Problems of Continuous Geographic Education and Cartography

3-7

Authors: Olena Agapova

The worldwide spread of alternative energy mapping practice is used to more effective solution to the tasks on planning and development of alternative energy industry. This publication is dedicated to elaboration of the concept for alternative energy mapping support in Ukraine, which would be based on the experience of advanced world countries, and at the same time would take into account national conditions and features – the resource base structure, economic and social conditions, the strategic priorities of the Ukrainian energy sector, etc. The mapping concept development for the needs of alternative energy in Ukraine should take into account the following principles: systematization, comprehensiveness, integration, consistency, completeness and coverage of all aspects of the alternative energy sources using, opening up the cartographic information for the general public via the Internet. Implementation of the concept involves the creation of a regional cartographic products system for the needs of alternative energy including maps of various functions (inventory, evaluation, recommendation, forecast). The cartographic system includes separate maps and a series of maps, which further can be combined into regional or industry atlases, geographic information systems and cartographic Internet services. The article presents a list of maps for alternative energy in Ukraine and the algorithm of their compilation. The regional cartographic products system comprises a series of alternative energy resources maps (wind, solar, small hydro, biomass and geothermal energy); map series of natural, social, economic, technical and environmental conditions and factors that affect the placement of objects belonging to different branches of alternative energy; a series of maps showing the level of alternative energy development in Ukraine, including an inventory of existing in Ukraine thermal and power plants that use alternative energy sources, as well as enterprises for the production of alternative fuels. In addition, the cartographic system includes a recommendation and forecast maps showing perspective regions of alternative energy industries development and projected production of energy from alternative sources.

13-16

Authors: Mikhail Burla

The article discusses the features of the educational practices with the students enrolled in the direction of «geography» of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The problems are associated with the organization and conduct of practices at the present stage, among which are: regulatory constraints (lack of passports, travel documents for vehicles), financial constraints, military and political processes, the financial and currency crisis of 2015 in Transnistria, no final international political and legal status of Transnistria, and others. The measures to address the identified problems: timely execution of foreign passports, finding sponsors willing to finance part of the costs related to the practices; increase in the share of self-financing; conclusion of agreements with foreign universities on exchange of students, trainees; utilization of charitable funds and grants; inclusion of the Transnistrian University in an international program of the European Union on the interuniversity interaction «ERASMUS»; the use of the potential for the study programs of the European Union countries (e. g, programs, short-term accommodation of foreign students in families).

21-25

Authors: Elena Galai

The continuity of different internships at Belarussian State University, Geographical department, Geoecological specialisation is observed in the article. The students do field training (topographical, meteorological, geomorphological, hydrological, etc.) during the 1st and 2nd years at the geographical station «Zapadnaya Berezina» in Volozhinsk district, Minsk region. They examine not only separate natural constituents, but also natural complexes. During the landscape-ecological field training the students estimate human impact and relative stability of the landscape on the natural boundary. Environmental technologic training is various: students master and independently apply the techniques of complex geoecological research of local natural economic geosystems, study geoecological basis of technological processes of manufacturing, determine important ecological aspects of enterprise activities. Pollutant emission into the open air is one of the most important ecological aspects. Students take into account a danger factor of an enterprise, examine emission sources and analyze their temporary variations. When students analyze sewage, they pay attention to substance release, its physicochemical composition and sewage works. Students also deal with different kinds of waste products and their volume, their recycling. Air, water, waste, etc. statistic report forms are given to the students for defining the impact of enterprises on the environment. The importance of school practice is underlined in the article. Moreover, the graduates of the department work at schools, lyceums, colleges, universities. Externship is also discussed in the article as it is aimed at creation of professional competence. The students do an internship in the committees and inspections of the Ministry of natural resources and environment protection, national parks and wildlife reserves, scientific research laboratories of «Landscape ecology», «Limnology», Institute of natural resources management, etc. at Belarusian State University. The variation of internships is discussed in the article. It is dedicated to the geoecological evaluation of some natural resources (aquatic, land, etc.) and the state of environment in some administrative districts and physiographic regions, the quality of urban environment, and also to the geoecological estimation of tourism development within different administrative units. Conclusion. Thus, a well-represented continuity of different internships at Geographical department of Belarusian State University is an important element of highly-qualified specialist training in the field of the environment and rational management of natural resources. Different types of trainings help to form academic and professional competence of future specialists.

