Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences

5

Authors: E.A. Muradova, M.G. Aliyeva

Studies to study the annual cycle of development and the number of generations of the red fruit mite was continued until the middle of September, since after this period no development was observed in the laid eggs. On the basis of the conducted studies, it was found that the duration of development of the red fruit mite generation varies with temperature and relative humidity, with a combination of high temperature and high humidity accelerating development, while high humidity and low temperature do not accelerate development. At high temperature and low humidity, the mites die. In northeastern Azerbaijan, the red fruit mite on vegetable crops and wild grasses multiplies in seven generations during the growing season.

7

Authors: S.A. Hasanova, S.M. Guliyeva, S.A. Kelbiyeva,G.C. Suleymanova R.F.Babayeva, Kh.G. Ganbarov

In the presented work, 8 strains of pigment forming actinomycetes, capable of forming silver nanoparticles, were investigated.The study of their morphological and cultural properties showed that all these strains belong to the genus Streptomyces.It was revealed that the formation of silver nanoparticles is observed in only 4 strains.

7

Authors: L.S. Huseynova, E.M. Rasulov, K.A. Aliyeva

A family case of inherited disease – maple syrup urine disease – was identified and was accompanied with three amino acids: valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism disorder. A new previously unknown in Azerbaijan homozygous mutation of 508 (С-Т) for BCKDHB gene was identified in two kids of both genders. Presence of three neutral genetic polymorphisms was identified in BCKDHА gene: 972 (С-Т), 59 (С-Т) and 1221 (А-G), all heterozygous. Taking into account presence of the said disease in the population, the ways of prophylaxis are being discussed as medical-genetic consultancy with the following prenatal diagnostics and disease mass screening in newborns in Azerbaijan Republic.

9

Authors: Huma Qureshi, Muhammad Arshad

Invasive species have abundances in new ranges than in native environments. Understanding the mechanisms of plant invasions is challenging but crucial to invasive species management and future invaders prediction. The past several years have witnessed numerous new researches to determine plant invasion mechanisms. Here we summarize some of important hypothesis presented to explain invasion success. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive inventory of invasive plants in Pakistan. Invaders with high impact in terrestrial ecosystems are also discussed.

10

Authors: В.А. Васюк, И.В. Косаковская

Целью работы было изучение осо-бенностей аккумуляции и локализации гиб-береллинов в органах высших сосудистых споровых растений Equisetum arvense L. и Salvinia natans (L.) All. в процессе роста и развития спорофита. Выявлено сходство в качественном составе гиббереллиноподоб-ных вещества (ГПВ) у исследованных видов растений. Установлено, что содержание ГПВ в вегетативных летних побегах E. arvense значительно превышало показатели для фертильных весенних побегов. Гиббе-реллины папоротника-гидрофита S. natans исследованы впервые. Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что донорами ГПВ у S. natans являються подводные ваи, а у E. arvense – надземные органы. Показано, что при формировании и дозревании спор количество гиббереллинов в спорокарпиях S. natans и весеннем спорофите E. arvense возрастало. Изменения в характере акку-муляции и локализации гиббереллинов в органах E. arvense и S. natans отвечали этапам роста спорофита и косвенно подтвер-дили участие этих гормонов в регуляции вегетативной и репродуктивной стадий онтогенеза спорофита.

12

Authors: S. Goren, K. Gelisli

Istanbul is the most populous and biggest city in Turkey. Its construction plans increase day by day. Large earthquakes of high magnitudes occurred along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in this city. İstanbul has seperated two parts as Europe and Asia, includes various types of rocks and soils. This study aimed at determining liquefaction analyses at the North Turkish Naval Forces site (Kasımpaşa, İstanbul) in İstanbul province. Military buildings were damaged by the Gölcük earthquake 7.4 magnitude in 1999. In-situ tests were done at opened boreholes and laboratory experiments were carried out by taking samples for this purpose. The liquefaction hazard of soils in Kasımpaşa district of Istanbul was investigated by Cyclic Stress Resistance approach. Matlab software was written by using the Seed-Idriss method for liquefaction analysis. The input parameters such as Standart Penetration Test-N (SPT-N) values taken from various depths, fine contents (FC), ground water levels (GWL) and liquid limits were used for all layers within 5.0 m from the surface. The magnitude and acceleration values of a scenario earthquake in the analysis for İstanbul were selected 7.5 (magnitude) and 0.4g, 0.5g (accelerations). Calculated the Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) and the Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) were presented. The safety factor against liquefaction was also estimated. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps of groundwater level and liquefaction potential were established with the help of the necessary data parameters on survey area. The presences of liquefiable regions were determined by the results obtained. The results in this region are important for human security on the construction site.

18

Authors: Seyed Mehdi Aberoumandi, Rovshan Khalilov, Soodabeh Davaran, Aygun Nasibova, Elham Abbasi, Siamak Saghfi, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh

Malignant tumors are one of the highest frequently studied target diseases of nanotherapeutics amongst brain diseases. Chiefly, various pathological mechanisms as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), biological actions of growth factors, and signaling pathways of proliferative potentials could be addressed with nanoparticle-based therapeutics. Nanoparticles have numerous benefits as therapeutic materials used for many human diseases as well as brain and retinal diseases. These nanomaterials through themselves exert therapeutic activities. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are recognized to induce anti-inflammatory effects. Nanoneuromedicines are being established to growth drug penetration into locations of active microbial infection while preventive systemic toxicities. Adjunctive therapies are often used in combination with antimicrobials to diminish the inflammatory proceedings that contribute to CNS destruction and long-term damages associated by way of CNS infectious diseases; though, the greatoccurrence of adverse side effects with corticosteroids limits their usage.

