared this state on March 11, 2020, and implemented some measures, including a lockdown (LD) and a partial lockdown (PLD), to protect public and human health. The present study aims to determine the impact of LD and PLD on the air quality of fourteen selected cities in Turkey that participated in all LDs during the state of emergency on weekends and national and religious holidays. The hourly air quality data used in the study were collected from 105 air monitoring stations in fourteen cities. The non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test, followed by the Dunn's Bonferroni test for pairwise comparison, was employed to determine the differences in air quality between years. The findings indicated significant reductions in air pollution during LD and PLD: 21.1-40.3% and 8.9-29.8% in PM10, respectively, and 30.2-50.8% and 2.6-22.4% in NOx, respectively. SO2 and CO also varied significantly. While the changes in SO2 during LD and PLD went from 0.0% to 5.7% and -2.4% to 1.2%, respectively, those in CO ranged from -6.6% to 29.6% and 1.3% to 33.2%, respectively.

211 - 223

Authors: Cengiz KOÇ

International agreements on the need for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) have led to important political initiatives and studies in many countries. IWRM is widely accepted by international organizations. IWRM is defined as a process that supports the coordinated development and management of water, land and other related resources to maximize economic and social well-being fairly, without compromising the sustainability of living ecosystems. International concerns about the increasing crisis in global water security have been growing in recent years. Here, water security means providing water in sufficient quantity and quality for drinking, food production, energy, ecosystem, etc. In this study, the future of water resources management, water security, emerging challenges and their connection with water resources management, water security and climate change, water security in the context of water management, political decisions and water security, financing, infrastructure and engineering for water security, irrigation for sustainable water-efficient agriculture issues were examined, evaluated and some conclusions were drawn.

216 - 239

Authors: Vedat AVCİ ; Ömer ÜNSAL

This study aims to analyze the flood disaster that occurred in Kastamonu-Bozkurt in 2021 through the morphometric parameters of the basin. In the study, the Basin of Ezine Stream, which is the flood experienced most effectively, was analyzed together with the neighboring basins. Bozkurt flood is one of the most destructive floods in the history of Türkiye. As a result of the floods that occurred in Kastamonu and neighboring provinces on 10th - 12th August 2021, 82 people lost their lives. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area was created with a cell size of 10*10 m using topography maps, and the boundaries of the basins to be analyzed with the ArcGIS-Archydro Module were determined. 30 indices were applied to these basins within the scope of shape (geometric), areal and relief morphometric features of the basins. The relationship between morphometric parameters was determined with the Pearson correlation coefficient. When the analysis results are evaluated for the Basin of Ezine Stream, it is the basin with the largest area, and the largest value of basin relief, relative relief and ruggedness. As a result, erosional activities and the risk of flood are high. When all basins are evaluated in general, it has been revealed that the shape of basins are more elongated, and the features of relief morphometry facilitate the formation of floods. Basin relief, relative relief, dissection degree, slope values, and average slope values are high for all basins; and both the amount of water added to the overland flow and the speed of the overland flow increased. This situation also increased the amount of material carried during the flood. Constructions built close to the stream bed increased the effect of the flood. Depending on the global climate change, the study area corresponds to the area where the change in daily maximum precipitation varies between 5-10%. Therefore, floods are likely to continue. For this reason, it is recommended to consider geometric, areal and relief morphometric features of the basins along with the climatic features of the basins while taking the necessary precautions. According to CORINE land cover data, urban areas in the Ezine Stream Basin increased by over 100% between 1990 and 2018, which is also affected by disastrous floods and overflows. Conservation and strengthening of natural vegetation in the study area will reduce the damage level of floods and overflows.

258 - 267

Authors: Can BAŞARAN; Hüseyin MANAP

The water points located in the northwest part of the Afyon Plain are used as mains and irrigation water, by approximately 8000 people approximately 56 km2 of agricultural land. In order to use water resources effectively and efficiently, it is necessary to know the physical, chemical properties and the qualities of the waters very well. For this purpose, 12 groundwater were sampled within the scope of the study, and the hydrgeoochemical processes that gave the current compositions of the waters were determined, the analysis results were compared with the standards, and the irrigation water quality was Electrical conductivity (EC), Schoeller and Wilcox Diagram, Sodium Hazard (%Na and SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate. (RSC), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Potential Salinity (PS) and Kelley index (KI) were interpreted using parameters. According to the analysis results, it was determined that the major cations of the waters were Ca, Mg and Na, and the major anion was HCO3. The schists and carbonate rocks cropping out in the region affect the current composition of the waters. However, the elements such as nitrate, arsenic, fluorine and boron, detected at some water points and exceeding the limit value may originate from domestic-agricultural wastes and fertilizers. The sampled waters should be used carefully and necessary precautions should be taken in terms of drinkability and irrigation water characteristics.