30-33

Authors: Konstantin Dobynda

The article discusses the basic steps and approaches to market research of the region’s open economic system during the practice on the geography of foreign economic ties. Students pass pre-diploma practice on geography of foreign economic activity in customs bodies, the Ministry of Economic Development, in the Chamber of Commerce, Union of entrepreneurs, industrialists and agrarians of Transnistria. The analysis of potential markets for products aimed at a comprehensive study of the processes developing in commodity treatment, factors determining the economic relations between producers and consumers of goods that form the supply and demand. A variety of methods have been used for market research: “cabinet” of research, direct market research, the method of trial sales, development and maintenance of personal contacts with the representatives of contractor companies, widely used reference and printed periodicals.

38-42

Authors: Zhemerova Irina, Vladislav Malyshev

To organize the aerospace polygon it is necessary to conduct a large number of measurement and descriptive works. First and foremost is working with the fund and cartographic material. The map of the landfill shows the most important objects and phenomena: quarries, sinkholes, deep ravines, industrial, residential and protected areas. Organization of the aerospace polygon operation involves large labour costs. To train professionals on the ground research of the earth’s cover remote sensing, we have organized a permanent student expedition. Prior to the start of work, students listen to a series of introductory lectures on remote sensing, principles of ground work, methods of statistical evaluation, basic methods of data collection and processing. This article covers one direction of work - collecting and processing of phytometric data of crops and steppe vegetation in the Streletskaya steppe in the Central Chernozem nature reserve. The work is carried out on the test area of Kursk aerospace polygon, organized on the basis of Kursk biospheric station of the Institute of Geography RAS. A generally accepted method of test platforms is used on the routes. The results of measurements and observations are recorded in a field book. Species diversity, plant height, projective cover and crops density are determined on the sample area by the instrumental and visual methods. The rest phytometric indexes are calculated in laboratory conditions. The students can use the resulting material when writing articles, course and degree works. At the site, students acquire skills of working in field conditions with natural objects, collecting and processing of information by various methods, expanding understanding of the need and importance of the earth surface study by remote sensing methods.

48-52

Authors: Yuri Kobchenko, Oleg Kobchenko, Vyacheslav Rezunenko

The state of the atmosphere with a long period without rain, associated with high temperatures, low humidity, high winds is a characteristic feature of the temperate climate, which creates unfavourable conditions for various spheres of human activity. Atmospheric and soil drought, hot dry winds, dust storms cause damage to agriculture, energy, transport and other sectors of the economy, as well as population. The drought phenomenon analysis of the space-time structure in Kharkiv region and definition of dry type distribution of eather complex are examined. Having analyzed the statistical data of hydro-meteorological conditions in Kharkiv region in 1975-2014 years, it has been shown that the longest of the drought types of weather complex are observed every three years, catastrophic types are observed every 10 years. The temporal distribution of the drought weather complex types and placement of hierarchical levels has been studied with methods of mathematical statistics and, in particular, cluster analysis. Using cluster analysis, the objects were placed on hierarchical levels with three groups of clusters, separated in groups of years, which corresponds to most types of dry weather complex. Analysis of aridity categories distribution in Kharkiv region has showed that the average frequency of weak drought phenomenon occurrence is 40-45%, middle 30%, intense 15%, very intense 10%. The analysis method of the arid phenomena space-time structure unifies meteorological characteristics of these years and can be used to perform specific tasks in various industries.

