Problems of Continuous Geographic Education and Cartography

3-7

Authors: Rostyslav Sossa

On the example of the exhibition «Cartographic Exhibitions of Lviv» which presented plans, maps, atlases from the XVII century till present, the importance of such exhibitions for the study of the history of cartography and Ukraine’s territory mapping development is highlighted. Total of 55 plans, maps and atlases published from XVII century till today from Vasyl Stefanyk Lviv Ukrainian National Science Library collections, Ukrainian Central State Historical Archive (Lviv), State Science-Production Enterprise «Kartographia» and private collections were shown. Following maps in historical term, it is possible to trace the ground imaging development, the ways to create maps and to improve methods on the background of the global science, technique and technology development. One may explore the map production establishment, activity of people connected to maps and atlases creation. Short description of Lviv main cartographic works is given in this article. It has been shown that mapping in Lviv is inseparable from the history of society development: changes in the political map, mapping and surveying services depending on the countries Lviv was included in during its history. First known city plans are dated from XVII century, when Lviv was a part of Poland. 1772-1918 – is an Austrian city development period. The Austrian military topography service rightfully belonged to one of the best in Europe at that time. Austrian cartographic achievements of that period represent the golden fund of Galicia mapping. Exhibits reflect the chronological mapping of the city during the Polish interwar period of 1918-1939 yr., in times of the German occupation, Soviet period (1939-19 41, 1944-1991 yr.) and in the period of Ukraine’s independence. Cartographic exhibitions allow to see the original works of the past, a the same time they are an effective tool to study the history of cartography.

14-17

Authors: Natalia Bubyr, Maryna Naidovska

The article substantiates the significance of green areas geoportals’ creation for city (town) that will serve as a tool to order and systematize the information on quantitative, qualitative and other indicators of green spaces, including the volume, nature and mode of their use, as well as being the source of this information visualization by the Internet. It is noted that in the Ukrainian cities (towns), local governments monitor green areas by accounting and updating the register of plants by species composition and age. All kinds of planting should be included into the register: trees, shrubs, herbs, flower beds, lawns, etc. However, much of this reporting information is presented only by tabular data without accompanying cartographic visualization. As there is no single source of all available systematized information about the green areas of the city (town) with the corresponding cartographic visualization, it is difficult to systematize the recording of existing green spaces, to clearly delineate their boundaries, to monitor their condition, etc. To facilitate the solution to these issues we need to create a geoportal of green areas of the city (town) as a public source, containing a cartographic image of the corresponding green zone and correlated text, table, photographic and other information. On these bases, on Google’s service, we have developed a geoportal of green areas for Sumy town, intended for public use. The content of the portal is presented by the layers: parks and squares (allotted 14 zones), green areas (6), Natural reserve objects that are green zones - botanical gardens, parks-monuments (3), urban forests (2), boulevards (2), tracts (1). Functional capabilities of the geoportal include activating and deactivating visibility of thematic layers, outputting textual and photographic information about the greenery, represented in the geoportal, scaling, measuring the areas and distances, the mode of viewing the streets, laying the routes. It is also important that users can leave comments and suggestions to local authority about the current state of green areas and beautification of the city (town). It is indicated that creation of the city’s (town’s) green zone geoportal will improve the accounting and registration of green areas of the city (town) and their cartographic visualization. Promising in this study is the creation of a specialized geoportal of city’s green areas for official use only.