279 - 294

Authors: Pınar POLAT; İbrahim KOPAR; Fatih YALÇIN

The research area is Günebakan, which represents a large number of parallel drained river basins located in the south-southwest part of the Keşiş (Esence) Mountains (Keşiş Tepe, 3549 m) that border the Erzincan Plain from the north in the northwest (NW)-southeast (SE) direction. The stream includes the Allahmedet Stream and Çadırtepe Stream basins. In this study, the formation and development processes of two flood-overflow events that occurred in Günebakan Stream Basin, the first on 17/07/2011 and the second on 03/07/2020, in the size of a natural disaster and resulted in significant property losses, and their effects on the natural and human environment were examined. In addition, the morphometric characteristics of the Günebakan, Çadırtepe, and Allahmedet stream basins, which are adjacent to each other in the south-southwest catchment area of the Esence Mountains, which surround the Erzincan Plain from the north, were revealed and their flood-overflow potentials were investigated. In this context, with an approach that prioritizes the flood-overflow events occurring in the Günebakan Stream basin, areal, linear, and relief morphometric indices were used to determine the effect levels of the basin morphometry in the flood-overflow events that occur or are likely to occur on the existing running waters. In the analyzes carried out, it was observed that there was a close relationship between the morphometric structure of the relevant basins and the debris-laden floods. In addition, it was concluded that the Günebakan Stream basin in the same catchment area has a higher flood and overflow potential compared to the neighboring basins.

311 - 323

Authors: Mustafa UTLU; Mehmet Fatih AKGÜMÜŞ

This study focuses on the high-resolution 3D cone-based rockfall modeling using Qproto, a QGIS plugin, based on UAV-DSM data in an area near Mazı Village, located north of Derinkuyu and Ürgüp districts in Nevşehir province, where rockfall events occur intensively. The volcanic ignimbrites corresponding to the source zones in the study area have steep and vertical slope profiles, particularly resembling cornices. Therefore, 16 rock blocks with a potential for rockfall were identified within the rock mass structure characterized by cooling cracks (vertical discontinuities) commonly observed in ignimbrites where discontinuities near the vertical occur. Rockfall modeling was performed for these identified blocks. According to the modeling results, rockfalls with a maximum kinetic energy of 142 kJ and a displacement velocity of 16.8 m/s were determined. Based on these results, the maximum values of the rockfall model within the study area were generally reached in areas with high slope values, and it was observed that the energies and velocities of rock blocks attenuated at points with decreased slope, indicating the influence of the existing gravitational condition. Rockfall susceptibility degrees were categorized into five classes, and it was observed that the trajectories of fallen blocks, resulting from rockfalls, corresponded mainly to the moderate-high and high susceptibility classes, where they were scattered and dispersed.

341 - 364

Authors: Mustafa Utku YILMAZ

This study aimed to provide a comprehensive drought analysis for Kırklareli province, whose economy is largely based on agriculture. The trend and temporal variability of drought were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12-month time scales using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). The monthly precipitation and temperature data from the Kırklareli meteorological station between water years 1960-2021 were used to calculate the SPI and RDI. Mann-Kendall and modified Mann-Kendall tests were used to determine trends of SPI and RDI series for different time scales, Sen’s slope was used to identify the magnitude of trends in the series, and Pettitt's test was used to detect the change point of the series. The results revealed that the SPI and RDI behaved similarly for all time scales and both indices were able to capture almost the same drought events. Besides, it was observed that SPI had a strong linear relationship with RDI over the same time scale (r=0.99). RDI mostly had slightly higher values than SPI and it was concluded that RDI was more sensitive in the detection of extreme and severe drought events. The percentages of occurrence of drought events at different time scales ranged from 46.9% to 51.3% for SPIs and between 47.2% and 50.6% for RDIs. In the 12-month time scale for both indices, 76 months between February 1989 and May 1995 were determined as both the longest and the most severe dry period. As the time scale increased, the number of drought events decreased and the drought duration increased. No statistically significant trend was found for SPI and RDI values at all-time scales (p>0.05). For both indices, there was no change point in the 1-month time scale, but the change point was identified in the 3, 6, 9, and 12-month time scales.

385 - 403

Authors: Ece POLAT; Hülya ÜNVER; Mahmut ALTINBAŞ

Mucilage formation is a very complex phenomenon involving various biological and hydrological interactions. Mucilage is formed as a result of bacterial and phytoplankton-based activities in the environment. Oceanic shifts can provide an environment favorable for mucilage development; however, other factors also play a role in forming mucilage. Mucilage's microbiological structure and morphology, which have been studied in many waters and habitats since the 17th century, are also distinct. This is due to the fact that mucilage development is largely taxon-specific, and mucilage thickness and texture vary depending on environmental conditions. In mucilage studies, phytoplankton is the main component. A high level of organic matter and nutrients in the environment stimulates the formation of phytoplankton and the microenvironment. Furthermore, various water properties, such as temperature, fluidity, and so on, have an increasing effect on mucilage production. The purpose of this review is to describe how aggregates and mucilage are produced by dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial populations. Then, living groups discovered in the structure of mucilage during microbial ecology researches are discussed. Several examples of living organisms negatively affected by the development of mucilage were discussed following a detailed description of the dominant species observed in mucilage regions and case information.

