Hygeia journal for drugs and medicines

1-6

Authors: Vikramjeet Judge, Balasubramanian Narasimhan*, Munish Ahuja

Plan: A review on the importance of pyrazinamide derivatives for the treatment of tuberculosis Prologue: Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease and a major health problem in developing countries. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important front-line drug for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Pyrazinamide, along with isoniazid and rifampicin, forms the cornerstone of modern TB therapy. Drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is attributed primarily to the accumulation of mutations in the drug target genes; these mutations lead either to an altered target or to a change in titration of the drug. The problem of resistance demand to search and synthesize new classes of compounds effective against pathogenic microorganisms that have developed resistance to the drugs used in the current regimen. Outcome: In the present study, we have made an attempt to compile the reports on biological potential of pyrazinamide and its derivatives. The pyrazinamide derivatives possess unexplored potential that can be utilized for the development of new chemical entities (NCEs) to treat the mycobacterial infections.

7-28

Authors: Vinod KR*, Rohit Reddy T, Sandhya S, David Banji, Venkatram Reddy B

Plan: This review considers the basic mechanisms by which mucoadhesive can adhere to a mucous membrane in terms of the nature of the adhering surfaces and the forces that may be generated to secure them together. Mucosal adhesion is backed by several theories which include electronic, adsorption, wetting, diffusion, fracture and mechanical. Stages of mucoadhesion include contact stage and consolidation stage. Prologue: Much attention has been focused in the field of mucoadhesive formulation developments compared to other delivery systems. Mucoadhesion while considering drug delivery is having several merits, because of the ideal physiochemical characters of the mucosal membrane. Ideally a mucoadhesive dosage form interacts with the mucosal membrane by ionic bonds, covalent bonds, Van-der-Waal bonds and hydrogen bonds. Various sites for mucoadhesive drug delivery system are ocular, nasal, buccal cavity; GIT, vaginal, rectal and several specific dosage forms have been reported. Factors affecting mucoadhesion are molecular weight, flexibility of polymer chain, pH, presence of carboxylate group and density. Several synthetic and natural polymers are identified as suitable candidates for mucoadhesive formulation. Ex-vivo/in-vitro studies utilizing gut sac of rats provides in-depth knowledge about the adhesive property of the dosage form as well as polymers. AFM can be used as a part of imaging methods. Outcome: Mucoadhesive drug delivery system shows promising future in enhancing the bioavailability and specific needs by utilizing the physiochemical characters of both the dosage form and the mucosal lining. It has to be noted that only a moist surface can bring the mucoadhesive nature of the dosage form.

34-40

Authors: Elango.V, Carolin Oliver and Raghu, P.S.*

Plan: The present study was designed to investigate the antiulcer potential of ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica leaves. Methodology: Antiulcer activity was evaluated by pylorus ligation, aspirin and ethanol induced ulcer models. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Mimosa pudica was given by oral route at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. Outcome: Ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica, dose dependently reduce, the total acidity, ulcer index, and an increase in pH of gastric juice in pylorus ligated ulcer model. Extract of Mimosa pudica may be useful as a natural antioxidant in the treatment of ulcer.

51-58

Authors: Manjula Devi.A.S*,Sriram.S, B.Rajalingam, Alfet Raju Anthraper, Rini Susan Varghese, and VenkataPhani.A

Plan: To assess theRationality of Fixed-dose combinations (FDC) of Cardiovascular drugs in a multidisciplinary hospital in Coimbatore, India Prologue: Rationality of fixed dose combinations (FDC) containing cardiovascular drugs is one of the controversial and debated problems in today's healthcare practice. Research in this field has not been flourished and limited data are available regarding the rationality of fixed dose combinations. A prospective and descriptive study was conducted in the cardiology and general medicine department of a 550 bedded multi-specialty tertiary care teaching hospital for a period of six months. Methodology: The rationality was assessed using seven-point criteria.Hundred prescriptions were analyzed during the study period which included 606cardiovascular drugs. Of these, 21.78% were cardiovascular fixed dose combination. The most commonly prescribed combinations were aspirin +clopidogrel (38.63%) followed by furosemide + spironolactone (15.9%) and telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide (12.88%). There were 18 different fixed dose combinations of cardiovascular drugs. Among the combinations, 35.71% were rational with respect to all the seven criteria with a scoring of 14 (100%). Around11.11% combinations scored 13 while 55.56% scored 8 - 12 and 5.56% scored 7. Outcome: The results indicated that most of the prescribed cardiovascular FDCs in the multidisciplinary tertiary care hospital selected were rational and found to comply with the seven point criteria scale.