22-27

Authors: Irina Drogushevska

Decommunization is a system of measures, theoretical and practical activities aimed at the liberation from the influence and impact of Communist ideology in all spheres of life after the fall of the ruling Communist regimes. In April 2015, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted 4 laws on decommunization. During the six-month period public authorities and local self-government had to hold public hearings and submit proposals on the renaming of place names containing symbols of the Communist regime to the Verkhovna Rada. Ukraine is not the first country that has condemned the Communist totalitarian regime, and its legacy. The Communist regime has been condemned in many former socialist countries – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland. The situation in which Ukraine finds itself today, has defined new conditions for social development. As the toponymic is a specific instrument to assert the state sovereignty and national identity of the population, the country faces an important choice. It is the introduction of Ukrainian toponymic in its territories and return of the historical names to geographical objects. Several principles have made the basis for de-communization concept. The main among them are: scientific, comprehensive, system, the combination of national and regional approaches, publicity. The hottest controversy was centred around renaming of the regional centres – cities of Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovograd. In general, more than 900 settlements have been renamed in Ukraine during the year. As a result of de-communization there were renamed: 858 (92%) villages, 48 towns (5%) and 31 cities (3% of all renamed localities). The main findings are the following: 1. The de-communization of Ukrainian place names is a necessary step towards the restoration of national justice, an integral part of the toponymic heritage return. 2. The process of de-communization, which began in the Western regions after 1991, took place on the whole territory of Ukraine. 3. New geographical names do not contain the political context and mainly relate to the historical realities or geographic features of the objects. 4. About 60 toponyms-russisms require renaming and restoration of historical names. For example, the town of Pervomaisk of Mykolaiv region was formed through the merger of three settlements – towns of Bogomil and Olviopol and the village of Golta, and in 1919 was named Pervomaisk, which is not original. According to the author, it would be advisable to return the settlement one of its historical names.

34-37

Authors: Vladislav Malyshev, Irina Zhemerova

The article deals with methodological basis for the organization and carrying out of field work in the aerospace polygon to collect spectral and ground-based metadata. The methods for gathering phytometric data at the experimental sites and with the route studies of spectral and phytometric characteristics of vegetation have been presented. The work was carried out on the test area of the Kursk aerospace polygon in 2015-2016. The methodology developed on the test area is used at other polygons while collecting ground-based metadata when performing spectrometric research of Earth covers. Collection of the phytometric data and other subject-specific characteristics of the research object, aims to accurately describe the state of the object and the conditions of the shooting. Subject-specific characteristics include: geographical features of the object, the coordinates, description of land cover, climate, weather conditions at the time of shooting. Areas with different vegetation types are allocated at the landfill site. The research routes are arranged to cover the maximum diversity of plant communities. Experimental platforms, on which phytometric measurements take place and samples are collected, are located along the lines of the planned routes. Flight spectral shooting and the route ground-based measurements are taken on the same routes. The information obtained at points and on the routes is processed in laboratory conditions. Metadata in digital form are stored in a database in a specific format. The article proposes an original approach to the creation of a database of spectral and object-specific properties of objects on the Earth’s surface. The storage structure of the spectral and subject-specific geosystems’ characteristics in the database has been highlighted.

43-46

Authors: Mariia Onyshchenko

The questions of quality presentations to the scientific lectures are very important and modern. Сomputer presentations help to clearly give the necessary information, to enrich the text, to focus on the essentials. An effect of the performance on the audience is the most important thing in the presentation. The scientific presentation must be logically constructed, consistent, concise and vivid. There is the main rule for successful presentations: to tell the truth as a story with slides (pictures). Creating a presentation requires serious intellectual work and preparation that contains the following steps: 1) to estimate the audience and purpose; 2) to reflect a structure and content; 3) to develop a plan; 4) to write the text and prepare the slides; 5) to rehearse the performance. Slides should supplement or summarize the contents of the speech or its parts, but not duplicate it. Effective use of slides helps us understand that they have the maximum impact on the audience. It should also follow the rules of creating slides. Content of slides must comply with the performance. Information in slides should be presented logically, evenly and dosed. Basic facts and ideas are given in the final part. Students or young scientists should consider the design of the presentation as balanced, contrasting and relevant. Following the laws of composition, color, ergonomics is the required condition to accomplish this task. The presentation is not only the slides, it is the combination of many elements, the foremost of which is the speaker. Any presentation must conform to basic principles of psychology.