16-38

Authors: Melek DALKES; Mehmet Seren KORKMAZ

Landslides are one of the leading natural disasters in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Trabzon is the province where the most landslides occurred in the country. Landslide susceptibility maps should be prepared in order to predetermine the areas with high landslide susceptibility in order to minimize the losses due to landslides. In this study, landslide susceptibility analysis is performed, and landslide susceptibility maps are produced to reveal the areas with high landslide susceptibility within the boundaries of Akçaabat and Düzköy districts of Trabzon province using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) methods. ArcGIS for Desktop, one of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) platforms, is used for landslide susceptibility analysis. Geographical data are obtained from public institutions and open access online sources. The data are spatially organized according to the study area and purpose by various GIS tools. A total of 13 criteria which are respectively; slope, curvature, lithology, precipitation, aspect, topographic wetness index (TWI), distance to rivers, distance to highways, distance to fault lines, land use, soil type, elevation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for landslide susceptibility are evaluated as effective to cause landslides as a result of the literature review. Pairwise comparisons are made to determine the importance of the effects of each criterion on landslide formation and the weights between the criteria by using the AHP method. Then a landslide susceptibility map is produced according to the AHP method. In addition, a landslide susceptibility map was produced according to the FR method using the landslide inventory records obtained from responsible institutes of the country. It is noticed that the FR method produced more realistic results than the AHP method in terms of determining the locations of the landslides observed in the study area when the maps produced by both methods are compared.

58-70

Authors: Ahu KÖMEÇ MUTLU; Ülgen MERT TUĞSAL; Musavver CAMBAZ

The earthquake (Mw 6.9) that occurred in the northern part of Samos Island and Doğanbey-İzmir offshore in the Aegean Sea at 14:51 local time on October 30, 2020 was felt in İzmir, Samos Island and many surrounding cities and settlements. Considering the earthquake intensity map, contrary to what is expected, the highest impact occurred in Bayraklı district, which is 70 km away from the epicenter, and caused not only severe structural damage but also fatalities in the region. When the structural damages are evaluated, determining the local soil properties has an important place in the studies to predict the effects of a possible earthquake. The HVSR (Horizontal Vertical Spectral Ratio) method provides an advantage in determining the soil fundamental frequency and the soil amplification factor in the event of an earthquake, in that it can be widely used even in the seismically in-active regions. In this study, it is not only aimed to analyze the earthquake and ambient noise data obtained from the accelerometer and velocity stations but also to compare the results obtained by using HVSR method utilizing different softwares. Furthermore, response spectra were obtained for different local soil classes by using the data of the same stations and they are given in comparison with the design spectra included in the earthquake code. As a result of the study, it has been observed that the results obtained by the HVSR method are in good correlation with the soil effects in the region and the consequential structural damages. These examples illustrate HVSRpy’s commitment to exactly reproduce the results of GEOPSY, wherever the processing parameters and functionality of HVSRpy and GEOPSY overlap. This was done to allow users to check HVSRpy and to encourage standardization in HVSR processing.

81-89

Authors: Şerife Pınar GÜVEL; Mehmet Ali AKGÜL; Mehveş Feyza AKKOYUNLU

The mass movement towards stream beds and their accumulation there may cause flood events as a result of landslide events. In this study, Devrek Landslide, which occurred in 2015, was investigated by using a remote sensing technique. The Çomaklar stream is located at the lower elevations of this landslide region. Çomaklar stream and surrounding settlements are at risk of flooding due to the probability of preventing the water flow in the stream because of the effects of the landslide. Devrek district is located in Zonguldak in the northern part of Turkey. LANDSAT-8 satellite images between the dates 27 January 2015 and 22 July 2015 were used to investigate the location and size of the Devrek district landslide. Satellite-derived remote sensing data have been widely used in recent years to monitor changes on the earth's surface and to provide information. In this study, the Spectral Angle Difference method was used to compare the images before and after the landslide event. A change detection analysis was conducted between pre-landslide and post-landslide images to investigate the area affected by the disaster. As a result, the landslide was determined as 1050 meters in length and 110 meters in width, and the landslide area was calculated as 10.87 ha.

101-111

Authors: Bülent TURGUT

Wetlands are invaluable ecosystems as they provide important services, but these areas are rapidly degrading due to anthropogenic pressures and natural changes/transformations. It is thought that this negative change will increase in the upcoming period due to the climate change and the rising demand for soil and water. Determining the changes in wetlands is very important in terms of management planning of these areas. NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) is a widely used method for determining the hydrological characteristics of wetlands. This study was carried out to determine the temporal variability of wetlands in the Batumi Delta and the relationship of this change with basic climate parameters such as average temperature and total precipitation. For this purpose, the average temperature and total precipitation amount of the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September in the period between 2016-2021 of the study area and the NDWI values of these time periods were determined. Green and NIR bands of Sentinel2 satellite images were used to determine NDWI values. QGIS software was used to process satellite images, and ArcGIS software was used to determine and map NDWI values. As a result of the study, it was seen that NDWI values changed by months and years, and the temperature was more effective than precipitation on this change.

