Journal of Health Research in Community

9-15

Authors: Sana Shokri, Mehran Ghalenoei, Ebrahim Taban, Omran Ahmadi, Bahram Kouhnavard

Introduction and purpose: Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common occupational problems, and the use of portable computers is accounted for one of the main causes of these disorders. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among students using portable computers, to assess pain rate in different body parts, and to identify the most exposed body parts. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 184 students of Health Faculty, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire and computer-related musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire were applied to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in different body parts caused by repetitive movements. Results: According to the computer-related musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire, most of the participants felt pain in the right shoulder (23.9%). Based on the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire, upper arm, right side of the neck, right side of the hip, and the lower extremities were the most painful areas, respectively (2.29% 3.30%, and 2.8%, respectively). Chisquare test reflected a significant relationship between students’ gender and the painful areas (P=0.007). Conclusion: Less use of tables and chairs while using laptops was a common ergonomic problem among the students. Using tables and chairs while working with laptops, using external keyboards to reduce stress on the shoulders, applying the right ergonomic methods, and doing short exercises are recommended to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

25-32

Authors: Ghasem Mardi, Bahram Kouhnavard, Vahid Ahmadipanah, Mehdi Aghanasab

Introduction and purpose: The maximum amount of working time in offices is spent on the use of visual display terminals. Considering the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among visual terminal users, ergonomic risk factors in workplace were assessed, using Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Methods: This descriptive, analytical study was conducted on 45 staff, working in morning and evening shifts at Section 118 of Qom Telecommunication Company in 2014. For data collection, we applied the observational method (to observe the physical status and work conditions), interviews (to gather information on subjects’ physical status and work conditions), RULA (to evaluate the risk of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders), and ROSA (for rapid office strain assessment). For data analysis, Pearson’s test was applied. Results: The final score on ROSA showed that 15.2% (n=7) and 26.1% (n=12) of the subjects were exposed to low (score: < 3) and alarming (score: 3-5) risks, respectively. Moreover, 56.5% (n=26) of the subjects required urgent ergonomic interventions (score: > 5). The RULA results showed that 24 (53.3%), 12 (26.7%), and 9 (20%) computer users were at intermediate (level 2), high (level 3), and very high (level 4) levels of risk, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the sc arcity of similar studies in the country, it is hoped that future studies assess the relationship between the findings obtained via these methods and other assessment strategies.

41-52

Authors: Fahime Khandouzi, Abdolhosein Pari Zangane, Abbasali Zamani, Yousef Dadban Shahamat

Introduction and purpose: Investigation of water quality is an important step toward the suitable use of potable water supplies and choosing the proper agriculture model. Hence, the need for the study of water quality has been increasingly addressed in the water resources management programs. Methods: In this study, hydro-geochemical quality of groundwater resources for drinking and agricultural purposes has been studied in Ramian, Golestan province, Iran. Fifteen qualitative characteristics of the 13 wells of Water Organization of Golestan province in two dry and wet seasons were analyzed during 2011-2012. The quality and diagrams demonstrating water quality were evaluated using Aua Chem and Aq-qa softwares. Results: Groundwater in the study area was classified as hard and very hard. The main cations and anions were Na+ >Ca2+> Mg2+ and HCO3 - > SO4 2->Cl- . Based on piper diagram, the dominant hydro-chemical facies of water was Na-HCO3 . Salinity index of water indicated that most of the samples in the two seasons were in the average class. According to Schuler and Wilcox groundwater quality index, water was moderately suitable and suitable for agriculture and drinking, respectively. In addition, 77% of the cases were in C3 -S1 Conclusion: High salinity is one of the most important problems of water supply in Ramian for irrigation, which can reduce plant growth or even stop the growth of some plants. Inadequate water resources management can damage the soil in the near future.

61-69

Authors: Seyed Abolhassan Naghibi, Sorour Ashari, Fereshteh Rostami, Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini

Introduction and purpose: Religiosity and spirituality diminish daily stress and tendency towards substance use. Today, more people are becoming inclined towards the opinion that spirituality could effectively treat the symptoms of neuroses and mental disorders. This study aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual health and mental health in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in private and government sectors in Sari, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 123 men and women undergoing MMT. Data were collected using spiritual and mental health questionnaires. Data analysis was performed in SPSS 18 using two sample t-test and Spearman’s correlation-coefficient.Results: In this study, mean scores of spiritual health and mental health were 43.29 and 41.26, respectively. Our findings were indicative of a significant correlation between spiritual health and mental health in patients undergoing MMT. The most significant correlation was observed between spiritual health and social function, while the least significant correlation was observed between spiritual health and physical problems. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between marital status, number of children, and gender with spiritual health. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, spiritual health could positively affect mental health. Therefore, spirituality could promote the mental health of patients with addiction, improve mental disorders, and diminish the tendency towards substance abuse.