50-54

Authors: Hanna Pasichnyk, Viktoriia Mashkina

The article covers features of the geographical location, natural conditions, technogenic and architectural planning features of the territories of Kharkiv city, which form a unique microclimate. The high-pressure zone crosses the area of the city, which is reflected in the anti-cyclonic activity. The big city increases the air temperature. This is facilitated by the work of transport, as well as thermal emissions from industrial enterprises, significant heating of buildings and asphalt covering. The city’s climate is formed as a result of the interaction of large-scale atmospheric processes and the underlying surface. The repeatability dynamics of dangerous weather events in Kharkiv for 2006 - 2010 was analyzed, the total number and frequency of precipitation was 707 cases. The intensity of the rain according to the general indicators is maximal in May and minimal in February and January. This indicates the softness of the climate during the five-year period under research and the activity of the warm fronts in the winter. Taking into account the characteristics of the area, as well as the interaction of the air mass with the underlying surface of the city, it can be argued that the manifestation of the internal massive thermal thunderstorms is clearly expressed in Kharkiv. During the study of the number of fog events in Kharkiv it was established that this atmospheric event and the number of its cases are closely linked with industry, gas pollution and large buildings of the city. The highest repetition intensity of heavy snowfalls was found in the winter and in early March, due to the manifestation of the cyclone. In the next five years of 2011-2015, it was found that the number of atmospheric events differed from the previous period. We observe a significant decrease in rain frequency in winter, due to the fact that during this period anticyclones were active on the territory of Kharkiv and the cold fronts with cold and severe winters prevailed. The repeatability of the rain has increased in the spring and summer. Due to this factor also increased the number of thunderstorms. In winter, there is also a significant increase in the frequency of foggy days, due to the fact that the cold air dominated in the city, and the underlying surface was warmer, the city developed a network of heating, a large number of highways and industrial enterprises. Formation of the ice-crusted ground in 2011-2015 led to significant changes in the frequency of cases occurring in December and January. The number of blizzards has doubled. The repeatability dynamics of dangerous weather events in Kharkiv city for 2006-2015 has been analyzed and it has been established that during the studied period most of them were heavy rains, thunderstorms and fogs. Changes of the air temperature are characterized by unevenness, which also influenced the formation of dangerous weather events. The Icelandic minimum is a major factor influencing the manifestation of heavy rains in the summer, and heavy snowfalls in the winter, and fogs throughout the year. The Siberian maximum was clearly manifested in the winter, which formed a frosty and sunny weather with low temperatures. But alternation with cyclones led more and more to the formation of ice-crusted ground. The study of the repeated dangerous weather events has a scientific interest for the research of the climate of Kharkiv, as well as for construction climatology and for practical gardening consideration in the city.

61-66

Authors: Svitlana Reshetchenko, Mikhail Hrystosov

The article presents the results of rainfall, hail, precipitation and fogs’ frequency study in Kharkiv region during the period 2001-2014 by means of statistical analysis. The calculations were carried out on the basis of monthly rainfall data at the meteorological stations of the region (Lozova, Kharkiv, Zolochiv, Kupyansk, Izyum, Krasnograd, Bogodukhiv, Velykyi Burluk, Slobozhanske, Kolomak) for the period 1961-2014, the number and duration of fogs. The conditions of their formation, distribution and development on the territory of Kharkiv region characterizing the annual and seasonal changes have been determined. All types of atmospheric precipitation are observed on the investigated area, namely long-term deposits prevailing throughout the year (liquid (103%) and solid (68%), amongst streams - liquid (121%). Long-term precipites are characteristic of the autumn period, when atmospheric phenomena are formed. Fogs, mist, storms, thunderstorms and lightnings are observed in the spring and summer (30% and 74% respectively). In the winter, it is possible to observe the same probability that liquid and snow, ice cover (24% and 20% respectively) mix , frosts (46%). Most often, (35%) of showers happen within one day, 30% of cases occur for 2 and 3-5 days. Sometimes they are observed for several days. There is a great variety of heavy rains on the territory of Kharkiv region, where you can expect 3-5 days with showers for a year. As a rule, the rains can be accompanied by hail and thunderstorms. The hail is a more rare phenomenon than a thunderstorm, it falls predominantly during the warmer years of the powerful cumulonimbus clouds with a strong upright movement. Hail is formed in the conditions of a large variety of synoptic processes. In 53% of cases, hail is associated with cold fronts, and 47% - correspond to the internal processes of the mass. Hailstones with a diameter of 20 mm and more cause significant damage to the economy, It has been established that over the past fifteen years there has been an increasing tendency in the number of rains, showers and hail of varying intensity on the territory of Kharkiv region. The largest number of fogs was recorded in the north of the oblast (Kharkiv, Zolochiv and Bogodukhiv). Most fogs are observed in the autumn-winter period and make up more than 60 days a year.