125-135

Authors: Betül METE; Sinan NACAR; Adem BAYRAM; Osman Tuğrul BAKİ

In this study considering total suspended solids (TSS) parameter monitored in a stream watershed, the predictability of upstream values from downstream data was investigated using regression analysis, which were applied to linear, power, exponential, and quadratic functions, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) method. The data were obtained within the scope of sampling studies carried out 40 times between June 2019 and March 2020 at eight monitoring stations selected in the Sera Stream Watershed (Trabzon). The monitoring stations were divided into two groups as upstream, the first four, and downstream, the last four, stations. Half of downstream data (two stations) was used for training, a quarter (one station) for validation, and the rest (one station) for testing. Two models with different combinations of independent variables were established. In the first model (M1), only the TSS values, and in the other model (M2), the month and week information of the sampling dates were digitized and used as independent variables, in addition to the TSS values. Root mean square error, mean absolute error, and Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency coefficient statistics were used to evaluate the model and method performances. Compared to other functions, the power one had the best estimation results in the regression analysis. On the other hand, the ANNs method gave better results than the regression analysis. In both methods, M2 performed better overall. In the ANNs method, the NS efficiency coefficients obtained from M1 and M2 were calculated as 0.980 and 0.997, respectively, for the training, and 0.978 and 0.978, respectively, for the testing data sets. Considering the efficiency values, it has been understood that the use of date information as an independent variable will positively affect the model performance in the stream TSS modeling studies. Within the scope of this study, it has been concluded that upstream TSS values can be successfully estimated from downstream TSS data in stream watersheds.

152-167

Authors: Onur AKSOY; Elif ALTAŞ; Kamil ERKEN

There are many possible impacts of global climate change such as loss of vegetation in urban and rural areas, deterioration in agricultural patterns, heat island effects. One of these effects is floods due to the deterioration of the precipitation regime. Floods threaten ecosystems and human life in urban and rural areas in many ways. In this context, many methods have been developed in the last century to combat flood risk. Landscape architecture discipline with the structural and vegetative measures it has taken also plays an active role in reducing the impact of the floods that will occur. With the ecological landscape design approach that came to the fore in the 20th century, the possible effects of flood can be decreased. This study covers the center of Kemer, which is the district of Antalya, and its nearby neighborhoods. Kemer district was selected as the study area because it faces with flood disasters at different times of the year. The study mainly consisted of 3 stages. In the first stage, literature research was made. In the area determined in line with the data examined in the second stage; the slope, aspect, land use, soil, precipitation and distance to stream maps were graded according to the multi-criteria decision making method on the Geographical Information Systems platform and then flood susceptibility analysis was performed in the ArcGIS environment. According to the results of the analysis, in a possible flood event, it was concluded that 893 ha of agricultural land and 2/3 of the residential areas in the study area will be affected by the flood. As a result of the study, ecological landscape design proposals have been developed in areas with high flood susceptibility. In case of suggestions are implemented, it is expected that besides economic and social benefits, ecological benefits will be gained as well as. The aim of this study is to develop ecological landscape design applications that are less costly and less harmful to the environment than structural engineering-based applications in areas where flood susceptibility is high. With the proposed ecological landscape design approaches, the water flow will be regulated with plant-based applications, while the groundwater will be fed by increasing open green areas and permeable areas.

181-190

Authors: Hakkı Oral ÖZHAN

Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) can be used as a lining material in freshwater reservoirs due to its very low hydraulic conductivity. The high amount of water that can be collected on top of a GCL might force the bentonite in the GCL to be extruded out of the geotextiles and as a result, the sudden increase in the hydraulic conductivity might cause the GCL to loose its hydraulic capability. This interaction is defined as internal erosion. In this study, triaxial permeability tests were conducted on chitosan and Na carboxymethyl cellulose-added GCLs. These two biopolymers were added to the bentonite component of the GCLs with a content of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10% by dry weight respectively. Na and Ca bentonites were used in the GCLs and the GCLs that were placed over a rounded coarse gravel with a grain size of 37.5 mm, were tested at high hydraulic heads in order to observe internal erosion. This condition represents one of the worst-case scenarios. Test results indicated that all of the GCLs experienced internal erosion at a hydraulic head of 10 m. Furthermore, the permittivity values of the GCLs just before internal erosion, were measured and the effects of the biopolymers on the GCL’s hydraulic performance were investigated. According to the test results, 1% chitosan and 2% Na carboxymethyl cellulose addition to the bentonite component of the GCLs resulted in more than 2 orders of magnitude decrease in permittivity. Due to the results of this study, the usage of two different biopolymers that are environmentally friendly organic additives can be encouraged to be used as barriers in geoenvironmental application by decreasing the hydraulic conductivity of the lining material.

196 - 206

Authors: Mücahit Coşkun, Cemil İrdem

This study, it is aimed to analyze the relations between the daily streamflow of Büyük Melen Stream (Düzce) and daily total precipitation and daily precipitation intensity. Considering the importance of Istanbul in meeting the drinking water needs and the potential to create a flood disaster as in 2019, it was found useful to analyze the daily changes in the flow values of the Büyük Melen Stream. Akçakoca daily precipitation data and Uğurluköy streamflow gauge station daily streamflow data were used as data set in the study. The deficiencies in the streamflow data were completed by regression analysis using Beyler streamflow gauge station data. As a method in the study, firstly, the relationships between daily total precipitation and daily flow data were calculated by Pearson correlation analysis. Then, the total daily precipitation was classified as light, normal, moderate, heavy, and very heavy precipitation. Deviation of daily flow values from the previous day for each precipitation intensity class was determined as a percentage. There is a positive correlation between daily total precipitation and flow values in all months for the period average. While the correlation coefficients are highest in January, October, and December with 0.44, the lowest correlation coefficient is in May with 0.15. According to the precipitation intensity classes, the positive effect of the daily total precipitation on the flow was determined as 5.8% for light precipitation, 35.2% for normal precipitation, 66.8% for moderate precipitation, 168.1% for heavy precipitation, and 52.5% for very heavy rains.