12-21

Authors: Mohammad Shahkarami , Kianoush Zahrakar, Sirous MoradiZadeh , Reza Davarniya ,Mohammad Shakarami

Introduction and purpose: Cognitive-behavioral stress management refers to a group of stress management interventions with a cognitive-behavioral approach. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of group-based cognitivebehavioral stress management in improvement of life quality of women whose husbands take methadone in their treatments. Methods: This semi-experimental intervention was conducted on all the women whose husbands were receiving methadone treatment in Tasmim Addiction Treatment Center in Khoramabad, Iran, 2013. Of all the participants, 24 women were randomly selected, and then were divided into experimental and control groups. World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire was completed by the subjects in two per-test and post-test phases. Moreover, 10 two-hour sessions of group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management therapy were conducted on the experimental group. To analyze the data univariate ANCOVA was run using SPSS 18. Results: In post-test, the mean quality of life score of the experimental group was significantly greater than that of the control group. In other words, cognitivebehavioral stress management improved life quality in the intervention group. Conclusion: Given the results of the present study, the cognitive-behavioral stress management can be used as a selective therapy for life quality promotion among the wives of addicts.

29-37

Authors: Mirmohammadi ST, Yazarlo A, Gorganifiroozjaee M, Mogharrabzadeh V

Introduction and purpose: Job satisfaction is defined as people’s interest in their work. One of the important aspects of job satisfaction, which is mostly ignored, is its relationship with individual’s overall health. The present study aims to evaluate job satisfaction in workers of an industrial slaughterhouse and to investigate its relationship with general health. Methods: We conducted this cross-sectional study on 85 workers of a slaughterhouse in Golestan Province, 2014. The participants were chosen through random sampling. To assess the general health and evaluate the indicators of job satisfaction, GHQ-28 and JDI questionnaires were used, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test were performed to analyze the data, using SPSS, version 20. Results: The results showed that none of the workers had the acceptable general health and job satisfaction index, and the average scores of all the participants were low. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between job satisfaction and general health in the workers. Job satisfaction scores were significantly different in male and female workers, as well as single and married ones. Conclusion: According to our results, in order to promote job satisfaction, and in turn, overall health of the individuals, it is recommended to improve working conditions and increase financial income of the workers.

47-54

Authors: Keyvanara M, Naem Isfahani M,, Bahrami S, Karimi S, Azizzadeh M

Introduction and Purpose: Sense of job satisfaction is highly influenced by emotional labor, particularly in management positions, since managers have to deal with a wide range of emotions. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the relationship between emotional labor and job satisfaction among the executive and nursing managers of the teaching hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive, correlational study was performed using field survey. The study population consisted of executives and nursing managers of teaching hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. A total of 250 cases were selected through census sampling. The data were gathered by means of translated version of a questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were approved (α=0/81). Copies of the questionnaire were distributed among the participants, and then the data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS, version 18. Results: The rate of emotional labor among the executive and nursing managers of the selected hospitals was average, while the rates of job satisfaction, deep interaction and genuine emotions were reported to exceed the average, and the rate of superficial interaction was below average. The results demonstrated that there was a direct and statistically significant relationship between the genuine emotions dimension of emotional labor and job satisfaction (P<0/05). However, there were not any statistically significant relationships between the other dimensions of emotional labor (i.e., superficial and deep interactions) and job satisfaction of the participants. Conclusions: Our results suggest that managers will experience job satisfaction when their emotional labor is close to genuine emotions.

63-71

Authors: Zahra Esfandiari Dolabi , Azadeا Jolaei , Moslem Asli Azad

Introduction and purpose: Despite the outstanding breakthroughs in medical sciences, breast cancer is still regarded as one of the most important diseases, worldwide. This condition is also the most common cancer among women and the second leading cause of death. The present study was conducted to compare public health, marital satisfaction and body image among breast cancer patients with breast evacuation and breast conservation and normal women in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive, analytical study, the statistical population consisted of female patients with breast cancer and normal women in Tehran, Iran. For each group (normal subjects and breast cancer patients with breast evacuation and conservation), 80 individuals were selected via available sampling from medical centers and specialized hospitals in Tehran, Iran during October 2012-December 2013. The study tools included questionnaires on public health, body image and marital satisfaction. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were performed, using SPSS version 20. Results: Overall, 40% of participants were within the age range of 40-45 years, 37% had high-school diplomas and 58% were housewives. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the mean scores of marital satisfaction, body image and public health among the groups (P<0.01).Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, women with breast cancer were significantly different from normal subjects in terms of marital satisfaction, mental health and body image. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate psychological treatment courses for these patients in cancer treatment centers.