63-68

Authors: Jose Kurien* and Thomas Kurian

Plan: An analytical method for the estimation of Buspirone hydrochloride in bulk drug and tablet formulation is described. Methodology: The developed method is based on the formation of red colored chromogen due to the reaction of Buspirone hydrochloride with a Thiobarbituric acid reagent, which exhibits λmax at 531nm against reagent blank. The color was stable for more than 6 hrs for the method. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 10-100μg /ml. All the variables were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. The calculated molar absorptivity value is 2.29 × 106 lit.mol-1.cm-1. Outcome: The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Buspirone hydrochloride in formulations. Good recoveries were obtained and the results were statistically compared with the official method, showed good agreement and indicated no significant difference in precision. No interference was observed in the presence of common pharmaceutical excipients. The proposed method does not require any extraction.

73-78

Authors: Dhanabal SP*, Baskar Anand Raj , Muruganantham N , Praveen TK , Raghu PS.

Plan: The hydroalcoholic extract of Wrightia tinctoria leaves was evaluated for antipsoriatic activity by mouse tail test. Methodology: Antipsoriatic activity was performed at a dose 200 mg/kg body weight in mice (25-30 g). Isoretinoic acid (0.5 mg/kg) was used as the standard. The degree of orthokeratosis, drug activity, and the relative epidermal thicknesses were calculated and statistically analyzed. The extract was also evaluated for its antioxidant potential by DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. Outcome: The extract produced significant (p<0.01) degree of orthokeratosis compared to control and the drug activity was found to be 70.18%, which is more potent than the standard (57.43%). The extract showed prominent antioxidant activity in all the assays. The present study concludes that the selected plant has antipsoriatic activity and can be used for psoriasis treatment.

91-96

Authors: M.Vijayasanthi*, V.Kannan , R.Venkataswamy2, A.Doss

Plan: Bioactive compounds of leaves of Acacia nilotica Linn. (Malvaceae) have been studied for their antimicrobial activities using disc diffusion assay. Methodology: Four Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli MTCC 2961, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 4676, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 432 and Salmonella typhi MTCC 733), two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) were selected for the study. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the active compounds was evaluated by micro broth dilution method. Outcome: All the active compounds exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Alkaloids and Flavonoids were found to be more potent. S. aureus was found to be most susceptible organism followed by E. coli and S.typhi. Our findings confirm that the traditional therapeutic claims for this plant, in near future surely be able to replace the conventional antimicrobial agents to which there is increased incidence of drug interactions and the study suggests that this plant is promising for the development of phytomedicines with antibacterial properties.

104-111

Authors: S. Lakshmi Devi* and Madhu C. Divakar

Plan: A preliminary Pharmacognostical study on the leaves of Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb) R.Br. Methodology: The Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb) R.Br., leaves were collected dried and studied to determine various parameters of Pharmacognosticalstandards such as ash values, extractive values, phytochemical tests and microscopical characters of leaf powder. The shade dried powder and various solvent extracts (viz., methanol, 70% ethanol, aqueous, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether) have been analyzed for their phytoconstituents and fluorescence characters. The methanolic extract was found to contain presence of triterpenes. Outcome: The data generated for the Pharmacognostical evaluation on Wrightia tinctoria leaves may be useful for establishing the standardization protocols. The HPTLC analysis data indicated that the collectedWrightia tinctoria leaves contain 47.6mg of lupeol/ g of the total methanolic extract.