221 - 237

Authors: Kebir Emre Saraçoğlu, Fevziye Ayça Saraçoğlu

In this study, the change and trend of water surface temperatures of Lake Van has been investigated. For the period of 2016-2020; NASA-Day, NASA-Night satellite and measurement data obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service for 3 stations were compared. In addition, the monthly, the annual (minimum-average-maximum), the seasonal trend analysis of day and night long-term satellite data (2001-2020) and their significance levels were determined by the Theil-Sen and Innovative Trend Analysis. Measurement data covering for the period of 2016-2020 and NASA-Day, NASA-Night satellite data were highly compatible (R=0,94-0,99). NASA-Night water surface temperatures were found to be more compatible with measurement data than NASA-Day satellite data. NASA-Day and NASA-Night water surface temperatures covering for the period of 2001-2020 were found to be homogeneous at a 1% significant level. Water surface temperatures tend to increase both in the short and long term. The highest increase in monthly analyses (0,094 °C/year) was determined in June for NASA-Day and in April for NASA-Night (0,104 °C/year). The highest increase in seasonal analyses was seen in night data (0,080-0,099 °C/year) in the spring season. The average increase in long-term annual average water surface temperatures was calculated as 0,043 °C/year. It was concluded that this value is smaller than the increase determined for the Eastern Black Sea (0,11 °C/year), higher than the calculated for the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean (0,055°C/year), approximately 1,5 times the increase determined for the South Caspian Sea (0,029 ± 0,009 °C /year) and about 4 times the increase (as 0,011 °C/year) for the oceans.

250 - 263

Authors: Fatih Sarı

Since Muğla province has 90% of the world's total pine honey production, ensuring efficiency and economic income requires the determination of measures for apiary locations and estimation of risks. However, ensuring development and productivity requires identifying natural disasters susceptibility such as forest fires and floods to maintain productivity. Muğla province has a high forest fire potential due to its dense forest cover and approximately 200 forest fires occur each year. Forest fires are one of the main factors that threaten apiaries, as there are a lot of apiary places (approximately 15,000) in forests for pine honey. On the other hand, due to the mountainous topography and high precipitation rate of Muğla, the province has a high rate of flood formation (20 per year), which threatens the hive sites by destroying the entire colony. In this study, Apiary Locations Risk Index (ALRI) was carried out to guide the insurance process for apiary locations by applying the Forest Fire Risk Index (FFRI) and the Flood Hazard Risk Index (FHRI). Determination of forest fire risk zones and flood hazard maps requires environmental, forestry, topographic, economic and meteorological parameters to be handled within a decision support platform. For this purpose, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in the creation of sensitivity maps. As a result, 1533.40 ha (11.82%) of the study area was determined as extremely risky areas for apiary areas. The results were confirmed with 1454 forest fire sites and 20 flood hazard sites where the Eşen, Dalaman, Çine, Sarıçay, Akçay, Kamiişdere and Namnam rivers were stated to be highly susceptible to flood hazard.

280 - 291

Authors: Özer Akyürek

Natural disasters are defined as events that cause various losses for people and affect all living things by interrupting life. Volcanoes have affected natural life in various ways, from the existence of the earth to the present. While they have benefits in various aspects (heating-geothermal waters, etc.), they also have harmful effects. Volcanic eruptions, one of the natural disasters, have caused many destructions and deaths throughout human history and continue to do so. In today's technology, Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing tools are used as an integral part of management and monitoring for monitoring volcanic disasters. GIS and Remote Sensing are used as modern and useful data collection and processing, analysis, querying, and updating tools. In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of lava from Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma island on people, structures and land cover, using Pleiades-1A, CosmoSky Med, GeoEye-1 and Landsat 8 data between 19 September and 15 November 2021. It was determined that the lava coming out of the volcano spread over an area of 1,042.07 hectares. In this area, it was revealed in the analyzes that 2,749 buildings were destroyed or partially damaged. The length of the damaged transportation lines reached 80.1 km. The Land surface temperature analysis, the temperature changes of the region before and after the explosion were examined. As a result of the GIS and UA analyzes, it was determined that various agricultural areas and forest areas, as well as residential areas and the ocean, were also damaged.

305 - 316

Authors: Çayan Alkan

Climate change is the main parameter affecting water resources. This parameter will exacerbate hydrologic extreme events like drought and flood. Determination of possible peak flow in the agricultural watershed is important in terms of preventing crop losses. The materials and the methods suitable for agricultural watersheds (hydrology) were used in this study. The general aim of this study is to determine the success of estimation power of the Windows Technical Release-55 (WinTR-55) Model. In this study, the peak flows estimated by the WinTR-55 model using the data of the Kirklareli Vize and Samsun Minoz Stream watersheds were compared with the observed peak flows. The most successful estimation was for the 100-year return period with error 25% in the Vize stream watershed and was for the 10-year return period with error 2% in the Minoz Stream watershed. With the aid of the WinTR-55, which tends to predict larger peak flow rates, greater peak flow rates were estimated compared with observed peak flow for each return period. So, it was understood that WinTR-55 can be used for the prevention of flood damage in the Vize and Minoz Stream watersheds confidently. As a result, it is recommended that calculated peak flow in public institutions such as State Hydraulics Works (SHW) should made with the help of the WinTR-55 model.