11-19

Authors: Naghibi SA, Moosazadeh M, Shojaee J

Introduction and Purpose: The mortality rate of children aged less than 5 years is considered as one of the indicators of development and health of a population, so identifying the causes of death of children is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiological features of the causes of death in under 5-year children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study the sample size was 184 under 5-year children in which died in the selected cities in the study duration. We collected data by a checklist that its validity and reliability was confirmed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and findings of the study reported in frequency, rates and Chi-square test was used for inferential statistics. Results: The incidence rate of death in under 5-year children was 7.89 per 1000 live births. The most common cause of death was respiratory diseases. Significant number of them had birth weight less than 2500 gr (p<0.001). Birth rank of 52.2% of the study subjects was first (p<0001). In addition, 70.7% of them were born by caesarean operation. The education level of the majority of the parents and the level of household income were low (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that low birth weight, first birth rank, low levels of parents’ education and low level of household income increase the risk of mortality in young children. Moreover, based on the current study results, the majority of child deaths are preventable.

28-34

Authors: Zazouli MA, Abadi MH , Yousefi M ,

Introduction and purpose: Students spend valuable moments at school that is coincided with growing physically and mentally. So health services including school environmental health has a positive impact on development of health of students and ultimately the society. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental health and safety of schools in Mazandaran province in 2012. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. All primary, middle and high schools in both urban and rural areas were selected by census method. Data were collected using a checklist according to laws and regulations of Ministry of Health and Medical education of Islamic Republic of Iran through interview with principals. The data were analyzed using Excel-2007. Results: The results of this study showed that 90% of drinking fountains, lavatories and toilets were sanitary. Water hygiene, classes’ environment, safety and safekeeping policies, wastewater disposal and solid waste collection and disposal were favorable. But only 35.6% and 46.6% of buffets in urban and rural schools had hygienic environment, relatively. Conclusion: The studied Schools were relatively healthy places except the condition of more than 50% of schools buffets, which were unsuitable. Thus due to the role of healthy nutrition in students health, this requires more attention of the authorities to hygienic environment of buffets in schools.

42-48

Authors: Etemadinezhad S, Ranjbar F

Introduction and purpose: The occupational musculoskeletal disorders are the most prevalent work-related diseases and injuries and a leading cause of disability of the workers. The lumbar and cervical regions of spine and the upper extremities are the most affected parts. They might happen due to long-term exposure to the causative agents or acute trauma to the musculoskeletal system, but are usually multi-factorial. In this study, all of the rice-mill workers in Sari were evaluated for musculoskeletal disorders and posture analysis. Methods: In this descriptive study, all of the rice-mill workers in Sari were evaluated (32 persons). Nordic questionnaire was used for evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders and the OWAS method for posture analysis. The data were analyzed using OWAS and SPSS version 17. Results: The mean age of workers was 42.82±9.42 and the mean of work experience was 12.68±5.39 years. The results of Nordic questionnaire showed that 74% of the workers had experienced the musculoskeletal disorders in at least one region of the nine regions of the body. The most complaints localized in low back (50%), knees (40%), and ankle and foot (28%). Moreover, 85 postures were recognized, 32 postures were in level 1 of modification, 16 postures in level 2, 26 postures in level 3 and 11 postures in level 4. Conclusion: The rate of inappropriate postures and musculoskeletal disorders are very high in rice-mill workers in Sari. The interventional ergonomic programs including the engineering controls and workers training are recommended.

56-66

Authors: Varmira K1 Moradi S2 Khodarahmi R

Omics, is systematic and broad evaluation of information in biological sciences.. Although initially focus was on genomics and proteomics, but along on advances in analytical instruments, the potential of subfields such as Lipidomics is increasingly recognized. Lipidomics studies seem to have vast capability of changing the past limited viewpoint to lipids as basic components of cell structure and sources of energy. For instance, to date the results of several Lipidomics studies have confirmed the role of lipids as cell messengers, antigenic agents and cell integrators. New insights on function of lipids and potential features of Lipidomics, was followed by using these studies for information synergy with genomics and proteomics. Moreover, developments in the various fields of pharmaceutical-medicine are undergoing. By considering the limits in development of this scientific field in Iran, in this paper we aimed to introduce the applications of lipidomics and the essential logistics for establishment of it.