57-61

Authors: Anatoliy Кornus, Olesya Кornus, Volodimir Shyschuk

The high level of morbidity in Ukraine and Sumy region has necessitated the creation of a series of medical-geographic maps and atlases, reflecting distribution and dynamics of diseases, their relationship with the natural, socio-economic, environmental conditions. Implementation of nosological-geographical analysis at a present-day scientific level is impossible without the use of cartographic method of research, without creation of health maps and meaningful interpretation of them. Application of cartographical method increases the complexity and accuracy of the territorial nosological-geographical analysis; the role of this method is shown by mapping two different factors of their occurrence in nosological classes: diseases of the usculoskeletal system and neoplasms. Cartographic method allows to show the structure of the musculoskeletal system diseases, among which are the most common arthritis, arthritis, and dorsopathies, spondylopathies. Osteoarthritis most often occurs in residents of Lypova Dolyna (4411.76), Putyvl’ (3783.19), Romny (3521.83) and Hlukhiv (3401.510 cases per 100 thousand residents) districts. As the results of cartographic modeling in Sumy region there is a high incidence of both benign and malignant tumors; the prevalence of the latter in 2014 reached a rate of 416.5 cases per 100 thousand residents. The use of cartographic method has made it possible not only to clearly describe the situation in a given area, but also through a series of medical-geographic maps to identify the chorologic features of diseases incidence and prevalence in the population of these administrative districts.

67-73

Authors: Vladislav Malyshev, Irina Zhemerova, Boris Fomin

The definition and systematization of dynamical changes and temporal variants of geosystems, comparative analysis and typological classification of geosystems based on the nature and totality of their conditions present one of the central problems in landscapes dynamics and the most important aspect of dynamic modelling problem. Currently, spectral characteristics of geosystems obtained by remote sensing techniques can be used in the study of landscape areas dynamic processes with considerable success, as the integrated value. The study of the landscapes properties on the basis of their optical properties was carried out in the test section of the Kursk aerospace polygon that includes Streletski site of the Central Chernozem V.V. Alekhin state biospheric natural reserve, a site of Kursk biospheric station and agribusinesses Panino. It included spectral and phytometric measurements in soil-vegetation cover by land and from the aircraft AN-2. Measurements of spectral characteristics with simultaneous obtaining of digital colour image in RJB channels and parameters of soil and vegetation cover in the mode in-situ were carried out on the experimental sites located in three areas of protected steppes with natural vegetation and different modes of nature use: not mowed, mowed, grazing; as well as agricultural systems with different crops. The spectral characteristics of images were obtained with photospectroscopic system FSS-M1 and the spectroradiometer of the FSR–M. Vegetation samples were taken from the experimental sites for further processing in laboratory conditions. In chamber conditions total phytomass and phytomass fractions (leaves, stems, stalks, flowers) were measured. The leaf area and the projected area of the plants were calculated. The results of simultaneous ground-based and flight measurements are recorded in the field book (after treatment, in a specially designed book in Excel) to create the database and conduct further analysis.

78-83

Authors: Vilina Peresadko, Nadiya Maksymenko, Kateryna Bila

Having reviewed a variety of approaches to understanding the essence of wine industry, having studied the modern ideas about the future of wine industry, having analyzed more than 50 maps from the Internet we have set the trends and special features of wine industry mapping in the world, such as: - the vast majority of maps displays the development of the industry at regional or national level, whereas there are practically no world maps; - wine-growing regions are represented on maps very unevenly; - all existing maps of the industry could be classified as analytical ascertaining inventory type; - the dominant ways of cartographic representation are area method and qualitative background method, sign method and collation maps are rarely used; - basically all the Internet maps have low quality as they are scanned images with poor resolution; - the special feature of maps published lately is lack of geographical basis (except for state borders and coastline). We created wine production and consumption world map «Wine Industry» in the scale of 1:60 000 000 with simple geographical basis (state names, state borders, major rivers, coastline). It was concluded that from the methodological point of view it is incorrect not to show geographical basis on maps of wine industry. Analysis of this map allowed us to identify areas of traditional wine-making, potential wine-making areas and countries which claim to be the world leaders in the field of wine production. We found disbalans between wine production and wine consumption - increasing wine production in South America, China and the United States and increasing wine consumption (mainly due to the import products) in countries where the grape is not the primary agricultural product.