329 - 340

Authors: Mahmut Fırat, Mustafa Yıldırım

A significant part of the leaks in distribution systems consist of the unreported failures. In this study, active leak control methodology is proposed in the management and reduction of non-surface failures and the results are discussed by applying it in the field. In this context, a pilot application was carried out in the central distribution system of Malatya province. Various databases have been developed and roadmaps have been proposed for the implementation of this methodology in an administration. During the field studies, minimum night flow rates were monitored in 3 pilot isolated areas, potential recoverable leaks were calculated and their location was determined by acoustic methods. As a result of these studies, a total of 38 unreported leak points were identified and repaired in 3 pilot regions, and as a result, a total of 35 l/s flow rate was saved to the system in 3 regions. By reducing this flow, 3023 m3/day, 90720 m3/month and 1088640 m3/year volumes were added to the system, respectively. The implementation of active leakage control has resulted in significant water efficiency. By preventing these volumes, especially in pumped systems, energy consumption will be reduced. As a result, it is thought that the outputs obtained from this study will constitute an important reference especially for practitioners.

351 - 358

Authors: Sehnaz Sule Kaplan-Bekaroglu, Sebnem Genisoglu, Cihan Ozgur

The main objective of this project is to investigate the formation of halonitromethanes, an emerging class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) identified in drinking waters in recent years, which are currently unregulated but highly toxic. Halonitromethanes formation potentials tests were investigated under five different disinfection conditions in Egirdir Lake with low specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) value. The results showed that ozone/chlorine formed the highest halonitromethanes followed by in the order of ozone/chloramine and chlorine only. When chloramine or ozone were used alone, the halonitromethanes concentration was below the minimum detection limits. The highest halonitromethanes was determined 2.5 µg/L for ozone /chlorine scenario and the lowest halonitromethanes concentration was 1.7 µg/L in ozone /chlorine scenario. In the ozone/chlorine scenario, a dramatic decrease for halonitromethane formation was detected from spring to winter. Chloropicrin has been the only measurable halonitromethanes species. In the correlation analysis between halonitromethanes and water quality parameters, the highest correlation was found between halonitromethanes and dissolved organic nitrogen. Besides dissolved organic nitrogen, different organic/inorganic compounds and disinfectants also contribute to the formation of halonitromethanes. These results can be used to control the formation of N-DBPs in the disinfection of low SUVA waters.

368 - 382

Authors: Musa Eşit, Mehmet İshak Yüce

Drought is a natural disaster that occurs in nearly all climatic regions as a result of seasonal or longer-term lack of precipitation. Global warming, insufficient precipitation, low precipitation intensity and duration, low relative humidity and other factors all cause the prevalence of drought. In this study, multivariate drought frequency analysis and risk assessment of Kahramanmaras province were analyzed by using copula functions. After the drought parameters (duration and severity) were obtained by the SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) method, the most appropriate marginal distributions were found for each parameter. Finally, depending on the appropriate marginal distributions, the conditional return probabilities and periods of the drought parameters of Kahramanmaras province were obtained after the most appropriate copula function was calculated. As a result of this study, the highest conditional return period of drought severity was observed in the center of Kahramanmaras, while the lowest return period was found in the district of Elbistan. Considering the highest conditional drought duration period, Afşin district has the highest return period (least risky), while Elbistan district has the shortest return period (risky). It has been observed that the province of Elbistan has a higher drought risk compared to other districts and the center of Kahramanmaras according to both the conditional drought severity and the drought duration return period. This study provides useful information to decision makers in the management of drought risk assessment for Kahramanmaras province.

396 - 407

Authors: Kemal Torpuş,Sedat Bostan

The Hopa flood disaster that occurred on August 24, 2015, caused many injuries, 3 people were lost in the flood waters and 8 people lost their lives in addition to financial losses. When the disaster occurs, the victims have to cope with their own means until the medical rescue teams reach the disaster area. From this point of view, in our study, it is aimed to organize the emergency health services in the Hopa flood disaster, to identify and evaluate the problems that arise in the organization. Qualitative research method was used in the study. Semi-structured interview technique was applied to the leaders of the National Medical Rescue Team (UMKE) who took part in the Hopa flood disaster. When the study data is examined, it was determined that the teams reached the disaster area within 3-6 hours, the first rescue operation was carried out by the disaster victims and the injured reached the hospital by their own means. It has been determined that the lack of coordination and practice and the desire to meet the water and food needs of the disaster victims by the health team create administrative problems. It has been determined that the number of teams involved in the disaster is sufficient, equipment and medical logistics are adequately provided, and the teams work hard and in harmony.