71-74

Authors: Viktoria Salimon, Sergey Salimon

The article describes the use of cinematic materials, especially materials from feature films as one of the best means to assimilate the information on the lessons with suggestopedic educational technology. Scientific research of this method including on geography essons, have been analyzed. Modern pupils study, learn and grow under the influence of communication technologies, so they require a rapid response and adaptation to modern conditions, as well as other interests, a special motivation in training. Feature films, like nothing else, captivates the modern youth, so there is an opportunity to use the screen art for educational purposes and effect of the suggestopedic influence allows pupils to perceive a large amount of information. The use of cinematic materials with suggestopedic educational technology on geography lessons belongs to audiovisual learning tools, giving the opportunity to acquire different modern motivating knowledge. After analyzing suggestive teaching methods, the results of these methods application have been presented, the essence of cinematic materials use as audiovisual learning tools, especially materials from feature films, on suggestopedic lessons and feasibility of their use in the educational process have been described. The authors propose to focus on artistic learning tools or means of art, as a special type of vacated (released) stimulating didactical art, that reveals the spare capacity in education and improves memorization and understanding of the studied material when using cinematic materials on geography lessons with suggestopedic educational technology. Methodical recommendations for the suggestopedic lesson using cinematic materials for the topic «Major relief forms of dry land of the Earth. Mountains» in the general geographic course have been suggested.

79-82

Authors: Nataliya Yarema, Yuliya Holubinka, Oleksandra Yastrebkova

This paper describes the system of future specialists-cartographers education in Lviv polytechnic national university. Main targets of the department of cartography and geospatial modelling are listed. Key research areas of the department, the educational specifics of students at «Bachelor» and «Master‘s» levels are described. At present, the main task of the department is to train specialists with good knowledge of cartographic investigation method, GIS technologies, because digital cartography, web-mapping, web-portal are things of the future. Cartography specialists must know how to create traditional maps (topographic, thematic, tourist) using computer technologies and electronic maps that can be used in the creation of GIS systems, informational resources in navigation, military affairs and so on. The main scientific direction of the department is general geographic and thematic mapping, GIS mapping and development of GIS, history of the cartography, mathematic modelling in geodesy, astronomy and geophysics. The department trains bachelors on specialty 103 «Earth sciences», specialization 103.02 «Cartography». The feature of master’s education is maximum approach to education content for future employment. Master degree students are improving their professional knowledge and skills received during their study for the bachelor’s degree. They are deeply studying modern methods of cartographic digital terrain models with GIS technologies, combining their work with development of cartographic databases. They get acquainted with the principles of base sets of geospatial data, conduct thematic evaluation and forecast maps, using GIS. The students also study methods and order of design, edition, and maps development in detail. Modern mapping needs to be more efficient in the use of both natural and human resources, reflect a complex system man - society - environment. Such problem can be solved using various modeling techniques with the construction of multi-universal system of cartographic models. All conditions for education of specialists, corresponding to production requirements, are created at the institute of geodesy. The department also has a postgraduate course on specialty 103 «Earth sciences» and 193 «Geodesy and land management». Specialists on the specialty «Cartography» have an opportunity to be employed in companies of State service of geodesy cartography and land management, in DNVP «Cartography», Ukrmorkartohrafiya, National space agency, at scientific and design institutes, that are developing maps, GIS for enterprises, institutions and organizations of different ownership, including the structure of tourist and recreational areas.