87-90

Authors: Lyudmila Polischuk, Anna Moroz, Ruslan Kravchenko

The article is devoted to development of information material for the study of anthropogenic landscapes in Kharkiv region in the school course in Geography. Analysis of the State Standard of complete secondary education and school programs of Ukraine has showed that the features of transformation natural landscapes given in school geographical education are insufficient. In present-day natural science education it is important not only to expand educational material and increase its complexity but also to deepen the knowledge through disclosure of connections and relationships. This especially applies to geography, the content of which consists of a number of knowledge systems being formed within several courses. Thus, the focus should be directed on development of ideas about the unity of nature, indissolubility of all the components of nature, laws and mechanisms of anthropogenic impacts on the constituents of biosphere, and through them to the biosphere as a whole. Formation of a holistic image of nature begins from the study of real natural objects of the native locality (city, district, region), which allows to understand global laws and processes. Based on informational development about anthropogenic landscapes in Kharkiv region, the authors offered promising areas of work with students in the mode of excursions. Information about anthropogenic landscapes of Kharkiv region is important for visual use in obtaining knowledge about them in the geographical education and will provide attraction of students to practical research activities of study about anthropogenic landscapes. This approach will allow the students to form a spatial idea, and consciously navigate in the social and economic, social and political and environmental problems of the state and its region.

95-99

Authors: Kostyantyn Priadka

Forestry is complex, dynamic, and multidimensional. We must meet the needs of the forest as well as the pressures of economic efficiency. GIS technology profoundly and positively impacts the way land managers, timber managers, and forestry specialists manage timber resources. GIS can help us understand forest science, economics, and social principles. Editing paper maps is quite difficult, especially in the middle of a forest. Staff working in the field used to bring along paper documents, notepads, and cameras. It could take hundreds of hours to complete the fieldwork for a forest. GIS provides much more information than simple paper maps. Hence, the Forestry department has to start exploring the use of online apps. Maps created with GIS technologies can include data about the owners, forest cover, economic plans, timber harvesting, forest age, and other information. The article gives a detailed analysis of modern requirements to mapping for the needs of forest management. Existing ways of geospatial data collection and their limitations have been analyzed. Much attention is given to most probable technical means of this kind of information collection, final accuracy of the data in case of using those technical means has been analyzed. Based on the findings, the paper proposes ways to increase accuracy of data collection.

105-108

Authors: Viktoria Salimon

The article describes how a generalization principle in educational material can be applied on geography classes with suggestopedic training technology as one of the best ways to remember the information. The author has analyzed the use of a global approach in education, including geography classes. The suggestopedic learning is increasingly gaining momentum due to the intensification of the educational process. Suggestopedia is known as a pedagogical concept of the effective knowledge transfer through unobtrusive intervention into the subconscious in positive and joyful way. Such training allows learners to take a large amount of the information, improving the mental state of learners. Their mental activity is exacerbated in these conditions. Globalization is a special kind of the educational material generalization on the basis of certain patterns of the specific discipline, which involves combining a few topics in one lesson. After analyzing innovative teaching methods, including globalization of the educational material on the lessons of geography with suggestopedic technology training the results of these methods study have been presented, the essence of the use and application of the globalization of educational material on suggestopedic lessons as well as the feasibility of using it in the classroom have been revealed. The article pays attention to the generalization of educational topics from the major psychological patterns of the information perception using globalization of educational material on the lessons of geography with suggestopedic training technology, which in turn makes it possible not only to maintain, but also to develop children’s worldview integrity. The globalization of educational material not only leads to being able to think globally, but also to a global lifestyle, reveals the spare capacity in training and improves memorization and understanding of the studied material. Guidelines for the suggestopedic lesson using globalization of the educational material for the section «Earth on the plan and map» in the general geographic course has been proposed.