6

Authors: Lj. Guguvcevski

Statement of problem: Temporomandibuar disorder (TMD) is multifactor disease with unclear etiology, but some etiologic factors such as trauma, emotional stress, orthopedic instability and muscle hyperactivity appear to be very important in development of this disorder. The problems connected with TMD are located in masticatory muscles, jaw joints and in dentition. The most common complain in TMD patients are functional disorders of masticatory muscles, specially the development of fatigue in these muscles. Purpose: The intention of the study is to evaluate electromyographicaly the degree of muscle fatigue using fast Fourier transformation (FFT) of two elevator muscles, masseter and anterior temporal muscle. Material and methods: The assessment of fatigue in masticatory muscles was done in two examined groups. One group consists of 23 patients with clinically diagnosed TMD, and the second group was 15 healthy volunteers. Every patient gets a same amount of chewing gym as a test food. They chew the chewing gym for a period of ten minutes and on the end of this period masseter and anterior temporal muscles were electromyographicaly examined. The electromyographic power spectrum (EPS) was obtained from every patient by surface electromyography. Surface electrodes were located right over the body of the examined muscle. Every EPS was then evaluated with FFT and the obtained results were statistically analyzed. Results: Median frequency (MF) is useful parameter obtained by FFT and is in direct relation with the level of muscle fatigue. We noticed significantly (p<0.05) lower value of median frequency in every TMD patient in comparation with healthy cases. The results are statistically evaluated and presented on tables in the study. Conclusions: MF of the EPS is a reliable and consistent parameter which is in direct relation with muscle fatigue. Muscle fatigue resistance of the TMD patients is significantly lower (p<0.05) in comparation with healthy volunteers.

7

Authors: Т.М. Искендеров, С.Б. Ахмедов

В статье рассматриваются распространение и численность, указываются новые места находки закавказского полоза в Азербайджане. Благодаря этим находкам границы распространения вида в Азербайджане, в частности по склонам Боль-шого Кавказа расширились в северо-вос-точном направлении (Губинский район, село Хаши). Приводятся данные по численности закавказского полоза на разных участках местообитания, которые меняются в пределах от 0,01 до 0,03 особей на 1 гектар площади биотопа.

8

Authors: С.Ш. Сулейманов

В данном исследовании методом RAPD–ПЦР впервые изучена генетическая изменчивость популяции бражниковских сельдей (Alosa braschnikowi: A.b.braschni-kowi, A.b. agrachanika, A.b. kisselewitschi, и A.b. sarensis ), распространенных в разных географических районах Каспийского моря. Результаты RAPD анализа и статистический анализ с помощью компьютерной программ-мы UPGMA показали, что A.b. braschni-kowi, A.b. agrachanika и A.b. kisselewitschi имеют общие черты по сравнению с саринской сельди (Alosa brashnikowi saren-sis). Таким образом, данное исследование способствует получению знаний о морфо-логических и генетических вариациях в этих четырех подвидах каспийских сельдей и дает нам возможность указать, что вид сарин-ская сельдь (A. Sarensis) является отдельным видом, принадлежащим к роду Alosa.

10

Authors: В.В. Снакин

В качестве причин скачков в динамике биоразнообразия (так называемых массовых вымираний видов) в научной ли-тературе рассматриваются самые различ-ные факторы (вулканизм, астероиды, климат и др.). Но все эти причины пытаются объяс-нить лишь отдельные эпизоды вымираний и не являются универсальными. Автор пред-лагает единый подход к анализу великих вы-мираний, основанный на изменении степени географической изоляции видов вследствие геодинамики: дрейфа материков и вертикальных тектонических движений земной коры. Снятие географических барьеров при объединении материков приводит к сокращению числа экологических ниш, к объединению различных видов в одной ни-ше и, в соответствии с правилом конкурентного исключения, к массовым вымираниям видов, а географическое разобщение видов (при расхождении материков, в результате трансгрессии моря) к новому витку эволюции и увеличению биоразнообразия. Этот же механизм объясняет современную ситуацию снижения биоразнообразия: глобализирующая деятельность человека ведет к снижению степени изоляции видов вследствие интродукции и инвазии и, соответственно, может вызвать новый скачок в динамике биоразнообразия.

12

Authors: V.R. Alekseev

The indicator geometry of cryogenic landscapes (cryogeometry) as a promising scientific direction of geographical research is considered. Examples are provided of the interpretation of geometrical figures on aerial photographs and space images.

17

Authors: A. Hasanzadeh, R. Khalilov, E. Abasi, S. Saghfi, A. Nasibova, A. Akbarzadeh

Iron oxide nanoparticles are smart materials that have been commonly used in medicine for diagnostic imaging, drug delivery, and therapeutic applications. In this study, Iron oxide nanoparticles and doxorubicin hydrochloride, were absorbed into poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) poly (ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticles for narrow behavior. PLGA:PEG triblock copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of D, L-lactide and glycolide with polyethylene glycol (PEG3000) as an initiator. The bulk properties of these copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In adding together, the consequential particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The drug adsorbed efficiency achieved for Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles modified with PLGA:PEG3000 copolymers was 70%, and the release profile were controlled. The in vitro cytotoxicity test showed that the Fe3O4-PLGA:PEG3000 magnetic nanoparticles had no cytotoxicity. There is potential for apply of Fe3O4-PLGA:PEG3000 magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical purpose.