421 - 435

Authors: Zeynep Mıhçı, Hüseyin Bayraktar

However, following the earthquake event of 12 November 1999, 80% of the built environment in the Düzce area had been destroyed and after the removal of the ruins, it was transformed into a huge open space. Subsequently, on 9 December 1999, Düzce was declared the provincial capital city, having 20 neighborhoods, 97 villages, and 7 districts under its administration. The main components featured in this study are 10 urban neighborhoods of Düzce that are all comprised of structural and natural environments located in the vicinity of the North Anatolian Fault Line. These areas are briefly defined and some benefits from their restructuring as viewed within this framework are presented. The most important result we obtained as a result of the earthquake scenario prepared for Düzce province; The fact that the ten neighborhoods we examined in the central district of Düzce are at a critical point on the fault line and Most of the buildings here were affected by the 17 August 1999 Izmit Gulf earthquake, If the buildings encounter a possible earthquake of this magnitude, it may be effective in the high number of dead and injured. Another important finding is; The main purpose of earthquake risk analyzes is to determine the number of tents that may be needed in advance and the area required for the tent. As a result; This study, which was carried out in the central district of Düzce province, will ensure that the necessary precautions are taken beforehand in case of a possible earthquake, and that the loss of life will be reduced to a minimum by acting more planned and faster at that time.

14-24

Authors: Nihan HOSKAN

In this study, using the aftershocks that occurred after the March 02, 2017 Adıyaman-Samsat Earthquake (Ml = 5.7) statistical analyzes of b-value and aftershock decay parameter p-value were performed. 1345 aftershocks compiled from the catalogs of the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) and the Disaster & Emergency Management Authority (AFAD) were homogenized according to the local magnitude Ml. Afterwards, the completeness magnitude Mc=1.6 was obtained with the moving time window approach and using maximum likelihood method, b-value was calculated as 0.768±0.03 for the whole region. This value is close to the expected 1 for b for tectonic earthquakes and is consistent with the Gutenberg-Richter relation. With modified Omori's Law p=0.91±0.05, c=0.041±0.030 and K=25.6±3.21 were calculated for the entire region. The p-value, which is thought to be related to crustal heterogeneity, heat flux and tectonic deformation, is less than 1, reflecting the relatively slow aftershock decay rate. Regional variation maps of b- and p-parameters were prepared by taking 450 earthquakes at each node point with 0.01O x 0.01O grid interval. The b-value was high in the northeast-southwest line of the March 02, 2017 (Ml=5.7) earthquake and low in the south-southeast of this earthquake. Besides the low b-value, the occurrence of the 24 April 2018 (Ml=5.4) earthquake in the region may foreshadow the increase in regional stress. Examining the regional variation of the p-value, the high p-value is in the north-northeast of the Adıyaman-Samsat earthquake and is almost consistent with the deformation region on the InSAR map given in literature.

37-52

Authors: Fatma İlknur KARA; Barış ŞAHİN

The updated Turkish seismic code “Building Earthquake Regulations-2018 (TBDY-2018)” includes radical changes in many aspects such as peer review and the earthquake hazard map hence, it brings new conditions into practical engineering. One of the most important conditions is the concept of "Site Response Analysis" for the soil type “ZF”. This study investigates the item 16.5.2.3 (a) which states that “the depth of the engineering bedrock from the building foundation must not be less than three times of the largest building width. However, the application of this provision is almost difficult especially for the large span structures, and it requires additional cost. In this context, the soil profile evaluation has been made within the borders of Konak district of İzmir province for soil class "ZF" considering four different depths. Non-linear bidirectional time history analyses are performed using 11 pairs of earthquake records which are scaled to match various earthquake levels. The study also evaluates the effect of various depths on the behavior of the soil profile in question. The paper concludes that, for the soil profile addressed in this study, the derived design spectrum related to soil type ZE- regardless of the depth change - is conservative for all periods except the high rise buildings as well as the buildings that do not require advanced performance evaluations such as new designed reinforced concrete buildings, precast concrete buildings and steel buildings.

66-75

Authors: İlker ATMACA; Masoud DERAKHSHANDEH; Özge IŞIK PEKKAN; Mehtap ÖZENEN-KAVLAK; Yavuz Selim TUNCA; Saye Nihan ÇABUK

Forest fires are an important environmental problem, they negatively affect the entire ecosystem and human and animal life in it. In Turkey 192.734 hectares of forest area has been damaged in 46.669 forest fires in the last 20 years. Negligence-accident is the primary cause of these fires. For this reason, in order to minimize the frequency of forest fires and prevent damages, areas with fire risk should be determined and it is necessary to be prepared for the precautions to be taken before, during and after the fire. In this study, Logistic Regression (LR) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to model the forest fire risk for the Milas province in Muğla. Considering the topographic features, stand data and cultural data, the relationship of these factors with the occurrence of fires was investigated. Accuracy analyzes of fire risk estimation with LR and fire risks of areas with different properties were examined by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow test. In line with the findings obtained by the LR method, a forest fire risk map was created in the GIS environment. Here, forest fire risk is evaluated at five levels, with “1” very low risk and “5” very high risk. In the resulting forest fire risk map, it was concluded that 16% of the total forest areas in the study area are in high and very high risk classes.