117-120

Authors: Vladimir Tyshkovets, Vladimir Opara

Basic aspects of Ukrainian landscapes target zoning use for maintenance of soil protection system on agricultural lands have been presented. The analysis of current systems of purposeful zoning of territories in the country and modern approaches to its modernization has been done. The ameliorative functions of forest in accordance with existing main and supportive negative factors, forms and intensiveness of its appearance in concrete types of landscapes have been explained. The questions of forest projection optimization in accordance with natural-climatic conditions of certain regions have been described. The ways of qualitative new use of agroforest ameliorative measures have been determined. The new zoning system on the basis of main soil erosion factors principally differs from the previous systems. The proposed zoning method is characterized by complexity, involving main physical, geographical and agricultural factors in the order of their impact on soil erosion processes. These factors consist of climate (water and temperature regime), relief and character of agricultural use of territory. Meanwhile, other factors (soil, vegetative cover and other) are used simultaneously with the main factors. That kind of zoning by the main factors of soil erosion is only the first stage. The second stage should be zoning by types of systems of counter erosion measures. In this article the authors have shown that when choosing agrarian ameliorative methods, the influence on negative factors on agriculture should be considered in the new zoning of the territory. A number of references and fund materials, including those of territorial zoning have been analyzed in the article. Preferences and negative aspects as well as selection of a basis for new agrarian ameliorative zoning of Ukrainian landscapes which includes the full information of factors and conditions of formation and expansion of negative factors for agriculture have been proposed.

126-130

Authors: Mykola Chyshkala, Alexander Zhemerov

The article analyzes the problem of concepts’ formation in the course «Socio-economic geography of the world». In the formation of economic-geographical concepts in the 10th form we propose to use various tools of learning and specific approaches. 1st approach - the formation of concepts with the help of maps. Maps are models of economic and geographic facts reflection in the space. Statistics put on the map is an effective tool in the formation of economic and geographic concepts, in the analysis of concrete situation in the country or the world. With the help of maps we propose to form the concepts of megalopolis, urban agglomeration, population reproduction, demographic transition, migration, urbanization, and the like. 2nd approach - the formation of concepts on the basis of charts and diagrams. The diagram is the evidence which determines the dominance of one process or object over another. We propose to use diagrams for the formation of concepts about the occupational structure of population, sex-age composition of the population, exports, imports, employment, etc. The graph performs the function of digital data interpretation, comparison and grouping of objects and processes, illustrating the dynamics of the indicators. With the help of graphs we propose to reflect the dynamics of population, population explosion, migration, fertility, mortality, population density, etc 3rd approach - the formation of concepts on the basis of illustrations and schemes. By the illustrations we propose to form the concepts of suburbanity, pseudourbanity, agriculture, and so on. Schematic images are effective in constructing concepts about the geographical division of labour, depopulation, surrounding geo-environment, monitoring, etc. 4th approach - the formation of concepts with the help of tables. Tables are a transitional link between the text and the graphic image. Using tables we can form such concepts as: Republic, monarchy, life expectancy, types of reproduction, GDP, TNC, human development index, etc. 5th approach - the formation of concepts by explaining. These are the concepts that are impossible or difficult to illustrate: delimitation of borders, political system, democracy, authoritarianism, market economy, and so. The use these approaches in geography lessons will be accompanied by work with the special illustrated Glossary of terms. Now we are preparing such Glossary for publication. It will be issued at the end of 2016.

135-139

Authors: Nataliia Popovych

The article deals with the sets of sustainable development indicators and sustainable development indexes. Among approaches used in indicators design the author has identified geosystemic, target, problematic, sectoral and functional ones. It is denoted that the most widely used indicator sets are the OECD programme on ecological indicators and the system of indicators created by the UNO Division for Sustainable Development. The author analyzes the integral indexes of sustainable development, such as Living Planet Index, Human Development Index, Human Poverty Index, Adjusted Net Savings and the Ecological Footprint. It is emphasized that integral indicators and indexes are rarely used in sustainable development strategies (the reason for this could be some methodological limitations or lack of statistical data). The analysis of national sustainable development strategies of European countries has showed that the target approach is mainly used in the development of indicators and their number vary from 32 (Estonia) to 610 (Latvia). Sustainable development strategies indicators are expressed in the text and table forms; charts and graphs are commonly used in the monitoring reports, whereas cartographic works are hardly represented. The author has presented the following key recommendations for mapping indicators for sustainable development strategies: to use component system of indicators as the basis for integral indicators design; to use either territory or population as a «common denominator» for indicators; to give users the most complete picture of the territory development applying the least possible number of maps; to use collation and diagram maps which are the most appropriate way of cartographic representation.

3-10

Authors: Olena Agapova

The use of small hydropower resources is considered as one of the priority development directions in the energy sector in Ukraine and worldwide. In the initial planning stages of hydropower development and small hydropower plants placing, there is a need to conduct detailed assessments of hydropower potential. With the development of geo-information technologies, the possibility of spatial modeling and GIS tools application have emerged for the automated construction of a surface water runoff models, quantification of hydropower resources and definition of the sites potentially favorable to establish small hydropower plants. In this paper an algorithm of automated mathematical and cartographic hydropower potential modeling is proposed. It was implemented on the basis of a multi-purpose (universal) geographic information system ArcGIS and includes the use of standard analytical tools, which can be an advantage, because it requires no additional software development or purchase of specialized software for hydropower resources study. The proposed methodology involves the use of the Hydrology toolset in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Tools and a range of other analytical tools to calculate energy potential on the river segments, as well as mapping of hydropower resources, which allows to define the river sections with the highest energy indicators and the possible placements for new hydropower plants. During the research the indicators of specific water flow power (theoretical energy potential), as well as the value of the potential energy production on the river segments (technical energy potential) were calculated. Based on the obtained calculation results the series of hydropower resources maps for the territory of Kharkiv region has been designed; it includes three maps that show the water flow, theoretical and technical hydropower potential on the river sections. Using the information obtained from the maps, prospective sites for construction of small hydropower plants have been identified within Kharkiv region on the rivers Siversky Donets, Uda, Berestova, Mozh and Merlo.

15-21

Authors: Oksana Bodnia, Olena Sinna, Ivan Oliinykov, Alina Ovcharenko

In the article we describe a theoretical and practical method of mapping the landscape of the national park «Slobozhansky» and reveal different features using ArcGIS software products at all stages of the study. Specifically, the resources of ArcGIS for Windows Mobile in the field of research have been disclosed. In the course of fieldwork and practical work the students found out that, in addition to the territorial reference points, the software can completely replace paper blank sheets describing landscapes, substantially save the time of field work. The ArcMap tools are used in the conclusion of the landscape maps in laboratory conditions. Method of stacking map is based on the consistent use of Overlay analysis tools: Intersect (for edge detection facies) and Disolve (for the combination of the same type facies) and Field Calculator tool, which allows to combine the attribution information lithogenic base, forms of relief, vegetation and soil in one column (which contains the names of these facies). It is possible to use ArcGIS Online as a platform to store and share data among the experts in various branches of knowledge, and present the results in a landscape multi-scale map. The landscape structure of the area was shown in a major series of scale: the first map shows the project on the scale of 1: 300 000 and 1: 150 000, map of the second level - 1: 150 000 to 1:50 000, and the third level of map - more 1: 50 000. Thus, in the process of research, which included a very significant list of tasks (from multipurpose field research - to dissemination and implementation of the results), new methodological approaches to integrated implementation of GIS tools of various types: mobile, desktop and web application of ArcGIS software were implemented in the landscapes of the National park «Slobozhansky».