87-102

Authors: Hande DAYANIR; Ali Kemal ÇINAR; Yenal AKGÜN; Özşen ÇORUMLUOĞLU

Site selection of the post-disaster temporary shelter areas and their site plan designs constitute one of the most important issues of disaster and risk management studies. In Turkey, the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) coordinates this research. Although the "Directive on the Establishment, Management and Operation of Temporary Shelter Centers" released by AFAD in 2015 mostly defines the national criteria, it is not as detailed as the regulations revealed in the international literature. Moreover, the criteria announced in this directive are not ranked according to their importance. As another important gap, convenience of the post-disaster temporary shelter areas suggested by AFAD for the province of Izmir has not been yet evaluated according to the national and international legislations. In order to meet these gaps, the first aim of this study is to compile, group, define and rank the criteria for the site selection and planning of post-disaster temporary shelter areas using Delphi method. The second aim of the study is to analyze the convenience of the post-disaster temporary shelter areas, which were suggested for Izmir by AFAD, using the site selection/planning criteria put forward by the Delphi method. According to the criteria list formed as a result of the three-stage Delphi panels, it has been determined that a limited number of areas in Izmir can meet the requirements. It has been explained why Seferihisar2, one of these areas, is the most suitable area, and a sample container-city site plan has been made on the area based on the design/implementation criteria obtained with the Delphi method.

111-121

Authors: Arzu ERENER; Metin AŞCI; Gül GÜLSOY; Aydın ÜSTÜN; Muhammet GÜVENALTIN; Erman ŞENTÜRK; Sefa YALVAÇ; Fatma CANASLAN ÇOMUT; Tahir Serkan IRMAK; Haluk KONAK; Pakize KÜREÇ NEHBİT; Efdal KAYA; Burak KOTAN; Selin ÖYE

Since December 2017, with the support of Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality and with the leadership of Kocaeli University Geomatic Department, TÜBİTAK project numbered 117Y155 and titled “Monitoring of Vertical Displacements in East Marmara (Izmit Bay) with Multi-Band InSAR and GNSS Techniques, Investigation of the Relationship Between Ground Collapse and Building Density and Liquefaction" studies have been initiated to determine the risks in the Izmit Bay area. In this context, the spatial distribution of the building density analyzes and the spatial distribution of liquefaction around the gulf region were handled and integrated in the GIS environment within the scope of the project. The spatial distributions of the building floors were examined by spatial autocorrelation studies, taking into account the 3rd dimension of the buildings for the extraction of information about the load on the ground. Among the spatial autocorrelation analysis, Local Moran’s I statistics were taken into consideration comparatively. In addition, the liquefaction potential observed around the bay and its surroundings is evaluated for 0-3 m, 3-6 m, 6-9 m, 9-12 m from 33-35 m depths. Liquefaction areas and risky areas are defined by categorizing liquefaction values for different depths according to liquefaction potential thresholds. As a result, buildings in liquefaction risk areas were determined. The study is important in terms of taking sustainable precautions against future natural disasters, preparing precaution plans for the speed and density of construction, determining the current situation of building and ground liquefaction around Gölcük and Izmit Bay, taking engineering measures in risky areas and providing building and life safety and creating a basis for disaster assessments.

134-141

Authors: Yavuz Selim GÜÇLÜ

Climate change has accelerated with the significant increase in the amount of greenhouse gases. When the meteorological and hydrological data are examined, the effect of this change is clearly revealed. Trend test methods are frequently used to determine trends on the data. Recently, Şen-innovative trend analysis (ITA) method provides the ability to visualize inspection and identification of trend conditions. The main objective of this paper is to attempt determination and visualization of trends by means of a special graphical representation based on alternative illustration of ITA. The suggested methodology shows different trend information than classical ITA on the Mediterranean, Mediterranean-Black Sea transitional, and continental climate regions in Turkey. The vertical axis trend analysis approach proposed in this study, shows the number of data on the graph and reveals how the measurements are distributed in the high, medium and low value ranges unlike the ITA method. This research comprises 50-year rainfall records in Kırklareli, Yalova, and Alanya stations located in Turkey. The monotonic increasing trend is detected for Kırklareli data and also it is observed that the measurements are homogeneously distributed with the suggested method. In Yalova and Alanya measurements, there are non-monotonic decreasing trends and non-homogeneous distributions are determined.

156-164

Authors: Merve ERSOY MİRİCİ; Süha BERBEROĞLU

The relationship between economic growth on a global scale and absorption capacity of ecological capacity is possible to be seen in disaster and global climate change. The exemption of economy from ecological laws is a metabolic crack. Therefore, green quest remains relevant because country policies are changeable and global climate change mitigation strategies inch along. The green quest became a powerful weapon not only in the urban and rural landscape but also in economic transformation. The Green Deal as an extension of the Paris Agreement which came to the forefront as an anchor and discourse that aims at dissemination to all political areas of European Union’s (EU) environmental concern. The infrastructure of this discourse is the carbon footprint. The carbon footprint is a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that are directly and indirectly caused by an activity or product. In this study, the place and position of the European Green Consensus in the reality of Turkey has been examined and the background of the carbon footprint, which constitutes the infrastructure of the Green Deal has been revealed. Confusions about carbon footprint calculating have been simplified and a holistic perspective. In this context, the relationship between consensus, pact and green areas, which stand out as green pursuits in EU countries, has been revealed in order to develop new and current perspectives within the scope of combating climate change in Turkey. The European Green Deal which is called the new green revolution can be assessed as a promising opportunity with regards to sustainable ecosystem resources and climate justice for next-generation although it seems like a threat at first glance for the Turkish economy.