27-34

Authors: Mikhail Grishchenko, Pavel Konstantinov

In this paper we present the analysis of the seasonal variability of the Moscow urban heat island according to instrumental observations at meteorological stations (data of meteorological stations MSU, Balchug, VDNH, and a number of stations in Moscow oblast and its neighborhoods were analyzed) and thermal infrared satellite images (images acquired by TIRS system, satellite Landsat 8 were used). The digital number values of the thermal images are translated into values of land surface temperature. A comparison of the land surface temperature values obtained by thermal satellite images and the values of the atmospheric air temperature and the surface measured according to standard procedures at meteorological stations has been made. The authors revealed the climatic reasons that strengthen Moscow urban heat island: this is due primarily to the positive anomalies of atmospheric pressure, and anomalies of the thermal regime have no effect on the intensity of the phenomenon. Maximum Moscow urban heat island magnitude (slightly more than 3°C for the air temperature and about 15°C for surface temperature), its internal structure and its spatial and temporal variability were estimated - during the analyzed period, the maximum surface urban heat island identified on thermal satellite images was observed in winter, and the maximum urban heat island – in summer. The applicability of the TIRS images for the Moscow urban heat island study was also examined.

41-46

Authors: Roman Shulgan, Oleksandr Yanchuk, Yulia Romanovska

The authors have developed an algorithm for automated economic-planning zoning based on the method of objects ordering according to a set of characteristics. This approach gives the possibility to use the actual values of the pricing factors. This allows you to automate the discovery process and combine similar value units. The proposed algorithm is tested on the example of the village Zarichne, Rivne region. To check it, a selected number of pricing factors are selected, which are typical for this object. The indicators scales to assess the influence of these factors have been developed. Real values of distances, inverse distance values, quantitative indicators, groundwater levels, points of growth class and others were taken as indicators. The method of pairwise comparison determined the value of pricing factors. Furthermore, using the method of objects sequencing in accordance with the set of features we calculated weight factors of evaluation areas. Based on the existing method a transition to the indexes of the area value has been done. Consolidation of the estimated districts into economic planning areas were performed using the GIS programs MapInfo on the calculated index values using the natural groups method. To confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm application, economic-planning zoning is performed by the expert method. When we compared the results obtained in the territory zoning according to the developed algorithm, it was obvious that a greater number of economic-planning zones had been created as compared to an expert method that needs a more detailed account of the pricing factors.

53-58

Authors: Anastasiia Splodytel

The article presents the experience in developing digital elevation models (DEMs) of Sulska Cove’s territory and water area near the national park «Nyzhnosulskyy». General digital models were created using existing topographic and bathymetric maps. The processing and data visualization were performed with GIS technologies applications. DEMs present as the basis for a comprehensive study of the national park’s landscape diversity as well as means of fundamental ways of its functioning and activity optimization. The required usage of 3D-modeling representation of NNP «Nyzhnosulskyy» is explained by its better visualization and interpretation of the data. In general, it allows information exchange about the changes of the environmental objects under research. At the same time, it decreases a list of applied tasks which were not possible to be solved using two dimensional data. The tasks which can be solved with the help of digital elevation modeling are very different, especially the following: - inclination and slope exposure calculation; - analysis of the runoff area; - the network of thalwegs and watersheds network generalization, generation of the form a carcass relief system, special points and lines of the relief, local minima (depression) and local maxima; - ortho-correction of the images; - measuring the areas and volumes, received from the surface profiles; - viewing the data in three dimensions, virtual flights creation and light-and-shadow models; - precise definition of the space and geographical coordinates of the objects; - combining thematic layers of the digital map, especially air- and space shots using 3D objects; - performing the realistic representation of the territory and virtual mobility as to the model; -the analysis of the visibility zones; - conducting the extrapolation of the longitude points DEMs of the surface and the based map are integrated into one map, using the com mon scale for depths and altitudes which gives a better image of the territory (and water area) of the NNP. The creation of this model permits to define the flooded area and to predict the changes in landscape structure of the territory. The relative DEM from Sula Cove’s water area bottom was created based on that data. Using the cartographical composition, the separation of the water landscapes of different types with the complex analysis of the bottom and special biota distribution will be provided.